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Vaporidou N, Peroni F, Restelli A, Jalil MN, Dye JF. Artificial Skin Therapies; Strategy for Product Development. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2023; 12:574-600. [PMID: 36680749 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2022.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Tissue-engineered artificial skin for clinical reconstruction can be regarded as an established practice. Bi-layered skin equivalents are available as established allogenic or autologous therapy, and various acellular skin replacements can support tissue repair. Moreover, there is considerable commonality between the skin and other soft tissue reconstruction products. This article presents an attempt to create a comprehensive global landscape review of advanced replacement materials and associated strategies for skin and soft tissue reconstruction. Recent Advances: There has been rapid growth in the number of commercial and pre-commercial products over the past decade. In this survey, 263 base products for advanced skin therapy have been identified, across 8 therapeutic categories, giving over 350 products in total. The largest market is in the United States, followed by the E.U. zone. However, despite these advances, and the investment of resources in each product development, there are key issues concerning the clinical efficacy, cost-benefit of products, and clinical impact. Each therapeutic strategy has relative merits and limitations. Critical Issues: A critical consideration in developing and evaluating products is the therapeutic modality, associated regulatory processes, and the potential for clinical adoption geographically, determined by regulatory territory, intellectual property, and commercial distribution factors. The survey identifies an opportunity for developments that improve basic efficacy or cost-benefit. Future Directions: The economic pressures on health care systems, compounded by the demands of our increasingly ageing population, and the imperative to distribute effective health care, create an urgent global need for effective and affordable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nephelie Vaporidou
- Division of Surgery and Interdisciplinary Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Oxartis Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M Nauman Jalil
- Oxartis Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
- MADE Cymru, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Julian F Dye
- Oxartis Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
- Research Strategy and Development, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Fuenteslópez CV, Thompson MS, Ye H. Development and Optimisation of Hydrogel Scaffolds for Microvascular Network Formation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:964. [PMID: 37627849 PMCID: PMC10451297 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, there is limited research on microvascular traumatic injuries. To address this gap, this research aims to develop and optimise an in vitro construct for traumatic injury research at the microvascular level. Tissue engineering constructs were created using a range of polymers (collagen, fibrin, and gelatine), solvents (PBS, serum-free endothelial media, and MES/NaCl buffer), and concentrations (1-5% w/v). Constructs created from these hydrogels and HUVECs were evaluated to identify the optimal composition in terms of cell proliferation, adhesion, migration rate, viability, hydrogel consistency and shape retention, and tube formation. Gelatine hydrogels were associated with a lower cell adhesion, whereas fibrin and collagen ones displayed similar or better results than the control, and collagen hydrogels exhibited poor shape retention; fibrin scaffolds, particularly at high concentrations, displayed good hydrogel consistency. Based on the multipronged evaluation, fibrin hydrogels in serum-free media at 3 and 5% w/v were selected for further experimental work and enabled the formation of interconnected capillary-like networks. The networks formed in both hydrogels displayed a similar architecture in terms of the number of segments (10.3 ± 3.21 vs. 9.6 ± 3.51) and diameter (8.6446 ± 3.0792 μm vs. 7.8599 ± 2.3794 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hua Ye
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; (C.V.F.); (M.S.T.)
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Pereira JR, Rafael AM, Esmail A, Morais M, Matos M, Marques AC, Reis MAM, Freitas F. Preparation of Porous Scaffold Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and FucoPol. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2945. [PMID: 37447591 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This work focused on the development of porous scaffolds based on biocomposites comprising two biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymers: a terpolyester, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHVHHx), and the bacterial polysaccharide FucoPol. The PHBHVHHx terpolymer was composed of 3-hydroxybutyrate (55 wt%), 3-hydroxyvalerate (21 wt%), and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (24 wt%). This hydrophobic polyester has low crystallinity and can form elastic and flexible films. Fucopol is a fucose-containing water-soluble polysaccharide that forms viscous solutions with shear thinning behavior and has demonstrated emulsion-forming and stabilizing capacity and wound healing ability. Emulsion-templating was used to fabricate PHA-based porous structures in which FucoPol acted as a bioemulsifier. Compared with the scaffolds obtained from emulsions with only water, the use of FucoPol aqueous solutions resulted in structures with improved mechanical properties, namely higher tensile strength (4.4 MPa) and a higher Young's Modulus (85 MPa), together with an elongation at break of 52%. These features, together with the scaffolds' high porosity and pore interconnectivity, suggest their potential to sustain cell adhesion and proliferation, which is further supported by FucoPol's demonstrated wound healing ability. Therefore, the developed PHBHVHHx:FucoPol scaffolds arise as innovative porous bioactive structures with great potential for use in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ricardo Pereira
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Rafael
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Asiyah Esmail
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Morais
- CENIMAT/i3N, Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mariana Matos
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Carolina Marques
- CENIMAT/i3N, Materials Science Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria A M Reis
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Sarrigiannidis SO, Dobre O, Navarro AR, Dalby MJ, Gonzalez-Garcia C, Salmeron-Sanchez M. Engineered dual affinity protein fragments to bind collagen and capture growth factors. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100641. [PMID: 37179535 PMCID: PMC10173277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen type I lacks affinity for growth factors (GFs) and yet it is clinically used to deliver bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2), a potent osteogenic growth factor. To mitigate this lack of affinity, supra-physiological concentrations of BMP-2 are loaded in collagen sponges leading to uncontrolled BMP-2 leakage out of the material. This has led to important adverse side effects such as carcinogenesis. Here, we design recombinant dual affinity protein fragments, produced in E. Coli, which contain two regions, one that spontaneously binds to collagen and a second one that binds BMP-2. By adding the fragment to collagen sponges, BMP-2 is sequestered enabling solid phase presentation of BMP-2. We demonstrate osteogenesis in vivo with ultra-low doses of BMP-2. Our protein technology enhances the biological activity of collagen without using complex chemistries or changing the manufacturing of the base material and so opens a pathway to clinical translation.
