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Zuurbier CJ, Bertrand L, Beauloye CR, Andreadou I, Ruiz‐Meana M, Jespersen NR, Kula‐Alwar D, Prag HA, Eric Botker H, Dambrova M, Montessuit C, Kaambre T, Liepinsh E, Brookes PS, Krieg T. Cardiac metabolism as a driver and therapeutic target of myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5937-5954. [PMID: 32384583 PMCID: PMC7294140 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing infarct size during a cardiac ischaemic-reperfusion episode is still of paramount importance, because the extension of myocardial necrosis is an important risk factor for developing heart failure. Cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is in principle a metabolic pathology as it is caused by abruptly halted metabolism during the ischaemic episode and exacerbated by sudden restart of specific metabolic pathways at reperfusion. It should therefore not come as a surprise that therapy directed at metabolic pathways can modulate IRI. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of important metabolic pathways as therapeutic targets to combat cardiac IRI. Activating metabolic pathways such as glycolysis (eg AMPK activators), glucose oxidation (activating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex), ketone oxidation (increasing ketone plasma levels), hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (O-GlcNAcylation; administration of glucosamine/glutamine) and deacetylation (activating sirtuins 1 or 3; administration of NAD+ -boosting compounds) all seem to hold promise to reduce acute IRI. In contrast, some metabolic pathways may offer protection through diminished activity. These pathways comprise the malate-aspartate shuttle (in need of novel specific reversible inhibitors), mitochondrial oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation (CD36 inhibitors, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase inhibitors) and mitochondrial succinate metabolism (malonate). Additionally, protecting the cristae structure of the mitochondria during IR, by maintaining the association of hexokinase II or creatine kinase with mitochondria, or inhibiting destabilization of FO F1 -ATPase dimers, prevents mitochondrial damage and thereby reduces cardiac IRI. Currently, the most promising and druggable metabolic therapy against cardiac IRI seems to be the singular or combined targeting of glycolysis, O-GlcNAcylation and metabolism of ketones, fatty acids and succinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coert J. Zuurbier
- Department of AnesthesiologyLaboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and AnesthesiologyAmsterdam Infection & ImmunityAmsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniquePole of Cardiovascular ResearchUniversité catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Christoph R. Beauloye
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniquePole of Cardiovascular ResearchUniversité catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucBrusselsBelgium
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Marisol Ruiz‐Meana
- Department of CardiologyHospital Universitari Vall d’HebronVall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR)CIBER‐CVUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red‐CVMadridSpain
| | | | | | - Hiran A. Prag
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Hans Eric Botker
- Department of CardiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhus NDenmark
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Pharmaceutical PharmacologyLatvian Institute of Organic SynthesisRigaLatvia
| | - Christophe Montessuit
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of Geneva School of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Tuuli Kaambre
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyNational Institute of Chemical Physics and BiophysicsTallinnEstonia
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Pharmaceutical PharmacologyLatvian Institute of Organic SynthesisRigaLatvia
| | - Paul S. Brookes
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Tanaka T, Saotome M, Katoh H, Satoh T, Hasan P, Ohtani H, Satoh H, Hayashi H, Maekawa Y. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β opens mitochondrial permeability transition pore through mitochondrial hexokinase II dissociation. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:865-871. [PMID: 29671257 PMCID: PMC10717190 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed pivotal roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) inactivation on cardiac protection. Because the precise mechanisms of cardiac protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by GSK3β-inactivation remain elusive, we investigated the relationship between GSK3β-mediated mitochondrial hexokinase II (mitoHK-II; a downstream target of GSK3β) dissociation and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. In Langendorff-perfused hearts, GSK3β inactivation by SB216763 improved the left ventricular-developed pressure and retained mitoHK-II binding after I/R. In permeabilized myocytes, GSK3β depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential with accelerated mitochondrial calcein release (suggesting GSK3β-mediated mPTP opening) and decreased mitoHK-II bindings. GSK3β-mediated mPTP opening depended on mitoHK-II binding, i.e., it was accelerated by dissociation of mitoHK-II (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) and attenuated by enhancement of mitoHK-II binding (dextran). However, inactivation of mitoHK-II by glucose-depletion or glucose-6-phosphate inhibited the GSK3β-mediated mPTP opening. We conclude that GSK3β-mediated mPTP opening may be involved in I/R injury and regulated by mitoHK-II binding and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Tanaka
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Masao Saotome
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hideki Katoh
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Terumori Satoh
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Prottoy Hasan
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohtani
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hayashi
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Maekawa
- Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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Nedvedova I, Kolar D, Elsnicova B, Hornikova D, Novotny J, Kalous M, Pravenec M, Neckar J, Kolar F, Zurmanova JM. Mitochondrial genome modulates myocardial Akt/Glut/HK salvage pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats adapted to chronic hypoxia. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:532-541. [PMID: 29676955 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00040.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we have shown that adaptation to continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH) decreases myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in a conplastic strain (SHR-mtBN). The protective effect was stronger in the latter group characterized by a selective replacement of the SHR mitochondrial genome with that of a more ischemia-resistant Brown Norway strain. The aim of the present study was to examine the possible involvement of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-dependent pathway of the protein kinase B/glucose transporters/hexokinase (Akt/GLUT/HK) in this mitochondrial genome-related difference of the cardioprotective phenotype. Adult male rats were exposed for 3 wk to CNH ([Formula: see text] 0.1). The expression of dominant isoforms of Akt, GLUT, and HK in left ventricular myocardium was determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Subcellular localization of GLUTs was assessed by quantitative immunofluorescence. Whereas adaptation to hypoxia markedly upregulated protein expression of HK2, GLUT1, and GLUT4 in both rat strains, Akt2 protein level was significantly increased in SHR-mtBN only. Interestingly, a higher content of HK2 was revealed in the sarcoplasmic reticulum-enriched fraction in SHR-mtBN after CNH. The increased activity of HK determined in the mitochondrial fraction after CNH in both strains suggested an increase of HK association with mitochondria. Interestingly, HIF1a mRNA increased and HIF2a mRNA decreased after CNH, the former effect being more pronounced in SHR-mtBN than in SHR. Pleiotropic effects of upregulated Akt2 along with HK translocation to mitochondria and mitochondria-associated membranes can potentially contribute to a stronger CNH-afforded cardioprotection in SHR-mtBN compared with progenitor SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Nedvedova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - David Kolar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Elsnicova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Hornikova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kalous
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Neckar
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Kolar
