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Gostoli S, Raimondi G, Rafanelli C, Gremigni P. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Unhealthy Lifestyle in Adolescence: Unforeseen Role of Allostatic Overload and Psychological Well-Being. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:956. [PMID: 38786368 PMCID: PMC11121659 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors (ULBs) are common in early adolescence and could be worsened by Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as by specific psychosocial factors, such as stress and unbalanced (i.e., too high or low scores of) psychological well-being (PWB) dimensions. This multi-center study aimed to evaluate how interactions between ADHD symptoms and psychosocial factors associated with ULBs (i.e., Allostatic Overload and multidimensional Psychological Well-Being), considered as moderators, could affect the adoption of ULBs during adolescence. A total of 440 fourteen-year-old adolescents were recruited from six upper secondary schools in Bologna and Rome (Italy) and completed self-report questionnaires on ULBs, ADHD, and psychosocial factors. Relations between ADHD symptomatology and specific ULBs (i.e., impaired sleep, problematic Internet use) were moderated by variables deemed as "negative" (i.e., Allostatic Overload) or "positive" (i.e., PWB dimensions of Self-Acceptance, Personal Growth, Positive Relations, Purpose in Life, Environmental Mastery): when the "negative" moderator is absent and the levels of the "positive" moderators are higher, ULBs decrease among students with lower ADHD symptomatology but increase among students with more severe ADHD. Based on ADHD severity, interventions should aim at promoting a state of euthymia, which consists in balanced PWB dimensions and reflects the optimal level of well-being to fulfill one's own potential and self-realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gostoli
- Department of Psychology “Renzo Canestrari”, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (G.R.); (C.R.); (P.G.)
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Haijen ECHM, Hurks PPM, Kuypers KPC. Trait mindfulness and personality characteristics in a microdosing ADHD sample: a naturalistic prospective survey study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1233585. [PMID: 37915796 PMCID: PMC10617390 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1233585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microdosing (MD), repeatedly taking psychedelics in small, non-hallucinogenic amounts, has been practiced by individuals to relieve attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Generally, adults diagnosed with ADHD have lower levels of mindfulness and differ in personality structure from non-ADHD adults. How MD affects mindfulness and personality in adults with ADHD remains unexplored. Aim This study aimed to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of MD on mindfulness and personality traits in adults diagnosed with ADHD and those experiencing severe ADHD symptoms. It was expected that mindfulness and the personality traits conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and openness would increase and neuroticism would decrease after 4 weeks of MD compared to baseline. It was explored if using conventional ADHD medication alongside MD and/or having comorbidities influenced MD-induced effects. Methods An online prospective naturalistic design was used to measure participants before MD initiation and 2 and 4 weeks later. Validated self-report measures were used assessing mindfulness (15-item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire) and personality traits (10-item version of the Big Five Inventory) at three time points. Results The sample included n = 233, n = 66, and n = 44 participants at the three time points, respectively. Trait mindfulness, specifically description and non-judging of inner experience, was increased, and neuroticism was decreased after 4 weeks of MD compared to baseline. The remaining personality traits remained unchanged. Using conventional medication and/or having comorbid diagnoses did not change the MD-induced effects on mindfulness and personality traits after 4 weeks. Conclusion MD induced changes in otherwise stable traits. Future placebo-controlled studies are warranted to confirm whether these changes occur in a controlled setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline C. H. M. Haijen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Stanton K, Khoo S, McDonnell CG, Villalongo Andino M, Sturgeon T, Aasen L. An Initial Investigation of the Joint Classification of Hypomania- and Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Relevant Dimensions Within the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology. Assessment 2023; 30:414-432. [PMID: 34747193 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211055670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined hierarchical structural models of psychopathology in samples of (a) adults recruited online and screened based on psychopathology history (N = 429) and (b) undergraduates (N = 529) to inform classification of neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD)- and hypomania-relevant dimensions within the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Results differed across samples in some ways, but converged to indicate that some NDD- and hypomania-relevant dimensions aligned closely with different HiTOP spectra. For example, some hypomania-relevant dimensions (e.g., affective lability) overlapped strongly with the internalizing spectrum, whereas others (e.g., self-perceived charisma) were reverse-indicators of detachment. Examination of cross-sectional and prospective correlates for emergent factors also was informative in some ways. This included NDD-relevant and disinhibited externalizing dimensions associating robustly with treatment seeking history and recent experiences of distress. These results provide initial insights into classifying NDD- and hypomania-relevant dimensions within the HiTOP and indicate a need for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey Stanton
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.,Western University, London, Canada
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Stanton K, Watts AL, Levin-Aspenson HF, Carpenter RW, Emery NN, Zimmerman M. Focusing Narrowly on Model Fit in Factor Analysis Can Mask Construct Heterogeneity and Model Misspecification: Applied Demonstrations across Sample and Assessment Types. J Pers Assess 2023; 105:1-13. [PMID: 35286224 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2047060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study builds upon research indicating that focusing narrowly on model fit when evaluating factor analytic models can lead to problematic inferences regarding the nature of item sets, as well as how models should be applied to inform measure development and validation. To advance research in this area, we present concrete examples relevant to researchers in clinical, personality, and related subfields highlighting two specific scenarios when an overreliance on model fit may be problematic. Specifically, we present data analytic examples showing that focusing narrowly on model fit may lead to (a) incorrect conclusions that heterogeneous item sets reflect narrower homogeneous constructs and (b) the retention of potentially problematic items when developing assessment measures. We use both interview data from adult outpatients (N = 2,149) and self-report data from adults recruited online (N = 547) to demonstrate the importance of these issues across sample types and assessment methods. Following demonstrations with these data, we make recommendations focusing on how other model characteristics (e.g., factor loading patterns; carefully considering the content and nature of factor indicators) should be considered in addition to information provided by model fit indices when evaluating factor analytic models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley L Watts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
