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Kohar R, Ghosh M, Sawale JA, Singh A, Rangra NK, Bhatia R. Insights into Translational and Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels as Versatile Drug Delivery Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:17. [PMID: 38253917 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are a network of crosslinked polymers which can hold a huge amount of water in their matrix. These might be soft, flexible, and porous resembling living tissues. The incorporation of different biocompatible materials and nanostructures into the hydrogels has led to emergence of multifunctional hydrogels with advanced properties. There are broad applications of hydrogels such as tissue culture, drug delivery, tissue engineering, implantation, water purification, and dressings. Besides these, it can be utilized in the field of medical surgery, in biosensors, targeted drug delivery, and drug release. Similarly, hyaluronic acid hydrogels have vast applications in biomedicines such as cell delivery, drug delivery, molecule delivery, micropatterning in cellular biology for tissue engineering, diagnosis and screening of diseases, tissue repair and stem cell microencapsulation in case of inflammation, angiogenesis, and other biological developmental processes. The properties like swellability, de-swellability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and inert nature of the hydrogels in contact with body fluids, blood, and tissues make its tremendous application in the field of modern biomedicines nowadays. Various modifications in hydrogel formulations have widened their therapeutic applicability. These include 3D printing, conjugation, thiolation, multiple anchoring, and reduction. Various hydrogel formulations are also capable of dual drug delivery, dental surgery, medicinal implants, bone diseases, and gene and stem cells delivery. The presented review summarizes the unique properties of hydrogels along with their methods of preparation and significant biomedical applications as well as different types of commercial products available in the market and the regulatory guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kohar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Maitrayee Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Jyotiram A Sawale
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Krishna Institute of Pharmacy, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Karad, 415539, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Rangra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis & Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India.
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Improved Anti-Washout Property of Calcium Sulfate/Tri-Calcium Phosphate Premixed Bone Substitute with Glycerin and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11178136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Calcium sulfate/calcium phosphate (CS-CP)-based bone substitutes have been developed in premixed putty for usage in clinical applications. However, it is difficult to completely stop the bleeding during an operation because premixed putty can come into contact with blood or body fluids leading to disintegration. Under certain conditions depending on particle size and morphology, collapsed (washed) particles can cause inflammation and delay bone healing. In this context, anti-washout premixed putty CS-CP was prepared by mixing glycerin with 1, 2, and 4 wt% of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and the resultant anti-washout properties were evaluated. The results showed that more than 70% of the premixed putty without HPMC was disintegrated after being immersed into simulated body fluid (SBF) for 15 min. The results demonstrated that the more HPMC was contained in the premixed putty, the less disintegration occurred. We conclude that CS-CP pre-mixed putty with glycerin and HPMC is a potential bone substitute that has good anti-washout properties for clinical applications.
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Labussiere M, Badran Z, Rethore G, Verner C, Soueidan A, Struillou X. Combination of bone substitutes and vectors in periodontology and implantology: A systematic review. Dent Mater J 2021; 40:839-852. [PMID: 34121025 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2020-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the systematic review was to analyze the use of combination of bone substitutes and vectors in periodontology and implantology among animals models and humans. Electronic databases were searched, and additional hand search was performed. The research strategy was achieved according to the PRISMA guidelines. The including criteria were: combination of bone substitutes and vectors, in vivo studies, a precise number of specimens, histological and radiographic analysis, written in English. The risk of bias was evaluated for individual studies. Thirty-two articles were selected and investigated in this systematic review. The results do not show a superiority of the use of composite biomaterial in comparison with simple biomaterial but suggest the efficacity of their utilization as a carrier of bioactive agents. Future studies need to identify the suitable association of bone substitutes and vectors and explore interest in their use such as the support of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Labussiere
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes
| | - Zahi Badran
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, University of Nantes
| | - Gildas Rethore
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, University of Nantes
| | - Christian Verner
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes
| | - Assem Soueidan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, University of Nantes
| | - Xavier Struillou
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, University of Nantes
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Basu P, Saha N, Saha P. Inorganic calcium filled bacterial cellulose based hydrogel scaffold: novel biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1525733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Probal Basu
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Nabanita Saha
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Saha
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Zlín, Czech Republic
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Basu P, Saha N, Alexandrova R, Andonova-Lilova B, Georgieva M, Miloshev G, Saha P. Biocompatibility and Biological Efficiency of Inorganic Calcium Filled Bacterial Cellulose Based Hydrogel Scaffolds for Bone Bioengineering. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3980. [PMID: 30544895 PMCID: PMC6320792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal focus of this work is the in-depth analysis of the biological efficiency of inorganic calcium-filled bacterial cellulose (BC) based hydrogel scaffolds for their future use in bone tissue engineering/bioengineering. Inorganic calcium was filled in the form of calcium phosphate (β-tri calcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA)) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). The additional calcium, CaCO₃ was incorporated following in vitro bio-mineralization. Cell viability study was performed with the extracts of BC based hydrogel scaffolds: BC-PVP, BC-CMC; BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA, BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA and BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA-CaCO₃, BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA-CaCO₃; respectively. The biocompatibility study was performed with two different cell lines, i.e., human fibroblasts, Lep-3 and mouse bone explant cells. Each hydrogel scaffold has facilitated notable growth and proliferation in presence of these two cell types. Nevertheless, the percentage of DNA strand breaks was higher when cells were treated with BC-CMC based scaffolds i.e., BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA and BC-CMC-β-TCP/HA-CaCO₃. On the other hand, the apoptosis of human fibroblasts, Lep-3 was insignificant in BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA. The scanning electron microscopy confirmed the efficient adhesion and growth of Lep-3 cells throughout the surface of BC-PVP and BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA. Hence, among all inorganic calcium filled hydrogel scaffolds, 'BC-PVP-β-TCP/HA' was recommended as an efficient tissue engineering scaffold which could facilitate the musculoskeletal (i.e., bone tissue) engineering/bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Probal Basu
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Nabanita Saha
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
| | - Radostina Alexandrova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Boyka Andonova-Lilova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Milena Georgieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology "Acad. R. Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - George Miloshev
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology "Acad. R. Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Petr Saha
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic.