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jitka M Zurmanova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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Zhou H, Zhang Y, Hu S, Shi C, Zhu P, Ma Q, Jin Q, Cao F, Tian F, Chen Y. Melatonin protects cardiac microvasculature against ischemia/reperfusion injury via suppression of mitochondrial fission-VDAC1-HK2-mPTP-mitophagy axis. J Pineal Res 2017; 63:e12413. [PMID: 28398674 PMCID: PMC5518188 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac microvascular system, which is primarily composed of monolayer endothelial cells, is the site of blood supply and nutrient exchange to cardiomyocytes. However, microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) following percutaneous coronary intervention is a woefully neglected topic, and few strategies are available to reverse such pathologies. Here, we studied the effects of melatonin on microcirculation IRI and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Melatonin markedly reduced infarcted area, improved cardiac function, restored blood flow, and lower microcirculation perfusion defects. Histological analysis showed that cardiac microcirculation endothelial cells (CMEC) in melatonin-treated mice had an unbroken endothelial barrier, increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, unobstructed lumen, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, and less endothelial damage. In contrast, AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) deficiency abolished the beneficial effects of melatonin on microvasculature. In vitro, IRI activated dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-dependent mitochondrial fission, which subsequently induced voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) oligomerization, hexokinase 2 (HK2) liberation, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, PINK1/Parkin upregulation, and ultimately mitophagy-mediated CMEC death. However, melatonin strengthened CMEC survival via activation of AMPKα, followed by p-Drp1S616 downregulation and p-Drp1S37 upregulation, which blunted Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission. Suppression of mitochondrial fission by melatonin recovered VDAC1-HK2 interaction that prevented mPTP opening and PINK1/Parkin activation, eventually blocking mitophagy-mediated cellular death. In summary, this study confirmed that melatonin protects cardiac microvasculature against IRI. The underlying mechanism may be attributed to the inhibitory effects of melatonin on mitochondrial fission-VDAC1-HK2-mPTP-mitophagy axis via activation of AMPKα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of CardiologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of CardiologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Shunying Hu
- Department of CardiologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing)Department of Radiation OncologyPeking University Cancer Hospital and InstituteBeijingChina
| | - Pingjun Zhu
- Department of CardiologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of CardiologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qinhua Jin
- Department of CardiologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of CardiologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of CardiologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of CardiologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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Nederlof R, Denis S, Lauzier B, Rosiers CD, Laakso M, Hagen J, Argmann C, Wanders R, Houtkooper RH, Hollmann MW, Houten SM, Zuurbier CJ. Acute detachment of hexokinase II from mitochondria modestly increases oxygen consumption of the intact mouse heart. Metabolism 2017. [PMID: 28641785 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiac hexokinase II (HKII) can translocate between cytosol and mitochondria and change its cellular expression with pathologies such as ischemia-reperfusion, diabetes and heart failure. The cardiac metabolic consequences of these changes are unknown. Here we measured energy substrate utilization in cytosol and mitochondria using stabile isotopes and oxygen consumption of the intact perfused heart for 1) an acute decrease in mitochondrial HKII (mtHKII), and 2) a chronic decrease in total cellular HKII. METHODS/RESULTS We first examined effects of 200nM TAT (Trans-Activator of Transcription)-HKII peptide treatment, which was previously shown to acutely decrease mtHKII by ~30%. In Langendorff-perfused hearts TAT-HKII resulted in a modest, but significant, increased oxygen consumption, while cardiac performance was unchanged. At the metabolic level, there was a nonsignificant (p=0.076) ~40% decrease in glucose contribution to pyruvate and lactate formation through glycolysis and to mitochondrial citrate synthase flux (6.6±1.1 vs. 11.2±2.2%), and an 35% increase in tissue pyruvate (27±2 vs. 20±2pmol/mg; p=0.033). Secondly, we compared WT and HKII+/- hearts (50% chronic decrease in total HKII). RNA sequencing revealed no differential gene expression between WT and HKII+/- hearts indicating an absence of metabolic reprogramming at the transcriptional level. Langendorff-perfused hearts showed no significant differences in glycolysis (0.34±0.03μmol/min), glucose contribution to citrate synthase flux (35±2.3%), palmitate contribution to citrate synthase flux (20±1.1%), oxygen consumption or mechanical performance between WT and HKII+/- hearts. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that acute albeit not chronic changes in mitochondrial HKII modestly affect cardiac oxygen consumption and energy substrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Nederlof
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Denis
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Lauzier
- l'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center and Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jacob Hagen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Ronald Wanders
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhou H, Hu S, Jin Q, Shi C, Zhang Y, Zhu P, Ma Q, Tian F, Chen Y. Mff-Dependent Mitochondrial Fission Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Microvasculature Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Induction of mROS-Mediated Cardiolipin Oxidation and HK2/VDAC1 Disassociation-Involved mPTP Opening. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005328. [PMID: 28288978 PMCID: PMC5524036 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background The cardiac microvascular system ischemia/reperfusion injury following percutaneous coronary intervention is a clinical thorny problem. This study explores the mechanisms by which ischemia/reperfusion injury induces cardiac microcirculation collapse. Methods and Results In wild‐type mice, mitochondrial fission factor (Mff) expression increased in response to acute microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury. Compared with wild‐type mice, homozygous Mff‐deficient (Mffgt) mice exhibited a smaller infarcted area, restored cardiac function, improved blood flow, and reduced microcirculation perfusion defects. Histopathology analysis demonstrated that cardiac microcirculation endothelial cells (CMECs) in Mffgt mice had an intact endothelial barrier, recovered phospho‐endothelial nitric oxide synthase production, opened lumen, undivided mitochondrial structures, and less CMEC death. In vitro, Mff‐deficient CMECs (derived from Mffgt mice or Mff small interfering RNA–treated) demonstrated less mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis compared with cells derived from wild‐type mice. The loss of Mff inhibited mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening via blocking the oligomerization of voltage‐dependent anion channel 1 and subsequent hexokinase 2 separation from mitochondria. Moreover, Mff deficiency reduced the cyt‐c leakage into the cytoplasm by alleviating cardiolipin oxidation resulting from damage to the electron transport chain complexes and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species overproduction. Conclusions This evidence clearly illustrates that microcirculatory ischemia/reperfusion injury can be attributed to Mff‐dependent mitochondrial fission via voltage‐dependent anion channel 1/hexokinase 2–mediated mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species/cardiolipin involved cyt‐c release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shunying Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qinhua Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pingjun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Kolar D, Gresikova M, Waskova-Arnostova P, Elsnicova B, Kohutova J, Hornikova D, Vebr P, Neckar J, Blahova T, Kasparova D, Novotny J, Kolar F, Novakova O, Zurmanova JM. Adaptation to chronic continuous hypoxia potentiates Akt/HK2 anti-apoptotic pathway during brief myocardial ischemia/reperfusion insult. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 432:99-108. [PMID: 28290047 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to chronic hypoxia represents a potential cardioprotective intervention reducing the extent of acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is a major cause of death worldwide. The main objective of this study was to investigate the anti-apoptotic Akt/hexokinase 2 (HK2) pathway in hypoxic hearts subjected to I/R insult. Hearts isolated from male Wistar rats exposed either to continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH; 10% O2) or to room air for 3 weeks were perfused according to Langendorff and subjected to 10 min of no-flow ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion. The hearts were collected either after ischemia or after reperfusion and used for protein analyses and quantitative fluorescence microscopy. The CNH resulted in increased levels of HK1 and HK2 proteins and the total HK activity after ischemia compared to corresponding normoxic group. Similarly, CNH hearts exhibited increased ischemic level of Akt protein phosphorylated on Ser473. The CNH also strengthened the interaction of HK2 with mitochondria and prevented downregulation of mitochondrial creatine kinase after reperfusion. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was significantly lower after I/R in CNH hearts than in normoxic ones, suggesting a lower probability of apoptosis. In conclusion, the Akt/HK2 pathway is likely to play a role in the development of a cardioprotective phenotype of CNH by preventing the detachment of HK2 from mitochondria at reperfusion period and decreases the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio during I/R insult, thereby lowering the probability of apoptosis activation in the mitochondrial compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kolar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Gresikova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Waskova-Arnostova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Elsnicova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kohutova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Hornikova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Vebr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Neckar
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Blahova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dita Kasparova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Kolar
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Novakova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka M Zurmanova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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8
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Childers CL, Storey KB. Post-translational Regulation of Hexokinase Function and Protein Stability in the Aestivating Frog Xenopus laevis. Protein J 2016; 35:61-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-016-9647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Golshani-Hebroni S. Mg(++) requirement for MtHK binding, and Mg(++) stabilization of mitochondrial membranes via activation of MtHK & MtCK and promotion of mitochondrial permeability transition pore closure: A hypothesis on mechanisms underlying Mg(++)'s antioxidant and cytoprotective effects. Gene 2015; 581:1-13. [PMID: 26732303 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidence points to magnesium's antioxidant, anti-necrotic, and anti-apoptotic effects in cardio- and neuroprotection. With magnesium being involved in over 300 biochemical reactions, the mechanisms underlying its cytoprotective and antioxidant effects have remained elusive. The profound anti-apoptotic, anabolic, and antioxidant effects of mitochondrion bound hexokinase (MtHk), and the anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic, and antioxidant functions of mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) have been established over the past few decades. As powerful regulators of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), MtHK and MtCK promote anti-apoptosis and anti-necrosis by stabilizing mitochondrial outer and inner membranes. In this article, it is proposed that magnesium is essentially and directly involved in mitochondrial membrane stabilization via (i) Mg(++) ion requirement for the binding of mitochondrial hexokinase (ii) Mg(++)'s allosteric activation of mitochondrial bound hexokinase, and stimulation of mitochondrial bound creatine kinase activities, and (iii) Mg(++) inhibition of PTP opening by Ca(++) ions. These effects of Mg(++) ions are indirectly supplanted by the stimulatory effect of magnesium on the Akt kinase survival pathway. The "Magnesium/Calcium Yin Yang Hypothesis" proposes here that because of the antagonistic effects of Ca(++) and Mg(++) ions in the presence of high Ca(++) ion concentration at MtHK, MtCK, and PTP, magnesium supplementation may provide cytoprotective effects in the treatment of some degenerative diseases and cytopathies with high intracellular [Ca(++)]/ [Mg(++)] ratio at these sites, whether of genetic, developmental, drug induced, ischemic, immune based, toxic, or infectious etiology.
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10
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Stefano GB, Mantione KJ, Capellan L, Casares FM, Challenger S, Ramin R, Samuel JM, Snyder C, Kream RM. Morphine stimulates nitric oxide release in human mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2015; 47:409-17. [PMID: 26350413 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-015-9626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The expression of morphine by plants, invertebrate, and vertebrate cells and organ systems, strongly indicates a high level of evolutionary conservation of morphine and related morphinan alkaloids as required for life. The prototype catecholamine, dopamine, serves as an essential chemical intermediate in morphine biosynthesis, both in plants and animals. We surmise that, before the emergence of specialized plant and animal cells/organ systems, primordial multi-potential cell types required selective mechanisms to limit their responsiveness to environmental cues. Accordingly, cellular systems that emerged with the potential for recruitment of the free radical gas nitric oxide (NO) as a multi-faceted autocrine/paracrine signaling molecule, were provided with extremely positive evolutionary advantages. Endogenous morphinergic signaling, in concert with NO-coupled signaling systems, has evolved as an autocrine/paracrine regulator of metabolic homeostasis, energy metabolism, mitochondrial respiration and energy production. Basic physiological processes involving morphinergic/NO-coupled regulation of mitochondrial function, with special emphasis on the cardiovascular system, are critical to all organismic survival. Key to this concept may be the phenomenon of mitochondrial enslavement in eukaryotic evolution via endogenous morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Stefano
- MitoGenetics Research Institute, MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA.
| | - Kirk J Mantione
- MitoGenetics Research Institute, MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA
| | - Lismary Capellan
- MitoGenetics Research Institute, MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA
| | - Federico M Casares
- MitoGenetics Research Institute, MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA
| | - Sean Challenger
- MitoGenetics Research Institute, MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA
| | - Rohina Ramin
- MitoGenetics Research Institute, MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA
| | - Joshua M Samuel
- MitoGenetics Research Institute, MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA
| | - Christopher Snyder
- MitoGenetics Research Institute, MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA
| | - Richard M Kream
- MitoGenetics Research Institute, MitoGenetics LLC, 3 Bioscience Park Drive, Suite 307, Farmingdale, NY, 11735, USA
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11
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Abstract
Reperfusion is mandatory to salvage ischemic myocardium from infarction, but reperfusion per se contributes to injury and ultimate infarct size. Therefore, cardioprotection beyond that by timely reperfusion is needed to reduce infarct size and improve the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction. The conditioning phenomena provide such cardioprotection, insofar as brief episodes of coronary occlusion/reperfusion preceding (ischemic preconditioning) or following (ischemic postconditioning) sustained myocardial ischemia with reperfusion reduce infarct size. Even ischemia/reperfusion in organs remote from the heart provides cardioprotection (remote ischemic conditioning). The present review characterizes the signal transduction underlying the conditioning phenomena, including their physical and chemical triggers, intracellular signal transduction, and effector mechanisms, notably in the mitochondria. Cardioprotective signal transduction appears as a highly concerted spatiotemporal program. Although the translation of ischemic postconditioning and remote ischemic conditioning protocols to patients with acute myocardial infarction has been fairly successful, the pharmacological recruitment of cardioprotective signaling has been largely disappointing to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Heusch
- From the Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Centre, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany.
