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Pinto TG, Takeshita WM, Renno ACM, Cury PR, Dos Santos JJ, Ribeiro DA. Is micronucleus assay a useful marker in gingiva, tongue, and palate for evaluating cytogenetic damage induced by chemical, physical, and biological agents in vivo? A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38951124 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The present systematic review (SR) aims to evaluate manuscripts in order to help further elucidate the following question: is the micronucleus assay (MA) also a useful marker in gingiva, tongue, and palate for evaluating cytogenetic damage in vivo? A search was performed through the electronic databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, all studies published up to December 2023. The comparisons were defined as standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were established. Full manuscripts from 34 studies were carefully selected and reviewed in this setting. Our results demonstrate that the MA may be a useful biomarker of gingival tissue damage in vivo, and this tissue could be a useful alternative to the buccal mucosa. The meta-analysis analyzing the different sites regardless of the deleterious factor studied, the buccal mucosa (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI, - 0.49 to 1.88, p = 0.25) and gingiva (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI, - 0.11 to 0.72, p = 0.15), showed similar results and different outcome for the tongue (SMD = 1.19, 95% CI, 0.47 to 1.91, p = 0.001). In summary, our conclusion suggests that the MA can be a useful marker for detecting DNA damage in gingiva in vivo and that this tissue could be effective site for smearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Guedes Pinto
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilton Mitsunari Takeshita
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Muniz Renno
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ramos Cury
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jean Junes Dos Santos
- Dentistry and Health Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
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Cionca N, Meyer J, Michalet S, Varesio E, Hashim D. Quantification of titanium and zirconium elements in oral mucosa around healthy dental implants: a case-control pilot study. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:4715-4726. [PMID: 37270723 PMCID: PMC10415439 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metallic particles are detected in different sites of the oral cavity, mainly in patients with peri-implantitis lesions. The aim of this pilot study was to analyze the levels of titanium and zirconium elements in the oral mucosa around healthy implants and to investigate the impact of titanium exogenous contamination on the measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one participants were included in this three-phase study. Two groups of subjects were defined according to presence of titanium or zirconia implants (n: 20) or without any implants nor metallic restorations (n:21). Thirteen patients (n: 5 with zirconia implant; n: 3 with titanium implants; n: 5 control group) took part to the first part designed to optimize and validate the method of detecting titanium (Ti) and zirconium (Zr) elements in the oral mucosa and gingival tissues by the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). The second phase compared the levels of Ti and Zr concentrations in patients with implants (n: 12) and without implants (n: 6) who were controlled for their intake of titanium dioxide (TiO2). The last step included ten control subjects without any metallic devices to measure the concentration of Ti and Zr before and after having candies containing TiO2. RESULTS In the first phase, concentrations of Ti and Zr were below the limit of detection (LOD) in most cases, 0.18 μg/L and 0.07 μg/L respectively. In the titanium group, two out of three subjects displayed concentrations above the LOD, 0.21 μg/L and 0.66 μg/L. Zr element was only found in patients with zirconia implants. After controlling the intake of TiO2, all concentrations of Ti and Zr were below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Moreover, in patients with no implants, the Ti concentration in gingiva cells was superior for 75% of the samples after having a TiO2 diet. CONCLUSIONS Zirconium was only found in patients with zirconia implants, whereas titanium was detected in all groups even in subjects with no titanium implants. Zirconium and titanium elements were not detected in patients who were controlled for their intake of food and their use of toothpaste irrespective of the presence of implants or not. For 70% of the patients, the titanium detection was directly influenced by the intake of TiO2 contained candies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE When analyzing titanium particles, it is necessary to pay attention to the risk of contamination bias brought by external products. When this parameter was controlled, no titanium particles were detected around clinically healthy implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Cionca
- Division of Regenerative Dental Medicine and Periodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Meyer
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (MZ 2.0), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Michalet
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (MZ 2.0), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility (MZ 2.0), Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dena Hashim
- Division of Regenerative Dental Medicine and Periodontology, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Poli PP, Manfredini M, Oliva N, Bettini S, Damiani G, Goldoni R, Strambini L, Casati S, Del Fabbro M, Tartaglia GM. Detection and sensing of oral xenobiotics in edentulous patients rehabilitated with titanium dental implants: Insights from a scoping review. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00342-6. [PMID: 37423787 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Titanium has been considered the standard element in implant manufacturing. Recent studies have evaluated the role of titanium as a biological modulator of oral health. However, evidence regarding the association between the release of metal particles and peri-implantitis is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the literature regarding the release of metal particles in peri-implant tissues correlated with the methods of detection and the local and systemic implications. