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Pires LA, de Azevedo Silva LJ, Ferrairo BM, Erbereli R, Lovo JFP, Ponce Gomes O, Rubo JH, Lisboa-Filho PN, Griggs JA, Fortulan CA, Borges AFS. Effects of ZnO/TiO 2 nanoparticle and TiO 2 nanotube additions to dense polycrystalline hydroxyapatite bioceramic from bovine bones. Dent Mater 2019; 36:e38-e46. [PMID: 31806496 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A bovine dense hydroxyapatite ceramic (HA) was produced as new biomaterial, however, the production of a material with consistently high flexural strength remains challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ZnO nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, and TiO2 nanotubes (1%, 2%, and 5% by weight) on the microstructure and flexural strength of a bovine dense hydroxyapatite ceramic (HA). METHODS Discs (Ø=12.5mm; thickness=1.3mm) were prepared and subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), and observation with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), biaxial flexural strength (BFS) testing, and Vickers hardness (VH) testing. The BFS and VH data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests (α=0.05) and Weibull analysis. RESULTS The XRD showed that the addition of nanomaterials caused the formation of a secondary phase when 5% of the ZnO nanoparticles was used, or when all percentages of the TiO2 nanoparticles/nanotubes were used, and the HA crystallographic planes were maintained. Differences were not observed between the higher BFS values obtained with pure HA and those obtained with the 5% addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. However, the results were different compared with the other groups (α=0.05). The results obtained by Weibull analysis revealed that the 1%, 2%, and 5% addition of TiO2 nanotubes, and the 1% and 2% addition of TiO2 nanoparticles decreased the HA characteristic strength (σ0), while the Weibull modulus (m) increased when 5% of TiO2 nanoparticles, 1% and 2% of ZnO nanoparticles, and 2% of TiO2 nanoparticles were added, but with no statistical difference from the pure HA. The 5% addition of ZnO2 nanoparticles decreased the σ0 without changing m. Moreover, the 5% addition of TiO2 nanoparticles resulted in an m closest to that of pure HA. Regarding the VH results, the blend of HA with 1% and 2% addition of TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited the higher values, which were similar between the different addition ratios (p=0.102). Moreover, the addition of 5% TiO2 nanoparticles resulted in higher value compared with pure HA. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated that the HA blend with 5% of TiO2 nanoparticles has the greatest potential as a bovine HA dense bioceramic reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luara Aline Pires
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucas José de Azevedo Silva
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Brunna Mota Ferrairo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Erbereli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, Centro, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - João Fiore Parreira Lovo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, Centro, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Orisson Ponce Gomes
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University, Av. Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, s/n, Vargem Limpa, 17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Henrique Rubo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University, Av. Engenheiro Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube, s/n, Vargem Limpa, 17033360 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jason Alan Griggs
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Room D528, 39216-4505 Jackson, MS, United States.
| | - Carlos Alberto Fortulan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, Centro, 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Flávia Sanches Borges
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Vila Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Hawsawi RA, Miller CA, Moorehead RD, Stokes CW. Evaluation of reproducibility of the chemical solubility of dental ceramics using ISO 6872:2015. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 124:230-236. [PMID: 31759562 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The current chemical solubility method in the International Standards Organization (ISO) 6872 (2015) specifies only the total surface area of specimens for testing (≥30 cm2) but does not describe the morphology or geometry. This could impact the reproducibility of the test outcomes. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the factors influencing the reliability of the ISO 6872:2015 "Dentistry-Ceramic materials" test for chemical solubility. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chemical solubility analysis of a range of materials and specimen geometries was performed in accordance with ISO 6872:2015. Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP), VITABLOCS Mark II, IPS e.max Press, and IPS e.max ZirPress materials were formed into a range of cubic and spherical geometries to comply with the 30-cm2 minimum surface area requirement. The surface microstructure of the specimens was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to analyze the solutes, and surface hardness of the specimens was measured by using a Vickers hardness tester before and after testing. An optimized solubility test was devised, which eliminated specimen handling once the specimens had been ground and polished. This modified test was performed on VITABLOCS Mark II and Y-TZP. RESULTS The results of the original chemical solubility method of ISO 6872:2015 showed significantly variable findings for each tested material, with a predictable relationship between geometry and chemical solubility. The hardness values decreased significantly after the solubility testing. The optimized method showed significantly improved reproducibility of the chemical solubility measurement compared with the original ISO 6872:2015 test. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current chemical solubility standard method can be manipulated while still complying with the ISO 6872:2015 standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan A Hawsawi
- Assistant Professor, Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cheryl A Miller
- Reader, Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Moorehead
- Experimental Officer, Royce Discovery Centre, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher W Stokes
- Professor, Academic Unit of Restorative Dentistry, School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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