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Castilla-Sedano AJ, Zapana-García J, Valdivia-Del Águila E, Padilla-Huamantinco PG, Guerra DG. Quantification of early biofilm growth in microtiter plates through a novel image analysis software. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 223:106979. [PMID: 38944284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Given the significant impact of biofilms on human health and material corrosion, research in this field urgently needs more accessible techniques to facilitate the testing of new control agents and general understanding of biofilm biology. Microtiter plates offer a convenient format for standardized evaluations, including high-throughput assays of alternative treatments and molecular modulators. This study introduces a novel Biofilm Analysis Software (BAS) for quantifying biofilms from microtiter plate images. We focused on early biofilm growth stages and compared BAS quantification to common techniques: direct turbidity measurement, intrinsic fluorescence detection linked to pyoverdine production, and standard crystal violet staining which enables image analysis and optical density measurement. We also assessed their sensitivity for detecting subtle growth effects caused by cyclic AMP and gentamicin. Our results show that BAS image analysis is at least as sensitive as the standard method of spectrophotometrically quantifying the crystal violet retained by biofilms. Furthermore, we demonstrated that bacteria adhered after short incubations (from 10 min to 4 h), isolated from planktonic populations by a simple rinse, can be monitored until their growth is detectable by intrinsic fluorescence, BAS analysis, or resolubilized crystal violet. These procedures are widely accessible for many laboratories, including those with limited resources, as they do not require a spectrophotometer or other specialized equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J Castilla-Sedano
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Individuales, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín De Porres, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - José Zapana-García
- Biomedical Engineering Program PUCP-UPCH, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Erika Valdivia-Del Águila
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Individuales, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín De Porres, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Pierre G Padilla-Huamantinco
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Individuales, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín De Porres, Lima 15102, Peru
| | - Daniel G Guerra
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Individuales, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín De Porres, Lima 15102, Peru.
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Arévalo-Jaimes BV, Admella J, Blanco-Cabra N, Torrents E. Culture media influences Candida parapsilosis growth, susceptibility, and virulence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1323619. [PMID: 38156315 PMCID: PMC10753817 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1323619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida parapsilosis, a pathogenic yeast associated with systemic infections, exhibits metabolic adaptability in response to nutrient availability. Methods We investigated the impact of RPMI glucose supplemented (RPMId), TSB, BHI and YPD media on C. parapsilosis growth, morphology, susceptibility (caspofungin and amphotericin B), and in vivo virulence (Galleria mellonella) in planktonic and biofilm states. Results High-glucose media favors growth but hinders metabolic activity and filamentation. Media promoting carbohydrate production reduces biofilm susceptibility. Virulence differences between planktonic cells and biofilm suspensions from the same media shows that biofilm-related factors influence infection outcome depending on nutrient availability. Pseudohyphal growth occurred in biofilms under low oxygen and shear stress, but its presence is not exclusively correlated with virulence. Discussion This study provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay between nutrient availability and C. parapsilosis pathogenicity. It emphasizes the importance of considering pathogen behavior in diverse conditions when designing research protocols and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy V. Arévalo-Jaimes
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Admella
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Blanco-Cabra
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapies Group (BIAT), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Niu Y, Zhang Y, Huo H, Jin X, Wang J. Effect of silver sulfadiazine on mature mixed bacterial biofilms on voice prostheses. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 52:74. [PMID: 37990258 PMCID: PMC10664368 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-023-00672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation on voice prostheses disrupts the function and limits the lifespan of voice prostheses. There is still no effective clinical strategy for inhibiting or removing these biofilms. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD), as an exogenous antibacterial agent, has been widely used in the prevention and treatment of infection, however, its effect on voice prosthesis biofilms is unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of SSD on the mature mixed bacterial biofilms present on voice prostheses. METHODS Quantitative and qualitative methods, including the plate counting method, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, crystal violet staining, the 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) (XTT) reduction assay, scanning electron microscopy, and laser confocal microscopy, were used to determine the effect of SSD on the number of bacterial colonies, biofilm formation ability, metabolic activity, and ultrastructure of biofilms in a mature mixed bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Candida albicans) voice prosthesis biofilm model. The results were verified in vitro on mature mixed bacterial voice prosthesis biofilms from patients, and the possible mechanism of action was explored. RESULTS Silver sulfadiazine decreased the number of bacterial colonies on mature mixed bacterial voice prosthesis biofilm, significantly inhibited the biofilm formation ability and metabolic activity of mature voice prosthesis biofilms, inhibited the formation of the complex spatial structure of voice prosthesis biofilms, and inhibited the synthesis of polysaccharides and proteins in the biofilm extracellular matrix. The degree of inhibition and removal effect increased with SSD concentration. CONCLUSIONS Silver sulfadiazine can effectively inhibit and remove mature mixed bacterial voice prosthesis biofilms and decrease biofilm formation ability and metabolic activity; SSD may exert these effects by inhibiting the synthesis of polysaccharides and proteins among the extracellular polymeric substances of voice prosthesis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Huo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1# ShuaiFuYuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Christine E, Olive C, Louisin M, Dramé M, Marion‐Sanchez K. A new spray-based method for the in-vitro development of dry-surface biofilms. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1330. [PMID: 36825879 PMCID: PMC9834607 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inanimate environment immediately surrounding the patient in healthcare facilities is a reservoir of microorganisms embedded in dry-surface biofilms (DSB). These biofilms, first highlighted in 2012, are increasingly studied, but currently available in-vitro models only allow for the growth of semi-hydrated biofilms. We developed a new in-vitro method under actual dehydration conditions based on the hypothesis that surface contamination is mainly due to splashes of respiratory secretions. The main objective of this study was to show that the operating conditions we have defined allowed the growth of DSB with a methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain. The second objective was to show that extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, that is, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae were also able to grow such biofilms under these conditions. Monobacterial suspensions in sterile artificial saliva (SAS) were sprayed onto polyethylene surfaces. Nutrients and hydration were provided daily by spraying SAS enriched with 20% of Brain Heart Infusion broth. The primary outcome was mean surface coverage measured by image analysis after crystal violet staining. The method applied to S. aureus for 12 days resulted in reproducible and repeatable DSB consisting of isolated and confluent microcolonies embedded in extracellular polymeric substances as shown in scanning electron microscopy images. Similar DSB were obtained with both Enterobacteriaceae applying the same method. No interspecies variation was shown between the three strains in terms of surface coverage. These first trials are the starting point for a 3-year study currently in process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Christine
- Department of BacteriologyHygiene and Environment Laboratory, CHU MartiniqueCS 90632Fort‐de‐FranceCedexMartinique
| | - Claude Olive
- Department of BacteriologyHygiene and Environment Laboratory, CHU MartiniqueCS 90632Fort‐de‐FranceCedexMartinique
| | - Myriam Louisin
- Department of BacteriologyHygiene and Environment Laboratory, CHU MartiniqueCS 90632Fort‐de‐FranceCedexMartinique
| | - Moustapha Dramé
- Department of Clinical Research and InnovationCHU MartiniqueCS 90632Fort‐de‐FranceCedexMartinique
| | - Karine Marion‐Sanchez
- Department of BacteriologyHygiene and Environment Laboratory, CHU MartiniqueCS 90632Fort‐de‐FranceCedexMartinique,Department of Hospital HygieneCHU MartiniqueCS 90632Fort‐de‐FranceCedexMartinique,Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Université de Montpellier, Université des Antilles, Inserm, Etablissement Français du SangCHU MartiniqueMontpellierFrance
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Zhang Y, Niu Y, Huo H, Wang J, Jin X, Yang H. Inhibition and Removal of Mature Mixed-Bacteria Biofilms on Voice Prostheses by Sodium Selenite. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:7799-7810. [PMID: 36600950 PMCID: PMC9807126 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s393434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Biofilms on voice prostheses are important factors shortening their service life. Sodium selenite has been used to prevent and treat various diseases. Whether sodium selenite can inhibit and remove mature biofilms on voice prostheses is still unknown. Methods To verify the effects of sodium selenite on mature mixed-bacteria biofilms (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus faecalis) on voice prostheses, we used quantitative and qualitative methods, eg, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, crystal violet staining, 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) (XTT) reduction assays, and scanning electron microscopy, to measure the effects of sodium selenite on the number of bacterial colonies, biofilm formation ability, metabolic activity, and ultrastructure in a model of mature mixed-bacteria biofilms on voice prostheses and validated the effects in vitro on mature biofilms on voice prostheses from patients. Results When exploring the possible mechanism of biofilm inhibition and removal by sodium selenite, we found that it significantly inhibited and removed biofilms on voice prostheses and effectively destroyed the spatial structure of the biofilms. The inhibition and removal effects became more significant with increasing sodium selenite concentrations. Conclusion We demonstrated that sodium selenite can inhibit and remove biofilms of mature mixed strains on voice prostheses, providing a novel basis for treating patients' voice prosthesis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Niu
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Huo
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Jian Wang; Hua Yang, Department of Otolaryngology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 100730, Tel +13673164261; +13701127757, Fax +86-10-69156311, Email ;