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed in adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines and was registered with the National Institute for Health Research PROSPERO (Submission No. 275576; ID: CRD42021275576). A systematic search was conducted in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science bibliographic databases, complemented by a manual evaluation. Only in vivo human studies written in the English language and published between January 2000 and June 2022 were included. RESULTS In total, 10 studies were included according to eligibility criteria. Different tissues and analytic techniques were reported: the characterization technique most used was inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All 10 studies analyzed the release of metal particles in patients with dental implants, continuously detecting titanium. None of the studies reported a significant association between metal particles and biological effects. CONCLUSIONS Titanium is still considered the material of choice in implant dentistry, despite the detection of metal particles in peri-implant tissues. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the association between analytes and local health or inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Poli
- Research Fellow, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Research Fellow, Implant Center for Edentulism and Jawbone Atrophies, Maxillofacial Surgery and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Manfredini
- PhD Student, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; PhD Student, Implant Center for Edentulism and Jawbone Atrophies, Maxillofacial Surgery and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nadim Oliva
- Resident, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sofia Bettini
- Resident, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Resident, Implant Center for Edentulism and Jawbone Atrophies, Maxillofacial Surgery and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Assistant Professor, Division of Clinical Dermatology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Goldoni
- PhD Student, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy; PhD Student, National Research Council, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucanos Strambini
- Research Fellow, National Research Council, Department of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR-IEIIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Casati
- Research Fellow, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Associate Professor, Maxillofacial Surgery and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca M Tartaglia
- Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Associate Professor, Maxillofacial Surgery and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Tian W, Gao P, Zong DP, Liu JJ, Zhang MY, Wang CC, Wang ZX, Wang JM, Niu YY, Xiang P. The oral bioaccessibility and gingival cytotoxicity of metal(loid)s in wild vegetables from mining areas: Implication for human oral health. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1042300. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1042300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHeavy metal(loid)s are frequently detected in vegetables posing potential human health risks, especially for those grown around mining areas. However, the oral bioaccessibility and gingival cytotoxicity of heavy metals in wild vegetables remain unclear.MethodsIn this study, we assessed the total and bioaccessible Cr, As, Cd, Pb, and Ni in four wild vegetables from mining areas in Southwest China. In addition, the cytotoxicity and underlying mechanisms of vegetable saliva extracts on human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) were studied.ResultsThe Plantago asiatica L. (PAL) showed the highest bioaccessible Cr, As, Cd, and Pb, while the greatest bioaccessible Ni was in Taraxacum mongolicum (TMM). The Pteridium aquilinum (PAM), Chenopodium album L. (CAL), and TMM extracts decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis, caused DNA damage, and disrupted associated gene expressions. However, PAL extracts which have the highest bioaccessible heavy metals did not present adverse effects on HGEC, which may be due to its inhibition of apoptosis by upregulating p53 and Bcl-2.ConclusionOur results indicated that polluted vegetable intake caused toxic effects on human gingiva. The heavy metals in vegetables were not positively related to human health risks. Collectively, both bioaccessibility and toxic data should be considered for accurate risk assessment.
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Custom-Made Zirconium Dioxide Implants for Craniofacial Bone Reconstruction. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040840. [PMID: 33578685 PMCID: PMC7916391 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reconstruction of the facial skeleton is challenging for surgeons because of difficulties in proper shape restoration and maintenance of the proper long-term effect. ZrO2 implant application can be a solution with many advantages (e.g., osseointegration, stability, and radio-opaqueness) and lacks the disadvantages of other biomaterials (e.g., metalosis, radiotransparency, and no osseointegration) or autologous bone (e.g., morbidity, resorption, and low accuracy). We aimed to evaluate the possibility of using ZrO2 implants as a new application of this material for craniofacial bone defect reconstruction. First, osteoblast (skeleton-related cell) cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were determined in vitro by comparing ZrO2 implants and alumina particle air-abraded ZrO2 implants to the following: 1. a titanium alloy (standard material); 2. ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (a modern material used in orbital surgery); 3. a negative control (minimally cytotoxic or genotoxic agent action); 4. a positive control (maximally cytotoxic or genotoxic agent action). Next, 14 custom in vivo clinical ZrO2 implants were manufactured for post-traumatologic periorbital region reconstruction. The soft tissue position improvement in photogrammetry was recorded, and clinical follow-up was conducted at least 6 years postoperatively. All the investigated materials revealed no cytotoxicity. Alumina particle air-abraded ZrO2 implants showed genotoxicity compared to those without subjection to air abrasion ZrO2, which were not genotoxic. The 6-month and 6- to 8-year clinical results were aesthetic and stable. Skeleton reconstructions using osseointegrated, radio-opaque, personalized implants comprising ZrO2 material are the next option for craniofacial surgery.