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Fabrication of Fibrin/Polyvinyl Alcohol Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering via Emulsion Templating. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051151. [PMID: 36904392 PMCID: PMC10006947 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for a novel and scalable skin scaffold for wound healing and tissue regeneration, we fabricated a class of fibrin/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) scaffolds using an emulsion templating method. The fibrin/PVA scaffolds were formed by enzymatic coagulation of fibrinogen with thrombin in the presence of PVA as a bulking agent and an emulsion phase as the porogen, with glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. After freeze drying, the scaffolds were characterized and evaluated for biocompatibility and efficacy of dermal reconstruction. SEM analysis showed that the formed scaffolds had interconnected porous structures (average pore size e was around 330 µm) and preserved the nano-scale fibrous architecture of the fibrin. Mechanical testing showed that the scaffolds' ultimate tensile strength was around 0.12 MPa with an elongation of around 50%. The proteolytic degradation of scaffolds could be controlled over a wide range by varying the type or degree of cross-linking and by fibrin/PVA composition. Assessment of cytocompatibility by human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation assays shows that MSC can attach, penetrate, and proliferate into the fibrin/PVA scaffolds with an elongated and stretched morphology. The efficacy of scaffolds for tissue reconstruction was evaluated in a murine full-thickness skin excision defect model. The scaffolds were integrated and resorbed without inflammatory infiltration and, compared to control wounds, promoted deeper neodermal formation, greater collagen fiber deposition, facilitated angiogenesis, and significantly accelerated wound healing and epithelial closure. The experimental data showed that the fabricated fibrin/PVA scaffolds are promising for skin repair and skin tissue engineering.
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Photocatalytic Synthesis of Materials for Regenerative Medicine Using Complex Oxides with β-pyrochlore Structure. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020352. [PMID: 36836711 PMCID: PMC9959904 DOI: 10.3390/life13020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto cod collagen was carried out under visible light irradiation (λ = 400-700 nm) at 20-25 °C using the RbTe1.5W0.5O6, CsTeMoO6, and RbNbTeO6 complex oxides with β-pyrochlore structure as photocatalysts. The as-prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. It was also found that RbNbTeO6 with β-pyrochlore structure was not able to photocatalyze the reaction. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the obtained graft copolymers proceeds with the formation of peptides with a molecular weight (MW) of about 20 and 10 kDa. In contrast to collagen, which decomposes predominantly to peptides with MW of about 10 kDa, the ratio of fractions with MW of about 10 kDa and 20 kDa differs much less, their changes are symbatic, and the content of polymers with MW of more than 20 kDa is about 70% after 1 h in the case of graft copolymers. The data obtained indicate that synthetic fragments grafted to the collagen macromolecule do not prevent the hydrolysis of the peptide bonds but change the rate of polymer degradation. This is important for creating network matrix scaffolds based on graft copolymers by cross-linking peptides, which are products of enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Michopoulou A, Koliakou E, Terzopoulou Z, Rousselle P, Palamidi A, Anestakis D, Konstantinidou P, Roig-Rosello E, Demiri E, Bikiaris D. Benefit of coupling heparin to crosslinked collagen I/III scaffolds for human dermal fibroblast subpopulations' tissue growth. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:797-811. [PMID: 34793629 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of models representing the skin dermal heterogeneity for relevant research and skin engineering applications. This is the first study reporting production of dermal equivalents reproducing features of papillary and reticular dermal compartments. Inspired from our current knowledge on the architecture and composition differences between the papillary and reticular dermis, we evaluated different collagen-based porous materials to serve as scaffolds for the three-dimensional expansion of freshly isolated papillary and/or reticular fibroblasts. The scaffolds, composed of either collagen I or collagen I and III mixtures, were prepared by lyophilization. Pore size and hydrolytic stability were controlled by crosslinking with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) or EDC/NHS with covalently bound heparin. The evaluation of the resultant "papillary" and "reticular" dermal equivalents was based on the analysis of characteristic features of each dermal compartment, such as cell density and deposition of newly synthetized extracellular matrix components in histological sections. Crosslinking supported cell growth during dermal tissue formation independent on the fibroblast subpopulation. The presence of collagen III seemed to have some positive but non-specific effect only on the maintenance of the mechanical strength of the scaffolds during dermal formation. Histological analyses demonstrated a significant and specific effect of heparin on generating dermal equivalents reproducing the respective higher papillary than reticular cell densities and supporting distinct extracellular matrix components deposition (three to five times more carbohydrate material deposited by papillary fibroblasts in all scaffolds containing heparin, while higher collagen production was observed only in the presence of heparin).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleni Koliakou
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Patricia Rousselle