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12
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Ong SB, Dongworth RK, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Hausenloy DJ. Role of the MPTP in conditioning the heart - translatability and mechanism. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2074-84. [PMID: 25393318 PMCID: PMC4386982 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have long been known to be the gatekeepers of cell fate. This is particularly so in the response to acute ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI). Following an acute episode of sustained myocardial ischaemia, the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the first few minutes of reperfusion, mediates cell death. Preventing MPTP opening at the onset of reperfusion using either pharmacological inhibitors [such as cyclosporin A (CsA) ] or genetic ablation has been reported to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size in animal models of acute IRI. Interestingly, the endogenous cardioprotective intervention of ischaemic conditioning, in which the heart is protected against MI by applying cycles of brief ischaemia and reperfusion to either the heart itself or a remote organ or tissue, appears to be mediated through the inhibition of MPTP opening at reperfusion. Small proof‐of‐concept clinical studies have demonstrated the translatability of this therapeutic approach to target MPTP opening using CsA in clinical settings of acute myocardial IRI. However, given that CsA is a not a specific MPTP inhibitor, more novel and specific inhibitors of the MPTP need to be discovered – the molecular identification of the MPTP should facilitate this. In this paper, we review the role of the MPTP as a target for cardioprotection, the potential mechanisms underlying MPTP inhibition in the setting of ischaemic conditioning, and the translatability of MPTP inhibition as a therapeutic approach in the clinical setting. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Conditioning the Heart – Pathways to Translation. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue‐8
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Affiliation(s)
- S-B Ong
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Nederlof R, Eerbeek O, Hollmann MW, Southworth R, Zuurbier CJ. Targeting hexokinase II to mitochondria to modulate energy metabolism and reduce ischaemia-reperfusion injury in heart. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2067-79. [PMID: 24032601 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrially bound hexokinase II (mtHKII) has long been known to confer cancer cells with their resilience against cell death. More recently, mtHKII has emerged as a powerful protector against cardiac cell death. mtHKII protects against ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in skeletal muscle and heart, attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling, and is one of the major end-effectors through which ischaemic preconditioning protects against myocardial IR injury. Mechanisms of mtHKII cardioprotection against reperfusion injury entail the maintenance of regulated outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) permeability during ischaemia and reperfusion resulting in stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential, the prevention of OMM breakage and cytochrome C release, and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Increasing mtHK may also have important metabolic consequences, such as improvement of glucose-induced insulin release, prevention of acidosis through enhanced coupling of glycolysis and glucose oxidation, and inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Deficiencies in expression and distorted cellular signalling of HKII may contribute to the altered sensitivity of diabetes to cardiac ischaemic diseases. The interaction of HKII with the mitochondrion constitutes a powerful endogenous molecular mechanism to protect against cell death in almost all cell types examined (neurons, tumours, kidney, lung, skeletal muscle, heart). The challenge now is to harness mtHKII in the treatment of infarction, stroke, elective surgery and transplantation. Remote ischaemic preconditioning, metformin administration and miR-155/miR-144 manipulations are potential means of doing just that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Nederlof
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Nederlof R, Eerbeek O, Hollmann MW, Southworth R, Zuurbier CJ. Targeting hexokinase II to mitochondria to modulate energy metabolism and reduce ischaemia-reperfusion injury in heart. Br J Pharmacol 2014. [PMID: 24032601 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12363];] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrially bound hexokinase II (mtHKII) has long been known to confer cancer cells with their resilience against cell death. More recently, mtHKII has emerged as a powerful protector against cardiac cell death. mtHKII protects against ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in skeletal muscle and heart, attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling, and is one of the major end-effectors through which ischaemic preconditioning protects against myocardial IR injury. Mechanisms of mtHKII cardioprotection against reperfusion injury entail the maintenance of regulated outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) permeability during ischaemia and reperfusion resulting in stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential, the prevention of OMM breakage and cytochrome C release, and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Increasing mtHK may also have important metabolic consequences, such as improvement of glucose-induced insulin release, prevention of acidosis through enhanced coupling of glycolysis and glucose oxidation, and inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Deficiencies in expression and distorted cellular signalling of HKII may contribute to the altered sensitivity of diabetes to cardiac ischaemic diseases. The interaction of HKII with the mitochondrion constitutes a powerful endogenous molecular mechanism to protect against cell death in almost all cell types examined (neurons, tumours, kidney, lung, skeletal muscle, heart). The challenge now is to harness mtHKII in the treatment of infarction, stroke, elective surgery and transplantation. Remote ischaemic preconditioning, metformin administration and miR-155/miR-144 manipulations are potential means of doing just that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Nederlof
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Gao S, Li H, Feng XJ, Li M, Liu ZP, Cai Y, Lu J, Huang XY, Wang JJ, Li Q, Chen SR, Ye JT, Liu PQ. α-Enolase plays a catalytically independent role in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 79:92-103. [PMID: 25446184 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Enolase is a glycolytic enzyme with "second jobs" beyond its catalytic activity. However, its possible contribution to cardiac dysfunction remains to be determined. The present study aimed to investigate the role of α-enolase in doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiomyopathy as well as the underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES The expression of α-enolase was detected in rat hearts and primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes with or without Dox administration. An adenovirus carrying short-hairpin interfering RNA targeting α-enolase was constructed and transduced specifically into the heart by intramyocardial injection. Heart function, cell apoptosis and mitochondrial function were measured following Dox administration. In addition, by using gain- and loss-of-function approaches to regulate α-enolase expression in primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes, we investigated the role of endogenous, wide type and catalytically inactive mutant α-enolase in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ATP generation. Furthermore, the involvement of α-enolase in AMPK phosphorylation was also studied. KEY RESULTS The mRNA and protein expression of cardiac α-enolase was significantly upregulated by Dox. Genetic silencing of α-enolase in rat hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes attenuated Dox-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In contrast, overexpression of wide-type or catalytically inactive α-enolase in cardiomyocytes mimicked the detrimental role of Dox in inducing apoptosis and ATP reduction. AMPK dephosphorylation was further demonstrated to be involved in the proapoptotic and ATP-depriving effects of α-enolase. CONCLUSION Our findings provided the evidence that α-enolase has a catalytically independent role in inducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, which could be at least partially contributed to the inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China; School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, No. 257 Liu-shi Road, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiao-jun Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhi-ping Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China; Guangzhou Research Institute of Snake Venom, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510182, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiao-yang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jiao-jiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shao-rui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jian-tao Ye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Pei-qing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Higher Education Mega Center, No. 132 East Wai-huan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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16