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Markowska-Szczupak A, Endo-Kimura M, Paszkiewicz O, Kowalska E. Are Titania Photocatalysts and Titanium Implants Safe? Review on the Toxicity of Titanium Compounds. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102065. [PMID: 33086609 PMCID: PMC7603142 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and its compounds are broadly used in both industrial and domestic products, including jet engines, missiles, prostheses, implants, pigments, cosmetics, food, and photocatalysts for environmental purification and solar energy conversion. Although titanium/titania-containing materials are usually safe for human, animals and environment, increasing concerns on their negative impacts have been postulated. Accordingly, this review covers current knowledge on the toxicity of titania and titanium, in which the behaviour, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, and environmental impacts have been discussed in detail, considering both light and dark conditions. Consequently, the following conclusions have been drawn: (i) titania photocatalysts rarely cause health and environmental problems; (ii) despite the lack of proof, the possible carcinogenicity of titania powders to humans is considered by some authorities; (iii) titanium alloys, commonly applied as implant materials, possess a relatively low health risk; (iv) titania microparticles are less toxic than nanoparticles, independent of the means of exposure; (v) excessive accumulation of titanium in the environment cannot be ignored; (vi) titanium/titania-containing products should be clearly marked with health warning labels, especially for pregnant women and young children; (vi) a key knowledge gap is the lack of comprehensive data about the environmental content and the influence of titania/titanium on biodiversity and the ecological functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Markowska-Szczupak
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (E.K.)
| | - Maya Endo-Kimura
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
| | - Oliwia Paszkiewicz
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kowalska
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21, W10, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan;
- Correspondence: (A.M.-S.); (E.K.)
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Cunha AS, Castillo WO, Takahashi CS, Küchler EC, Segato RAB, da Silva LAB, Romano FL, Matsumoto MAN, Nelson-Filho P. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Haas appliance in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 2018; 88:590-595. [PMID: 29761706 DOI: 10.2319/101117-687.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Haas appliances through micronuclei test and cytogenetic damage analysis in buccal mucosa epithelial cells of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight patients, 6-12 years of age and of both genders, who required a Haas appliance for the correction of a posterior crossbite were included. Epithelial cells from the mucosa were collected by gently scraping the inside of both the right and left cheeks. The cells were collected before the insertion of the appliance (T0), 1 month after the device was installed (T1), and again 3 months after the appliance was immobilized (T2). The cells were processed to obtain slides. Feulgen/Fast Green was used as the staining method, and the number of normal, karyolytic, pyknotic, nuclear buds, bi/trinucleated, and micronucleus cells were counted under light microscopy. Cellular abnormalities were evaluated with parametric and nonparametric tests for comparison of the means by analysis of variance testing, Tukey posttest, or the Kruskal-Wallis test and then by Dunn's posttest. The significance level was 5%. RESULTS There were no statistically significant changes in the micronuclei in the evaluated periods ( P > .05). Nuclear buds increased at T1 ( P < .05), returning to baseline levels at T2. Other abnormalities (cariolytic, pyknotic, and bi/trinucleated cells) showed a significant increase at T1 and T2 ( P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The Haas appliance did not cause an increase in micronuclei in cells of the buccal mucosa. However, statistically significant increases in cariolytic, pyknotic, and bi/trinucleated cells were observed during treatment, suggesting possible DNA damage.
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Stanec Z, Halambek J, Maldini K, Balog M, Križik P, Schauperl Z, Ćatić A. Titanium Ions Release from an Innovative Titanium-Magnesium Composite: an in Vitro Study. Acta Stomatol Croat 2016; 50:40-8. [PMID: 27688425 DOI: 10.15644/asc50/1/6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innovative titanium-magnesium composite (Ti-Mg) was produced by powder metallurgy (P/M) method and is characterized in terms of corrosion behavior. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two groups of experimental material, 1 mass% (Ti-1Mg) and 2 mass% (Ti-2Mg) of magnesium in titanium matrix, were tested and compared to commercially pure titanium (CP Ti). Immersion test and chemical analysis of four solutions: artificial saliva; artificial saliva pH 4; artificial saliva with fluoride and Hank balanced salt solution were performed after 42 days of immersion, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to detect the amount of released titanium ions (Ti). SEM and EDS analysis were used for surface characterization. RESULTS The difference between the results from different test solutions was assessed by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls test at p<0.05. The influence of predictor variables was found by multiple regression analysis. The results of the present study revealed a low corrosion rate of titanium from the experimental Ti-Mg group. Up to 46 and 23 times lower dissolution of Ti from Ti-1Mg and Ti-2Mg, respectively was observed compared to the control group. Among the tested solutions, artificial saliva with fluorides exhibited the highest corrosion effect on all specimens tested. SEM micrographs showed preserved dual phase surface structure and EDS analysis suggested a favorable surface bioactivity. CONCLUSION In conclusion, Ti-Mg produced by P/M as a material with better corrosion properties when compared to CP Ti is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Stanec
- Private Dental Office Zlatko Stanec, DMD, Samobor, Croatia
| | - Jasna Halambek
- Karlovac University of Applied Sciences, Department for general and organic chemistry, Karlovac, Croatia
| | | | - Martin Balog
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of materials and machine mechanics, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Križik
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of materials and machine mechanics, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdravko Schauperl
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Amir Ćatić
- University of Zagreb, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Zagreb, Croatia
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