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Univ. Lyon 1, SFR BioSciences, Lyon, France
| | - Artemis Palamidi
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Eva Roig-Rosello
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, UMR 5305, CNRS, Univ. Lyon 1, SFR BioSciences, Lyon, France
| | - Euterpi Demiri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical School, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Guo Y, Bian Z, Xu Q, Wen X, Kang J, Lin S, Wang X, Mi Z, Cui J, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Chen F. Novel tissue-engineered skin equivalent from recombinant human collagen hydrogel and fibroblasts facilitated full-thickness skin defect repair in a mouse model. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 130:112469. [PMID: 34702544 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered skin equivalent (TESE) is an optimized alternative for the treatment of skin defects. Designing and fabricating biomaterials with desired properties to load cells is critical for the approach. In this study, we aim to develop a novel TESE with recombinant human collagen (rHC) hydrogel and fibroblasts to improve full-thickness skin defect repair. First, the bioactive effect of rHC on fibroblast proliferation, migration and phenotype was assayed. The results showed that rHC had good biocompatibility and could stimulate fibroblasts migration and secrete various growth factors. Then, rHC was cross-linked with transglutaminase (TG) to prepare rHC hydrogel. Rheometer tests indicated that 10% rHC/TG hydrogel could reach a oscillate stress of 251 Pa and remained stable. Fibroblasts were seeded into rHC/TG hydrogel to prepare TESE. Confocal microscope and scanning electronic microscope observation showed that seeded fibroblasts survived well in the hydrogel. Finally, the therapeutic effect of the newly prepared TESE was tested in a mouse full-thickness skin defect model. The results demonstrated that TESE could significantly improve skin defect repair in vivo. Conclusively, TESE prepared from rHC and fibroblasts in this study exhibits great potential for clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Zhengyue Bian
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Qian Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Wen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Juan Kang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Xue Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Zhaoxiang Mi
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Jihong Cui
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China
| | - Zhuoyue Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China.
| | - Fulin Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Modern Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 North TaiBai Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710069, PR China.
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Esmail A, Pereira JR, Sevrin C, Grandfils C, Menda UD, Fortunato E, Oliva A, Freitas F. Preparation and Characterization of Porous Scaffolds Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate). Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090935. [PMID: 34575084 PMCID: PMC8466055 DOI: 10.3390/life11090935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) with different material properties, namely, the homopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB), and the copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate, P(3HB-co-3HV), with a 3HV of 25 wt.%, were used for the preparation of porous biopolymeric scaffolds. Solvent casting with particulate leaching (SCPL) and emulsion templating were evaluated to process these biopolymers in porous scaffolds. SCPL scaffolds were highly hydrophilic (>170% swelling in water) but fragile, probably due to the increase of the polymer’s polydispersity index and its high porosity (>50%). In contrast, the emulsion templating technique resulted in scaffolds with a good compromise between porosity (27–49% porosity) and hydrophilicity (>30% water swelling) and without impairing their mechanical properties (3.18–3.35 MPa tensile strength and 0.07–0.11 MPa Young’s Modulus). These specifications are in the same range compared to other polymer-based scaffolds developed for tissue engineering. P(3HB-co-3HV) displayed the best overall properties, namely, lower crystallinity (11.3%) and higher flexibility (14.8% elongation at break. Our findings highlight the potency of our natural biopolyesters for the future development of novel porous scaffolds in tissue engineering, thanks also to their safety and biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiyah Esmail
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.E.); (J.R.P.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- ITQB NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, NOVA University Lisbon, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - João R. Pereira
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.E.); (J.R.P.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Chantal Sevrin
- CEIB—Interfaculty Research Centre of Biomaterials, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Christian Grandfils
- CEIB—Interfaculty Research Centre of Biomaterials, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.S.); (C.G.)
| | - Ugur Deneb Menda
- CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Materials Science, Nova School of Sciences and Technology, Nova University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (U.D.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- CENIMAT/i3N, Department of Materials Science, Nova School of Sciences and Technology, Nova University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (U.D.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Abel Oliva
- ITQB NOVA—Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, NOVA University Lisbon, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; (A.E.); (J.R.P.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-21-294-8300
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