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Ong SB, Samangouei P, Kalkhoran SB, Hausenloy DJ. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 78:23-34. [PMID: 25446182 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. For patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction, the most effective treatment for limiting myocardial infarct (MI) size is timely reperfusion. However, in addition to the injury incurred during acute myocardial ischemia, the process of reperfusion can itself induce myocardial injury and cardiomyocyte death, termed 'myocardial reperfusion injury', the combination of which can be referred to as acute ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Crucially, there is currently no effective therapy for preventing this form of injury, and novel cardioprotective therapies are therefore required to protect the heart against acute IRI in order to limit MI size and preserve cardiac function. The opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the first few minutes of reperfusion is known to be a critical determinant of IRI, contributing up to 50% of the final MI size. Importantly, preventing its opening at this time using MPTP inhibitors, such as cyclosporin-A, has been reported in experimental and clinical studies to reduce MI size and preserve cardiac function. However, more specific and novel MPTP inhibitors are required to translate MPTP inhibition as a cardioprotective strategy into clinical practice. In this article, we review the role of the MPTP as a mediator of acute myocardial IRI and as a therapeutic target for cardioprotection. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Bing Ong
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Parisa Samangouei
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Siavash Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital & Medical School, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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17
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Calmettes G, Ribalet B, John S, Korge P, Ping P, Weiss JN. Hexokinases and cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 78:107-15. [PMID: 25264175 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As mediators of the first enzymatic step in glucose metabolism, hexokinases (HKs) orchestrate a variety of catabolic and anabolic uses of glucose, regulate antioxidant power by generating NADPH for glutathione reduction, and modulate cell death processes by directly interacting with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), a regulatory component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Here we summarize the current state-of-knowledge about HKs and their role in protecting the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, reviewing: 1) the properties of different HK isoforms and how their function is regulated by their subcellular localization; 2) how HKs modulate glucose metabolism and energy production during I/R; 3) the molecular mechanisms by which HKs influence mPTP opening and cellular injury during I/R; and 4) how different metabolic and HK profiles correlate with susceptibility to I/R injury and cardioprotective efficacy in cancer cells, neonatal hearts, and normal, hypertrophied and failing adult hearts, and how these difference may guide novel therapeutic strategies to limit I/R injury in the heart. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Calmettes
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bernard Ribalet
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott John
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paavo Korge
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James N Weiss
- UCLA Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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18
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Ong SG, Lee WH, Theodorou L, Kodo K, Lim SY, Shukla DH, Briston T, Kiriakidis S, Ashcroft M, Davidson SM, Maxwell PH, Yellon DM, Hausenloy DJ. HIF-1 reduces ischaemia–reperfusion injury in the heart by targeting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:24-36. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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19
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Hexokinase cellular trafficking in ischemia-reperfusion and ischemic preconditioning is altered in type I diabetic heart. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:4153-60. [PMID: 23652994 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported to alter the cardiac response to ischemia-reperfusion (IR). In addition, cardioprotection induced by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is often impaired in diabetes. We have previously shown that the subcellular localisation of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HK) is causally related to IR injury and IPC protective potential. Especially the binding of HK to mitochondria and prevention of HK solubilisation (HK detachment from mitochondria) during ischemia confers cardioprotection. It is unknown whether diabetes affects HK localisation during IR and IPC as compared to non-diabetes. In this study we hypothesize that DM alters cellular trafficking of hexokinase in response to IR and IPC, possibly explaining the altered response to IR and IPC in diabetic heart. Control (CON) and type I diabetic (DM) rat hearts (65 mg/kg streptozotocin, 4 weeks) were isolated and perfused in Langendorff-mode and subjected to 35 min I and 30 min R with or without IPC (3 times 5 min I). Cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions were obtained at (1) baseline, i.e. after IPC but before I, (2) 35 min I, (3) 5 min R and (4) 30 min R. DM improved rate-pressure product recovery (RPP; 71 ± 10 % baseline (DM) versus 9 ± 1 % baseline (CON) and decreased contracture (end-diastolic pressure: 24 ± 8 mmHg (DM) vs 77 ± 4 mmHg (CON)) after IR as compared to control, and was associated with prevention of HK solubilisation at 35 min I. IPC improved cardiac function in CON but not in DM hearts. IPC in CON prevented HK solubilisation at 35 min I and at 5 min R, with a trend for increased mitochondrial HK. In contrast, the non-effective IPC in DM was associated with solubilisation of HK and decreased mitochondrial HK at early reperfusion and a reciprocal behaviour at late reperfusion. We conclude that type I DM significantly altered cellular HK translocation patterns in the heart in response to IR and IPC, possibly explaining altered response to IR and IPC in diabetes.
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20
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Nederlof R, Xie C, Eerbeek O, Koeman A, Milstein DMJ, Hollmann MW, Mik EG, Warley A, Southworth R, Akar FG, Zuurbier CJ. Pathophysiological consequences of TAT-HKII peptide administration are independent of impaired vascular function and ensuing ischemia. Circ Res 2013; 112:e8-13. [PMID: 23329797 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.274308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have shown that partial dissociation of hexokinase II (HKII) from mitochondria in the intact heart using low-dose transactivating transcriptional factor (TAT)-HKII (200 nmol/L) prevents the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning, whereas high-dose TAT-HKII (10 μmol/L) administration results in rapid myocardial dysfunction, mitochondrial depolarization, and disintegration. In this issue of Circulation Research, Pasdois et al argue that the deleterious effects of TAT-HKII administration on cardiac function are likely because of vasoconstriction and ensuing ischemia. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether altered vascular function and ensuing ischemia recapitulate the deleterious effects of TAT-HKII in intact myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a variety of complementary techniques, including mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) imaging, high-resolution optical action potential mapping, analysis of lactate production, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide epifluorescence, lactate dehydrogenase release, and electron microscopy, we provide direct evidence that refutes the notion that acute myocardial dysfunction by high-dose TAT-HKII peptide administration is a consequence of impaired vascular function. Moreover, we demonstrate that low-dose TAT-HKII treatment, which abrogates the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning, is not associated with ischemia or ischemic injury. CONCLUSIONS Our findings challenge the notion that the effects of TAT-HKII are attributable to impaired vascular function and ensuing ischemia, thereby lending further credence to the role of mitochondria-bound HKII as a critical regulator of cardiac function, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Nederlof
