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Vajsz K, Paulina LR, Trejo S, Andaverde-Vega AA, Swanson JM, Miklósi M. Psychometric properties of the self-report version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale in a sample of Hungarian adolescents and young adults. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1330716. [PMID: 39026526 PMCID: PMC11255780 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1330716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behaviour Scale (SWAN) measures the full spectrum of attention and activity symptoms, not just the negative end of the distribution. Previous studies revealed strong psychometric properties of the parent and teacher report versions; however, there is little research on the new self-report form of the SWAN. Therefore, our research aimed to explore the psychometric characteristics of the SWAN self-report. A non-clinical sample of young women (N = 664, mean age: 20.01 years, SD: 3.08 years) completed the SWAN self-report, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). We tested several models using confirmatory factor analyses to assess the factorial validity of the SWAN self-report. Distributional characteristics, convergent, and predictive validity were assessed. A bifactor model with a general factor and a specific inattention factor (bifactor-1) provided the best fit in our data (CFI = 0.977, TLI/NFI = 0.972, RMSEA = 0.053 [90% CI: 0.047 - 0.059], SRMR = 0.061, ω = 0.90). The reliability of the general ADHD factor was good (ωh = 0.87), and the specific inattention factor was acceptable (ωh = 0.73). The distribution of the SWAN self-report scores did not differ from the normal distribution. A strong correlation between the SWAN and the SDQ Hyperactivity subscale was found. The analyses revealed good predictive validity. Our results suggest that the SWAN self-report is a valuable tool for assessing symptoms of ADHD in adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Vajsz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Psychological Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura R. Paulina
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Salvador Trejo
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Adrián A. Andaverde-Vega
- Unidad Académica de Trabajo Social y Ciencias para el Desarrollo Humano, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico
| | - James M. Swanson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mónika Miklósi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Psychological Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Mental Health, Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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Trejo S, Chamorro Y, Bolaños MDL, Matute E. Utility for Clinical Practice of a Bifactor ADHD Model in an Elementary School Population in Mexico. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01633-7. [PMID: 37955801 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the appropriateness of the bifactor model for a Mexican ADHD symptom questionnaire (BMQ-ADHD) applied to parents and teachers of elementary school children. With a sample of 765 reports of children's behavior (48.7% with ADHD A1 criteria, 42.6% girls, mean age 8.5 years [± 1.6 sd]), we examined construct validity, measurement invariance, differences for gender and school level, and the appropriateness of using summed scores. The BMQ-ADHD questionnaire was characterized by good construct validity for the bifactor model for parents' and teachers' reports. For both corpora, we detected invariance for gender and school level. There were differences in ADHD symptoms by gender, but not by school year. The summed scores may represent the factors accurately for females but may present difficulty for males in the parents' questionnaires. The present study revealed good BMQ-ADHD psychometric properties for a unidimensional-hierarchical ADHD scale segregated by gender for parents' and teachers' reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Trejo
- Facultad de Medicina y Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, México
| | - Yaira Chamorro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - María de Lourdes Bolaños
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Esmeralda Matute
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
- Departamento de Estudios en Educación, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.
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Arildskov TW, Virring A, Lambek R, Carlsen AH, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Østergaard SD, Thomsen PH. The factor structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in schoolchildren. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 125:104220. [PMID: 35462238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies support a bifactor model of childhood ADHD with two specific factors. However, several studies have not compared this model with a bifactor model with three specific factors, few have tested the actual strength of the factors, and none have examined whether "talks excessively" should be treated as a hyperactivity versus impulsivity symptom in children with ADHD. AIMS To examine the factor structure of ADHD symptoms and evaluate the relative strength of potential factors. METHODS Parent-reports on the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS-IV) were collected for 2044 schoolchildren from the general population and 147 children with ADHD from a clinical sample. Single-, two- and three-(correlated and bi-)factor models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS Most models had a satisfactory fit. However, a correlated three-factor model where "talks excessively" was included as an indicator of impulsivity, and especially a bifactor model with one strong, well-defined general and two/three (ICD-10 defined) weak specific factors fit the data slightly better than the remaining models. CONCLUSIONS The factor structure is best characterized by a bifactor model with a strong general factor and two/three weaker specific factors. Therefore, we suggest emphasizing the ADHD-RS-IV total score rather than the subscale scores in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Wigh Arildskov
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anne Virring
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rikke Lambek