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Kadam S, Madhusoodhanan V, Dhekane R, Bhide D, Ugale R, Tikhole U, Kaushik KS. Milieu matters: An in vitro wound milieu to recapitulate key features of, and probe new insights into, mixed-species bacterial biofilms. Biofilm 2021; 3:100047. [PMID: 33912828 PMCID: PMC8065265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2021.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are a major cause of delayed wound healing. Consequently, the study of wound biofilms, particularly in host-relevant conditions, has gained importance. Most in vitro studies employ refined laboratory media to study biofilms, representing conditions that are not relevant to the infection state. To mimic the wound milieu, in vitro biofilm studies often incorporate serum or plasma in growth conditions, or employ clot or matrix-based biofilm models. While incorporating serum or plasma alone is a minimalistic approach, the more complex in vitro wound models are technically demanding, and poorly compatible with standard biofilm assays. Based on previous reports of clinical wound fluid composition, we have developed an in vitro wound milieu (IVWM) that includes, in addition to serum (to recapitulate wound fluid), matrix elements and biochemical factors. With Luria-Bertani broth and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) for comparison, the IVWM was used to study planktonic growth, biofilm features, and interspecies interactions, of common wound pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We demonstrate that the IVWM recapitulates widely reported in vivo biofilm features such as biomass formation, metabolic activity, increased antibiotic tolerance, 3D structure, and interspecies interactions for monospecies and mixed-species biofilms. Further, the IVWM is simple to formulate, uses laboratory-grade components, and is compatible with standard biofilm assays. Given this, it holds potential as a tractable approach to study wound biofilms under host-relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Kadam
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Vandana Madhusoodhanan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Radhika Dhekane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Devyani Bhide
- MES Abasaheb Garware College of Arts and Science, Pune, India
| | - Rutuja Ugale
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Utkarsha Tikhole
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Karishma S. Kaushik
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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Diepoltová A, Konečná K, Janďourek O, Nachtigal P. Study of the impact of cultivation conditions and peg surface modification on the in vitro biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in a system analogous to the Calgary biofilm device. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34048334 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) are the most common pathogens from the genus Staphylococcus causing biofilm-associated infections. Generally, biofilm-associated infections represent a clinical challenge. Bacteria in biofilms are difficult to eradicate due to their resistance and serve as a reservoir for recurring persistent infections.Gap Statement. A variety of protocols for in vitro drug activity testing against staphylococcal biofilms have been introduced. However, there are often fundamental differences. All these differences in methodical approaches can then be reflected in the form of discrepancies between results.Aim. In this study, we aimed to develop optimal conditions for staphylococcal biofilm formation on pegs. The impact of peg surface modification was also studied.Methodology. The impact of tryptic soy broth alone or supplemented with foetal bovine serum (FBS) or human plasma (HP), together with the impact of the inoculum density of bacterial suspensions and the shaking versus the static mode of cultivation, on total biofilm biomass production in SA and SE reference strains was studied. The surface of pegs was modified with FBS, HP, or poly-l-lysine (PLL). The impact on total biofilm biomass was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method and statistical data analysis.Results. Tryptic soy broth supplemented with HP together with the shaking mode led to crucial potentiation of biofilm formation on pegs in SA strains. The SE strain did not produce biofilm biomass under the same conditions on pegs. Preconditioning of peg surfaces with FBS and HP led to a statistically significant increase in biofilm biomass formation in the SE strain.Conclusion. Optimal cultivation conditions for robust staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro might differ among different bacterial strains and methodical approaches. The shaking mode and supplementation of cultivation medium with HP was beneficial for biofilm formation on pegs for SA (ATCC 29213) and methicillin-resistant SA (ATCC 43300). Peg conditioning with HP and PLL had no impact on biofilm formation in either of these strains. Peg coating with FBS showed an adverse effect on the biofilm formation of these strains. By contrast, there was a statistically significant increase in biofilm biomass production on pegs coated with FBS and HP for SE (ATCC 35983).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Diepoltová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Centre, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Konečná
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Centre, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Janďourek
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Centre, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nachtigal
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Teaching and Research Centre, Czech Republic
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Growth Media for Mixed Multispecies Oropharyngeal Biofilm Compositions on Silicone. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8051270. [PMID: 31360725 PMCID: PMC6652045 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8051270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims Microbial colonization of silicone voice prostheses by bacteria and Candida species limits the device lifetime of modern voice prostheses in laryngectomized patients. Thus, research focuses on biofilm inhibitive properties of novel materials, coatings, and surface enhancements. Goal of this in vitro study was the evaluation of seven commonly used growth media to simulate growth of mixed oropharyngeal species as mesoscale biofilms on prosthetic silicone for future research purposes. Methods and Results Yeast Peptone Dextrose medium (YPD), Yeast Nitrogen Base medium (YNB), M199 medium, Spider medium, RPMI 1640 medium, Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB), and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) were used to culture combined mixed Candida strains and mixed bacterial-fungal compositions on silicone over the period of 22 days. The biofilm surface spread and the microscopic growth showed variations from in vivo biofilms depending on the microbial composition and growth medium. Conclusion YPD and FBS prove to support continuous in vitro growth of mixed bacterial-fungal oropharyngeal biofilms deposits over weeks as needed for longterm in vitro testing with oropharyngeal biofilm compositions. Significance and Impact of Study The study provides data on culture conditions for mixed multispecies biofilm compositions that can be used for future prosthesis designs.
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