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Pasdois P, Parker JE, Griffiths EJ, Halestrap AP. Hexokinase II and reperfusion injury: TAT-HK2 peptide impairs vascular function in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. Circ Res 2013; 112:e3-7. [PMID: 23329796 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.274233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitochondrial-bound hexokinase II (HK2) was recently proposed to play a crucial role in the normal functioning of the beating heart and to be necessary to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential. However, our own studies confirmed that mitochondria from ischemic rat hearts were HK2-depleted, yet showed no indication of depolarization and responded normally to ADP. OBJECTIVE To establish whether the human TAT-HK2 peptide used to dissociate mitochondrial-bound HKII in the Langendorff-perfused heart may exert its effects indirectly by impairing coronary function. METHODS AND RESULTS Ischemic preconditioning was blocked in rat hearts perfused with 2.5 µmol/L TAT-HK2 before ischemia or at the onset of reperfusion. However, TAT-HK2 also decreased the phosphocreatine:ATP ratio that correlated with reduced rate pressure product and increased diastolic pressure. These effects were preceded by increased aortic pressure (Langendorff constant flow) or decreased coronary flow (Langendorff constant pressure), which was also observed, albeit less pronounced, at 200 nmol/L TAT-HK2 and was prevented by coperfusion with the NO-donor diethylamine NONOate. Mitochondria from TAT-HK2-perfused hearts showed no loss of bound HK2, unlike mitochondria from ischemic hearts where the expected loss was prevented by ischemic preconditioning. CONCLUSIONS In the perfused rat heart, TAT-HK2 should be used with caution and careful attention to dosage because some of its effects may be mediated by vasoconstriction of the coronary vasculature rather than dissociation of HK2 from myocyte mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pasdois
- School of Biochemistry and the Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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22
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Roosimaa M, Põdramägi T, Kadaja L, Ruusalepp A, Paju K, Puhke R, Eimre M, Orlova E, Piirsoo A, Peet N, Gellerich FN, Seppet E. Dilation of human atria: increased diffusion restrictions for ADP, overexpression of hexokinase 2 and its coupling to oxidative phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrion 2012; 13:399-409. [PMID: 23268198 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac energy metabolism with emphasis on mitochondria was addressed in atrial tissue from patients with overload-induced atrial dilation. Structural remodeling of dilated (D) atria manifested as intracellular accumulation of fibrillar aggregates, lipofuscin, signs of myolysis and autophagy. Despite impaired complex I dependent respiration and increased diffusion restriction for ADP, no changes regarding adenylate and creatine kinase occurred. We observed 7-fold overexpression of HK2 gene in D atria with concomitant 2-fold greater activation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption by glucose, which might represent an adaption to increased energy requirements and impaired mitochondrial function by effectively joining glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Roosimaa
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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23
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Smeele KM, Eerbeek O, Schaart G, Koeman A, Bezemer R, Nelson JK, Ince C, Nederlof R, Boek M, Laakso M, de Haan A, Drost MR, Hollmann MW, Zuurbier CJ. Reduced hexokinase II impairs muscle function 2 wk after ischemia-reperfusion through increased cell necrosis and fibrosis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:608-18. [PMID: 22723631 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01494.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that hexokinase (HK) II plays a key role in the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury of the heart (Smeele et al. Circ Res 108: 1165-1169, 2011; Wu et al. Circ Res 108: 60-69, 2011). However, it is unknown whether HKII also plays a key role in I/R injury and healing thereafter in skeletal muscle, and if so, through which mechanisms. We used male wild-type (WT) and heterozygous HKII knockout mice (HKII(+/-)) and performed in vivo unilateral skeletal muscle I/R, executed by 90 min hindlimb occlusion using orthodontic rubber bands followed by 1 h, 1 day, or 14 days reperfusion. The contralateral (CON) limb was used as internal control. No difference was observed in muscle glycogen turnover between genotypes at 1 h reperfusion. At 1 day reperfusion, the model resulted in 36% initial cell necrosis in WT gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle that was doubled (76% cell necrosis) in the HKII(+/-) mice. I/R-induced apoptosis (29%) was similar between genotypes. HKII reduction eliminated I/R-induced mitochondrial Bax translocation and oxidative stress at 1 day reperfusion. At 14 days recovery, the tetanic force deficit of the reperfused GM (relative to control GM) was 35% for WT, which was doubled (70%) in HKII(+/-) mice, mirroring the initial damage observed for these muscles. I/R increased muscle fatigue resistance equally in GM of both genotypes. The number of regenerating fibers in WT muscle (17%) was also approximately doubled in HKII(+/-) I/R muscle (44%), thus again mirroring the increased cell death in HKII(+/-) mice at day 1 and suggesting that HKII does not significantly affect muscle regeneration capacity. Reduced HKII was also associated with doubling of I/R-induced fibrosis. In conclusion, reduced muscle HKII protein content results in impaired muscle functionality during recovery from I/R. The impaired recovery seems to be mainly a result of a greater susceptibility of HKII(+/-) mice to the initial I/R-induced necrosis (not apoptosis), and not a HKII-related deficiency in muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Smeele
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Wooi Ng
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
| | - Meredith L. Allen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
| | - Ajay Desai
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
| | - Duncan Macrae
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
| | - Nazima Pathan
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
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Riehle C, Wende AR, Zaha VG, Pires KM, Wayment B, Olsen C, Bugger H, Buchanan J, Wang X, Moreira AB, Doenst T, Medina-Gomez G, Litwin SE, Lelliott CJ, Vidal-Puig A, Abel ED. PGC-1β deficiency accelerates the transition to heart failure in pressure overload hypertrophy. Circ Res 2011; 109:783-93. [PMID: 21799152 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy, a risk factor for heart failure, is associated with reduced mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins that correlate in rodents with reduced PGC-1α expression. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of PGC-1β in maintaining mitochondrial energy metabolism and contractile function in pressure overload hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS PGC-1β deficient (KO) mice and wildtype (WT) controls were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Although LV function was modestly reduced in young KO hearts, there was no further decline with age so that LV function was similar between KO and WT when TAC was performed. WT-TAC mice developed relatively compensated LVH, despite reduced mitochondrial function and repression of OXPHOS and FAO genes. In nonstressed KO hearts, OXPHOS gene expression and palmitoyl-carnitine-supported mitochondrial function were reduced to the same extent as banded WT, but FAO gene expression was normal. Following TAC, KO mice progressed more rapidly to heart failure and developed more severe mitochondrial dysfunction, despite a similar overall pattern of repression of OXPHOS and FAO genes as WT-TAC. However, in relation to WT-TAC, PGC-1β deficient mice exhibited greater degrees of oxidative stress, decreased cardiac efficiency, lower rates of glucose metabolism, and repression of hexokinase II protein. CONCLUSIONS PGC-1β plays an important role in maintaining baseline mitochondrial function and cardiac contractile function following pressure overload hypertrophy by preserving glucose metabolism and preventing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riehle
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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The role of oxidized cytochrome c in regulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and its perturbation in ischaemia. Biochem J 2011; 436:493-505. [PMID: 21410437 PMCID: PMC3195442 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized cytochrome c is a powerful superoxide scavenger within the mitochondrial IMS (intermembrane space), but the importance of this role in situ has not been well explored. In the present study, we investigated this with particular emphasis on whether loss of cytochrome c from mitochondria during heart ischaemia may mediate the increased production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) during subsequent reperfusion that induces mPTP (mitochondrial permeability transition pore) opening. Mitochondrial cytochrome c depletion was induced in vitro with digitonin or by 30 min ischaemia of the perfused rat heart. Control and cytochrome c-deficient mitochondria were incubated with mixed respiratory substrates and an ADP-regenerating system (State 3.5) to mimic physiological conditions. This contrasts with most published studies performed with a single substrate and without significant ATP turnover. Cytochrome c-deficient mitochondria produced more H2O2 than control mitochondria, and exogenous cytochrome c addition reversed this increase. In the presence of increasing [KCN] rates of H2O2 production by both pre-ischaemic and end-ischaemic mitochondria correlated with the oxidized cytochrome c content, but not with rates of respiration or NAD(P)H autofluorescence. Cytochrome c loss during ischaemia was not mediated by mPTP opening (cyclosporine-A insensitive), neither was it associated with changes in mitochondrial Bax, Bad, Bak or Bid. However, bound HK2 (hexokinase 2) and Bcl-xL were decreased in end-ischaemic mitochondria. We conclude that cytochrome c loss during ischaemia, caused by outer membrane permeabilization, is a major determinant of H2O2 production by mitochondria under pathophysiological conditions. We further suggest that in hypoxia, production of H2O2 to activate signalling pathways may be also mediated by decreased oxidized cytochrome c and less superoxide scavenging.