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Kelder C, Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J, Wismeijer D. The 3D Printing of Calcium Phosphate with K-Carrageenan under Conditions Permitting the Incorporation of Biological Components-A Method. J Funct Biomater 2018; 9:E57. [PMID: 30336547 PMCID: PMC6306897 DOI: 10.3390/jfb9040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical-size bone defects are a common clinical problem. The golden standard to treat these defects is autologous bone grafting. Besides the limitations of availability and co-morbidity, autografts have to be manually adapted to fit in the defect, which might result in a sub-optimal fit and impaired healing. Scaffolds with precise dimensions can be created using 3-dimensional (3D) printing, enabling the production of patient-specific, 'tailor-made' bone substitutes with an exact fit. Calcium phosphate (CaP) is a popular material for bone tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and biodegradable properties. To enhance bone formation, a bioactive 3D-printed CaP scaffold can be created by combining the printed CaP scaffold with biological components such as growth factors and cytokines, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, the 3D-printing of CaP with a biological component is challenging since production techniques often use high temperatures or aggressive chemicals, which hinders/inactivates the bioactivity of the incorporated biological components. Therefore, in our laboratory, we routinely perform extrusion-based 3D-printing with a biological binder at room temperature to create porous scaffolds for bone healing. In this method paper, we describe in detail a 3D-printing procedure for CaP paste with K-carrageenan as a biological binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Kelder
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Astrid Diana Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jenneke Klein-Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniël Wismeijer
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Struillou X, Fruchet A, Rakic M, Badran Z, Rethore G, Sourice S, Fellah BH, LE Guehennec L, Gauthier O, Weiss P, Soueidan A. Evaluation of a hydrogel membrane on bone regeneration in furcation periodontal defects in dogs. Dent Mater J 2018; 37:825-834. [PMID: 29925730 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2017-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate bone regeneration using a canine model with surgically created periodontal defects filled for 12 weeks using a stratified biomaterial consisting in a biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) covered with a crosslinking hydrogel acting as polymer membrane of silated hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Si-HPMC) as the tested new concept. Bilateral, critical-sized, defects were surgically created at the mandibular premolar teeth of six adult beagle dogs. The defects were randomly allocated and: (i) left empty for spontaneous healing or filled with: (ii) BCP and a collagen membrane; (iii) BCP and hydrogel Si-HPMC membrane. At 12 weeks, the experimental conditions resulted in significantly enhanced bone regeneration in the test BCP/Si-HPMC group. Within the limits of this study, we suggest that the hydrogel Si-HPMC may act as an occlusive barrier to protect bone area from soft connective tissue invasion and then effectively contribute to enhance bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Struillou
- INSERM, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Nantes University Hospital, UIC Odontology
| | - Aurélien Fruchet
- INSERM, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Nantes University Hospital, UIC Odontology
| | - Mia Rakic
- INSERM, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade
| | - Zahi Badran
- INSERM, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Faculty of Dentistry, Mcgill University
| | - Gildas Rethore
- INSERM, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Nantes University Hospital, UIC Odontology
| | - Sophie Sourice
- INSERM, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes
| | | | - Laurent LE Guehennec
- INSERM, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Nantes University Hospital, UIC Odontology
| | - Olivier Gauthier
- ONIRIS, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Surgery
| | - Pierre Weiss
- INSERM, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Nantes University Hospital, UIC Odontology
| | - Assem Soueidan
- INSERM, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes.,Nantes University Hospital, UIC Odontology
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Damia C, Marchat D, Lemoine C, Douard N, Chaleix V, Sol V, Larochette N, Logeart-Avramoglou D, Brie J, Champion E. Functionalization of phosphocalcic bioceramics for bone repair applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 95:343-354. [PMID: 30573258 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work is devoted to the processing of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) functionalized silicate substituted hydroxyapatite (SiHA) ceramic spheres. The motivation behind it is to develop injectable hydrogel/bioceramic composites for bone reconstruction applications. SiHA microspheres were shaped by spray drying and thoroughly characterized. The silicate substitution was used to provide preferred chemical sites at the ceramic surface for the covalent immobilization of BMP-2. In order to control the density and the release of the immobilized BMP-2, its grafting was performed via ethoxysilanes and polyethylene glycols. A method based on Kaiser's test was used to quantify the free amino groups of grafted organosilanes available at the ceramic surface for BMP-2 immobilization. The SiHA surface modification was investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry. The BMP-2 bioactivity was assessed, in vitro, by measuring the luciferase expression of a stably transfected C3H10 cell line (C3H10-BRE/Luc cells). The results provided evidence that the BMP-2 grafted onto SiHA spheres remained bioactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Damia
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, IRCER, UMR 7315, F-87000 Limoges, France.