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Søren D Østergaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Per Hove Thomsen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Gomez R, Brown T, Watson S, Stavropoulos V. Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling of the factor structure of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261914. [PMID: 35130284 PMCID: PMC8820594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) is a multiple dimensional measure of cognitive empathy [comprising primary factors for perspective taking (PT), online simulation (OS)], and affective empathy [comprising primary factors for emotion contagion (EC), proximal responsivity (PRO), and peripheral responsivity (PER)]. This study used independent clusters confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine the scale's factor structure. A general community sample of 203 (men = 43, women = 160) between 17 and 63 years completed the QCAE. Although both the five-factor oblique and second order factor models showed good model fit, and clarity in the pattern of factor loadings, in the second-order factor model, none of the primary factors loaded significantly on their respective secondary factors, thereby favoring the five-factor oblique model. The factors in this model were supported in terms of external validity. Despite this, the factor for PRO in this model showed low reliability for meaning interpretation. A revised four-factor oblique model without the PRO factor showed good fit, clarity in the pattern of factor loadings, and reliability and validity for the factors in this model, thereby suggesting this to be the best model to represent ratings on the QCAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapson Gomez
- Department of Psychology, School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taylor Brown
- Department of Psychology, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun Watson
- Department of Psychology, School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vasileios Stavropoulos
- Department of Psychology, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
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Gomez R, Stavropoulos V, Zarate D, Griffiths M. ADHD symptoms, the current symptom scale, and exploratory structural equation modeling: A psychometric study. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 111:103850. [PMID: 33549934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to use exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) to investigate support for an ADHD factor model with group factors for inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM), as proposed in in ICD-10. A total of 202 adults (121 females and 81 males), aged between 18 and 35 years, from the general community, completed the Current Symptoms Scale (CSS). The results for the model showed good global fit, good convergent and divergent validities. However, the IA and IM factors, but not the HY factor, were clearly defined and demonstrated acceptable reliabilities. Taken together, these finding indicate that a revised ESEM model without the HY factor (i.e. with only the IA and IM symptoms) is an appropriate structure for modeling adult ratings of the ADHD behaviors described in the CSS. The taxonomic, theoretical and clinical implications of the findings for ADHD in general are discussed.
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Gomez R, Liu L, Krueger R, Stavropoulos V, Downs J, Preece D, Houghton S, Chen W. Unraveling the Optimum Latent Structure of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence Supporting ICD and HiTOP Frameworks. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:666326. [PMID: 34054620 PMCID: PMC8163219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.666326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is conceptualized differently in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10), and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) frameworks. This study applied independent cluster confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA), exploratory structure equation model with target rotation (ESEM), and the S-1 bi-factor CFA approaches to evaluate seven ADHD models yielded by different combinations of these taxonomic frameworks. Parents and teachers of a community sample of children (between 6 and 12 years of age) completed the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (for ADHD symptoms) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (for validation). Our findings for both parent and teacher ratings provided the most support for the S-1 bi-factor CFA model comprised of (i) a g-factor based on ICD-10 impulsivity symptoms as the reference indicators and (ii) inattention and hyperactivity as specific factors. However, the hyperactivity-specific factor lacked clarity and reliability. Thus, our findings indicate that ADHD is best viewed as a disorder primarily reflecting impulsivity, though with a separable inattention (but no hyperactivity) component, i.e., "ADID (attention deficit/impulsivity disorder)." This model aligns with the HiTOP proposals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapson Gomez
- School of Science, Psychology, and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital) & NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Robert Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Jenny Downs
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David Preece
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephen Houghton
- Graduate School of Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wai Chen
- Graduate School of Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Mental Health Service, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Department of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling of the factor structure of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233998. [PMID: 32502165 PMCID: PMC7274426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) involves a simple structure first-order three-factor oblique model, with factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. Recently, concerns have been raised over the value of using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for studying the factor structure of scales in general. However, such concerns can be circumvented using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Consequently, the present study used CFA and ESEM with target rotation to examine the factor structure of the DASS-21 among an adult community. It compared first-order CFA, ESEM with target rotation, bi-factor CFA (BCFA), and bi-factor BESEM with target rotation models with group/specific factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 738 adults (males = 374, and females = 364; M = 25.29 years; SD = 7.61 years) completed the DASS-21. While all models examined showed good global fit values, one or more of the group/specific factors in the BCFA, ESEM with target rotation and BESEM with target rotation models were poorly defined. As the first-order CFA model was most parsimonious, with well-defined factors that were also supported in terms of their reliabilities and validities, this model was selected as the preferred DASS-21 model. The implications of the findings for use and revision of the DASS-21 are discussed.
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Measurement Invariance Across Adult Self-Ratings of Current and Retrospective Childhood ADHD Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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