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A radical approach to beating hypoxia: depressed free radical release from heart fibres of the hypoxia-tolerant epaulette shark (Hemiscyllum ocellatum). J Comp Physiol B 2011; 182:91-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Drake JI, Bogaard HJ, Mizuno S, Clifton B, Xie B, Gao Y, Dumur CI, Fawcett P, Voelkel NF, Natarajan R. Molecular signature of a right heart failure program in chronic severe pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1239-47. [PMID: 21719795 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0412oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Right heart failure is the cause of death of most patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertensive (PAH) disorders, yet little is known about the cellular and molecular causes of right ventricular failure (RVF). We first showed a differential gene expression pattern between normal rat right and left ventricles, and postulated the existence of a molecular right heart failure program that distinguishes RVF from adaptive right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and that may differ in some respects from a left heart failure program. By means of microarrays and transcriptional sequencing strategies, we used two models of adaptive RVH to characterize a gene expression pattern reflective of growth and the maintenance of myocardial structure. Moreover, two models of RVF were associated with fibrosis, capillary rarefaction, the decreased expression of genes encoding the angiogenesis factors vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, apelin, and angiopoeitin-1, and the increased expression of genes encoding a set of glycolytic enzymes. The treatment of established RVF with a β-adrenergic receptor blocker reversed RVF, and partly reversed the molecular RVF program. We conclude that normal right and left ventricles demonstrate clearly discernable differences in the expression of mRNA and microRNA, and that RVH and RVF are characterized by distinct patterns of gene expression that relate to cell growth, angiogenesis, and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer I Drake
- Department of Microbiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
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Zhang J, Zhou W, Qiao H. Bioenergetic homeostasis decides neuroprotection or neurotoxicity induced by volatile anesthetics: a uniform mechanism of dual effects. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:223-9. [PMID: 21550179 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The commonly used volatile anesthetic isoflurane or sevoflurane has been shown to be both neuroprotective and neurotoxic in various cell cultures and animal models. Some possible mechanisms have been raised to elucidate volatile anesthetics-induced neuroprotection or neurotoxicity, respectively. However, none of these can reconcile the linkage between their dual effects. Similar to volatile anesthetics, some drugs and nonpharmacological factors also can produce neuroprotection and neurotoxicity, which is associated with bioenergetic metabolism of neuronal cells. Here we present a uniform mechanism, bioenergetic homeostasis hypothesis, to explain neuroprotection and neurotoxicity induced by volatile anesthetics. The numerous evidences have shown that volatile anesthetics could affect mitochondrial electron transport complexes and glycolysis related pathways in cells, which could alter intracellular calcium homeostasis, ROS production and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. Duration and concentration of exposure to volatile anesthetics could play a role on severity of bioenergy inhibition. Mild bioenergetic metabolism inhibition trigger signaling events involving preconditioning on neurons, and further bioenergy impairment could lead to neuronal cellular apoptosis, inhibition of neurogenesis and elevated β-Secretase, which drive pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12, Urumqi Central Rd., Shanghai 200040, PR China.
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30
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Smeele KMA, Southworth R, Wu R, Xie C, Nederlof R, Warley A, Nelson JK, van Horssen P, van den Wijngaard JP, Heikkinen S, Laakso M, Koeman A, Siebes M, Eerbeek O, Akar FG, Ardehali H, Hollmann MW, Zuurbier CJ. Disruption of hexokinase II-mitochondrial binding blocks ischemic preconditioning and causes rapid cardiac necrosis. Circ Res 2011; 108:1165-9. [PMID: 21527739 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.244962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Isoforms I and II of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HKI and HKII) are known to associate with mitochondria. It is unknown whether mitochondria-bound hexokinase is mandatory for ischemic preconditioning and normal functioning of the intact, beating heart. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that reducing mitochondrial hexokinase would abrogate ischemic preconditioning and disrupt myocardial function. METHODS AND RESULTS Ex vivo perfused HKII(+/-) hearts exhibited increased cell death after ischemia and reperfusion injury compared with wild-type hearts; however, ischemic preconditioning was unaffected. To investigate acute reductions in mitochondrial HKII levels, wild-type hearts were treated with a TAT control peptide or a TAT-HK peptide that contained the binding motif of HKII to mitochondria, thereby disrupting the mitochondrial HKII association. Mitochondrial hexokinase was determined by HKI and HKII immunogold labeling and electron microscopy analysis. Low-dose (200 nmol/L) TAT-HK treatment significantly decreased mitochondrial HKII levels without affecting baseline cardiac function but dramatically increased ischemia-reperfusion injury and prevented the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning. Treatment for 15 minutes with high-dose (10 μmol/L) TAT-HK resulted in acute mitochondrial depolarization, mitochondrial swelling, profound contractile impairment, and severe cardiac disintegration. The detrimental effects of TAT-HK treatment were mimicked by mitochondrial membrane depolarization after mild mitochondrial uncoupling that did not cause direct mitochondrial permeability transition opening. CONCLUSIONS Acute low-dose dissociation of HKII from mitochondria in heart prevented ischemic preconditioning, whereas high-dose HKII dissociation caused cessation of cardiac contraction and tissue disruption, likely through an acute mitochondrial membrane depolarization mechanism. The results suggest that the association of HKII with mitochondria is essential for the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning and normal cardiac function through maintenance of mitochondrial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M A Smeele
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Smeele KM, ter Horst LH, Koeman A, Heikkinen S, Laakso M, Weber NC, Hollmann MW, Zuurbier CJ. The effect of standard chow and reduced hexokinase II on growth, cardiac and skeletal muscle hexokinase and low-flow cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Lab Anim 2011; 45:160-6. [PMID: 21504994 DOI: 10.1258/la.2011.010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined whether standard chow (SDS versus Purina 5001; both low fat, high carbohydrate) and reductions in hexokinase (HK) II (wild-type versus HKII(+/-) mice) affect (1) growth parameters, (2) HK levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle and (3) low-flow cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Total HK activity and HKI and HKII expressions were determined, and low-flow IR injury was examined in isolated hearts subjected to 40 min 5% low-flow ischaemia and 120 min reperfusion. Standard chow, but not HKII reductions, significantly affected body weight, heart weight and cardiac hypertrophy. Both standard chow and reduced HKII diminished total cardiac and skeletal muscle HK activity. For the heart, the Purina chow-induced decrease in total HK activity was through decreases in HKI expression, whereas for skeletal muscle post-translational mechanisms are suggested. Both standard chow and reduced HKII demonstrated a non-significant trend for affecting cardiac IR damage. However, the low-flow ischaemia model was associated with mild sublethal injury only (∼1% cell death). In conclusion, standard chow affects body weight, heart weight and HK activity and HKI expression in the heart, without altering HKII expression. This implicates standard chow as an important factor in genomic, physiological research models and demonstrates that large differences in fat or carbohydrates in the diet are not necessary to affect growth. In a cardiac low-flow IR model, resulting in only mild injury, standard chow or reduced HKII does not significantly affect IR damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Smeele