| | - David Marchat
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, INSERM U1059, 158 cours Fauriel, F-42023 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - Charly Lemoine
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, IRCER, UMR 7315, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Nathalie Douard
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, INSERM U1059, 158 cours Fauriel, F-42023 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | | | - Vincent Sol
- Univ. Limoges, LCSN EA 1069, F-87000 Limoges, France
| | - Nathanaël Larochette
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Bioimaging for Osteo-Articular tissues, UMR 7052, CNRS, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Logeart-Avramoglou
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Bioimaging for Osteo-Articular tissues, UMR 7052, CNRS, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Joël Brie
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, IRCER, UMR 7315, F-87000 Limoges, France; CHU Limoges, Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Eric Champion
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, IRCER, UMR 7315, F-87000 Limoges, France
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BMP-2 delivered from a self-cross-linkable CaP/hydrogel construct promotes bone regeneration in a critical-size segmental defect model of non-union in dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 27:411-21. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-14-03-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: To determine whether the addition of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP-2) to a self-crosslinkable cellulosic hydrogel/biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) granules construct promotes bone healing in critical-size ulnar defects in dogs.Methods: A standardized 2 cm long ulnar ostectomy was performed bilaterally in five dogs to compare bone healing with hydrogel/BCP constructs associated with or without rhBMP-2. Cancellous-bone autografts were used as positive controls in unilateral ulnar defects in five additional dogs. Radiographically, bone healing was evaluated at four, eight, 12, 16 and 20 weeks postoperatively. Histological qualitative analysis with microCT imaging and light and scanning electron microscopy were performed 20 weeks after implantation.Results: All rhBMP-2-loaded constructs induced the formation of well-differentiated mineralized lamellar bone surrounding the BCP granules and bridging bone/implant interfaces as early as eight weeks after surgery. Bone regeneration appeared to develop earlier with the rhBMP-2 constructs than with the cancellous-bone autografts while similar results were obtained at 20 weeks. Constructs without any rhBMP-2 showed osteoconductive properties limited to the bone junctions and a lack of osteoinduction without bone ingrowth within the implantation site. In one dog, the leakage of the hydrogel loaded with rhBMP-2 induced an extensive heterotopic bone formation.Clinical significance: The addition of rhBMP-2 to a self-crosslinkable hydrogel/BCP construct could promote bone regeneration in a critical-size-defect model with similar performance to autologous bone grafts.
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Microgels of silylated HPMC as a multimodal system for drug co-encapsulation. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:790-801. [PMID: 28755992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Combined therapy is a global strategy developed to prevent drug resistance in cancer and infectious diseases. In this field, there is a need of multifunctional drug delivery systems able to co-encapsulate small drug molecules, peptides, proteins, associated to targeting functions, nanoparticles. Silylated hydrogels are alkoxysilane hybrid polymers that can be engaged in a sol-gel process, providing chemical cross linking in physiological conditions, and functionalized biocompatible hybrid materials. In the present work, microgels were prepared with silylated (hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose (Si-HPMC) that was chemically cross linked in soft conditions of pH and temperature. They were prepared by an emulsion templating process, water in oil (W/O), as microreactors where the condensation reaction took place. The ability to functionalize the microgels, so-called FMGs, in a one-pot process, was evaluated by grafting a silylated hydrophilic model drug, fluorescein (Si-Fluor), using the same reaction of condensation. Biphasic microgels (BPMGs) were prepared to evaluate their potential to encapsulate lipophilic model drug (Nile red). They were composed of two separate compartments, one oily phase (sesame oil) trapped in the cross linked Si-HPMC hydrophilic phase. The FMGs and BPMGs were characterized by different microscopic techniques (optic, epi-fluorescence, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy), the mechanical properties were monitored using nano indentation by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and different preliminary tests were performed to evaluate their chemical and physical stability. Finally, it was demonstrated that it is possible to co-encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, in silylated microgels, that were physically and chemically stable. They were obtained by chemical cross linking in soft conditions, and without surfactant addition during the emulsification process. The amount of drug loaded was in favor of further biological activity. Mechanical stimulations should be necessary to trigger drug release.
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Dorozhkin SV. Multiphasic calcium orthophosphate (CaPO 4 ) bioceramics and their biomedical applications. CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL 2016; 42:6529-6554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
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