| | | | - Ryan W Carpenter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis
| | - Noah N Emery
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University
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Stanton K, DeLucia EA, Brown MFD, McDonnell CG. Advancing understanding of the classification of broad autism phenotype and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions within the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology. Personal Ment Health 2021; 15:113-123. [PMID: 33225627 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research on personality and psychopathology associations has informed the classification of many symptom dimensions within the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). However, classification of symptom dimensions defining autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) within the HiTOP framework remains unclear in many ways. To address this issue, we examined the joint factor structure of (a) measures assessing characteristics relevant to ADHD and autism and (b) normal range personality traits in a sample of 547 adults recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk, many of whom reported elevated autism-relevant and ADHD-relevant characteristics. We also examined how factors identified in these analyses correlated with measures of internalizing symptoms and select externalizing traits. Our results indicated that some measures assessing autism-relevant and ADHD-relevant characteristics (e.g. communication issues, hyperactivity/impulsivity) defined a distinct Attention and Communication Difficulties factor, with scores on this factor correlating strongly with internalizing symptom ratings. However, other relevant characteristics such as aloofness may be indicators of existing HiTOP spectra such as detachment. We discuss how these findings inform classification of autism-relevant and ADHD-relevant characteristics within the HiTOP, as well as key future directions for extending the limited research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey Stanton
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A DeLucia
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew F D Brown
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina G McDonnell
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Ashton K, Fuchs TA, Oship D, Zivadinov R, Jakimovski D, Bergsland N, Ramasamy DP, Vaughn C, Weinstock-Guttman B, Benedict RHB, Dwyer MG. Diagnosis of depression in multiple sclerosis is predicted by frontal-parietal white matter tract disruption. J Neurol 2020; 268:169-177. [PMID: 32754832 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) are at an elevated risk of depression. Decreased Conscientiousness may affect patient outcomes in PwMS. Low Conscientiousness has a strong correlation with depression. Previous work has also reported that white matter (WM) tract disruption in frontal-parietal networks explains reduced Conscientiousness in PwMS. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that Conscientiousness-associated WM tract disruption predicts new-onset depression over 5 years in PwMS and evaluated this by assessing the predictive power of mean Conscientiousness associated frontal-parietal network (CFPN) disruption in PwMS for clinically diagnosed depression over 5 years. METHODS This longitudinal retrospective analysis included 53 PwMS who were not previously diagnosed as depressed. All participants underwent structural MRI. Medical records were reviewed to evaluate diagnosis of depression for these patients over 5 years. WM tract damage between pairs of gray matter regions in the CFPN was measured using diffusion imaging. The relationship between CFPN disruption and depression was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS Participants with MS had a mean age of 46.0 years (SD = 11.2). 22.6% (n = 12) acquired a diagnosis of clinical depression over the 5-year period. Baseline disruption in the CFPN was a significant predictor (ROC AUC = 61.8%). of new-onset clinical depression, accounting for age, sex, lateral ventricular volume, disease modifying treatment, and lesion volume. CONCLUSION Baseline CFPN disruption is associated with progression to clinical depression over 5 years in PwMS. Development of new WM pathology within this network may be a risk factor for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Ashton
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14226, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tom A Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14226, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Devon Oship
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14226, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14226, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14226, USA
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14226, USA
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Deepa P Ramasamy
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14226, USA
| | - Caila Vaughn
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14226, USA
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ralph H B Benedict
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center for Treatment and Research, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- Department of Neurology, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), 100 High St., Buffalo, NY, 14226, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Calamia M, Hill BD, Musso MW, Pella RD, Gouvier WD. Factor structure and clinical correlates of the 61-item Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 10:177-188. [PMID: 29427262 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-018-0251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the factor structure and clinical correlates of a 61-item version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS), a self-report retrospective measure of childhood problems, experiences, and behavior used in ADHD assessment. Given the currently mostly widely used form of the WURS was derived via a criterion-keyed approach, the study aimed to use latent variable modeling of the 61-item WURS to potentially identify more and more homogeneous set of items reflecting current conceptualizations of ADHD symptoms. Exploratory structural equation modeling was used to generate factor scores which were then correlated with neuropsychological measures of intelligence and executive attention as well as a broad measure of personality and emotional functioning. Support for a modified five-factor model was found: ADHD, disruptive mood and behavior, negative affectivity, social confidence, and academic problems. The ADHD factor differed somewhat from the traditional 25-item WURS short form largely through weaker associations with several measures of personality and psychopathology. This study identified a factor more aligned with DSM-5 conceptualization of ADHD as well as measures of other types of childhood characteristics and symptoms which may prove useful for both research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mandi W Musso
- Our Lady of the Lake Regional Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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