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (LEICA), Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Camara AKS, Bienengraeber M, Stowe DF. Mitochondrial approaches to protect against cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury. Front Physiol 2011; 2:13. [PMID: 21559063 PMCID: PMC3082167 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a vital component in cellular energy metabolism and intracellular signaling processes. Mitochondria are involved in a myriad of complex signaling cascades regulating cell death vs. survival. Importantly, mitochondrial dysfunction and the resulting oxidative and nitrosative stress are central in the pathogenesis of numerous human maladies including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and retinal diseases, many of which are related. This review will examine the emerging understanding of the role of mitochondria in the etiology and progression of cardiovascular diseases and will explore potential therapeutic benefits of targeting the organelle in attenuating the disease process. Indeed, recent advances in mitochondrial biology have led to selective targeting of drugs designed to modulate or manipulate mitochondrial function, to the use of light therapy directed to the mitochondrial function, and to modification of the mitochondrial genome for potential therapeutic benefit. The approach to rationally treat mitochondrial dysfunction could lead to more effective interventions in cardiovascular diseases that to date have remained elusive. The central premise of this review is that if mitochondrial abnormalities contribute to the etiology of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., ischemic heart disease), alleviating the mitochondrial dysfunction will contribute to mitigating the severity or progression of the disease. To this end, this review will provide an overview of our current understanding of mitochondria function in cardiovascular diseases as well as the potential role for targeting mitochondria with potential drugs or other interventions that lead to protection against cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Kream RM, Stefano GB. Interactive effects of endogenous morphine, nitric oxide, and ethanol on mitochondrial processes. Arch Med Sci 2010; 6:658-62. [PMID: 22419921 PMCID: PMC3298331 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2010.17077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive evolutionary pressure has preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. The prototype catecholamine dopamine (DA) serves as an essential chemical intermediate in morphine biosynthesis both in plants and animals, thereby providing considerable insight into the roles reciprocal "morphinergic" and catecholamine regulation of diverse physiological processes. Primordial, multi-potential cell types, before the emergence of specialized plant and animal cells/organ systems, required selective mechanisms to limit their responsiveness to environmental noise. Accordingly, cellular systems that emerged with the potential for recruitment of the free radical gas nitric oxide (NO) as a multi-faceted autocrine/paracrine signaling molecule were provided with extremely positive evolutionary advantages. Endogenous "morphinergic" in concert with NO-coupled signaling systems have evolved as autocrine/paracrine regulators of metabolic homeostasis, energy metabolism, mitochondrial respiration and energy production. Basic physiological processes involving "morphinergic"/NO-coupled regulation of cardiovascular mitochondrial function, with special emphasis on the interactive effects of ethanol, are discussed within the context of our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Kream
- Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York - College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, USA
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Smeele KM, Eerbeek O, Koeman A, Bezemer R, Ince C, Heikkinen S, Laakso M, de Haan A, Schaart G, Drost MR, Hollmann MW, Zuurbier CJ. Partial hexokinase II knockout results in acute ischemia-reperfusion damage in skeletal muscle of male, but not female, mice. Pflugers Arch 2010; 459:705-12. [PMID: 20182739 PMCID: PMC2842566 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-010-0787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular studies have demonstrated a protective role of mitochondrial hexokinase against oxidative insults. It is unknown whether HK protective effects translate to the in vivo condition. In the present study, we hypothesize that HK affects acute ischemia–reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle of the intact animal. Male and female heterozygote knockout HKII (HK+/-), heterozygote overexpressed HKII (HKtg), and their wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6 littermates mice were examined. In anesthetized animals, the left gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle was connected to a force transducer and continuously stimulated (1-Hz twitches) during 60 min ischemia and 90 min reperfusion. Cell survival (%LDH) was defined by the amount of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity still present in the reperfused GM relative to the contralateral (non-ischemic) GM. Mitochondrial HK activity was 72.6 ± 7.5, 15.7 ± 1.7, and 8.8 ± 0.9 mU/mg protein in male mice, and 72.7 ± 3.7, 11.2 ± 1.4, and 5.9 ± 1.1 mU/mg in female mice for HKtg, WT, and HK+/-, respectively. Tetanic force recovery amounted to 33 ± 7% for male and 17 ± 4% for female mice and was similar for HKtg, WT, and HK+/-. However, cell survival was decreased (p = 0.014) in male HK+/- (82 ± 4%LDH) as compared with WT (98 ± 5%LDH) and HKtg (97 ± 4%LDH). No effects of HKII on cell survival was observed in female mice (92 ± 2% LDH). In conclusion, in this mild model of acute in vivo ischemia–reperfusion injury, a partial knockout of HKII was associated with increased cell death in male mice. The data suggest for the first time that HKII mediates skeletal muscle ischemia–reperfusion injury in the intact male animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Smeele
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chilcot J, Wellsted D, Da Silva-Gane M, Farrington K. Depression on dialysis. Nephron Clin Pract 2008; 108:c256-64. [PMID: 18401193 DOI: 10.1159/000124749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is the most common psychopathological condition among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), yet it is still under-recognized and misdiagnosed. Depression reduces quality of life and has a negative clinical impact upon sufferers with chronic illness, including ESRD. This article discusses the negative effects of depression among the ESRD population treated with dialysis, the prevalence of the condition, the methodological issues involved with screening and treatment, and the possible psychological and somatic causes. There is a need to identify the prevalence of the disorder by effective methods, overcome the current issues surrounding depression assessment and to undertake trials of suitable treatments.
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