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Rajan S, Tryphena KP, Khan S, Vora L, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Understanding the involvement of innate immunity and the Nrf2-NLRP3 axis on mitochondrial health in Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 87:101915. [PMID: 36963313 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a multifactorial movement disorder, is interlinked with numerous molecular pathways, including neuroinflammation, which is a critical factor in the development and progression of PD. Microglia play a central role in driving neuroinflammation through activation and overexpression of the M1 phenotype, which has a significant impact on mitochondria. Multiple regulators converge together, and among these, the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes have been implicated in transmitting inflammatory and deleterious components to the mitochondria. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome and acts as the saviour of the mitochondria. Together, the NLRP3-Nrf2 axis functions in regulating mitochondrial function in the case of PD. It regulates fundamental processes such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial respiratory function, and mitochondrial dynamics. In this review, we discuss the contributions that a variety of miRNAs make to the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and Nrf2, which can be used to target this important axis and contribute to the preservation of mitochondrial integrity. This axis may prove to be a crucial target for extending the lives of Parkinson's patients by deferring neuroinflammatory damage to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rajan
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Sabiya Khan
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Lalitkumar Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
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Zhang J, Li Y. Propofol-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1017-1032. [PMID: 36854650 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Propofol is the most commonly used intravenous general anesthetic in clinical anesthesia, and it is also widely used in general anesthesia for pregnant women and infants. Some clinical and preclinical studies have found that propofol causes damage to the immature nervous system, which may lead to neurodevelopmental disorders and cognitive dysfunction in infants and children. However, its potential molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have found that some exogenous drugs and interventions can effectively alleviate propofol-induced neurotoxicity. In this review, we focus on the relevant preclinical studies and summarize the latest findings on the potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.,Department of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
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SerThr-PhosphoProteome of Brain from Aged PINK1-KO+A53T-SNCA Mice Reveals pT1928-MAP1B and pS3781-ANK2 Deficits, as Hub between Autophagy and Synapse Changes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133284. [PMID: 31277379 PMCID: PMC6651490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Parkinson’s disease (PD) can be triggered by an autosomal dominant overdose of alpha-Synuclein (SNCA) as stressor or the autosomal recessive deficiency of PINK1 Serine/Threonine-phosphorylation activity as stress-response. We demonstrated the combination of PINK1-knockout with overexpression of SNCAA53T in double mutant (DM) mice to exacerbate locomotor deficits and to reduce lifespan. To survey posttranslational modifications of proteins underlying the pathology, brain hemispheres of old DM mice underwent quantitative label-free global proteomic mass spectrometry, focused on Ser/Thr-phosphorylations. As an exceptionally strong effect, we detected >300-fold reductions of phosphoThr1928 in MAP1B, a microtubule-associated protein, and a similar reduction of phosphoSer3781 in ANK2, an interactor of microtubules. MAP1B depletion is known to trigger perturbations of microtubular mitochondria trafficking, neurite extension, and synaptic function, so it was noteworthy that relevantly decreased phosphorylation was also detected for other microtubule and microfilament factors, namely MAP2S1801, MARK1S394, MAP1AT1794, KIF1AS1537, 4.1NS541, 4.1GS86, and ADD2S528. While the MAP1B heavy chain supports regeneration and growth cones, its light chain assists DAPK1-mediated autophagy. Interestingly, relevant phosphorylation decreases of DAPK2S299, VPS13DS2429, and VPS13CS2480 in the DM brain affected regulators of autophagy, which are implicated in PD. Overall, significant downregulations were enriched for PFAM C2 domains, other kinases, and synaptic transmission factors upon automated bioinformatics, while upregulations were not enriched for selective motifs or pathways. Validation experiments confirmed the change of LC3 processing as reflection of excessive autophagy in DM brain, and dependence of ANK2/MAP1B expression on PINK1 levels. Our new data provide independent confirmation in a mouse model with combined PARK1/PARK4/PARK6 pathology that MAP1B/ANK2 phosphorylation events are implicated in Parkinsonian neurodegeneration. These findings expand on previous observations in Drosophila melanogaster that the MAP1B ortholog futsch in the presynapse is a primary target of the PARK8 protein LRRK2, and on a report that MAP1B is a component of the pathological Lewy body aggregates in PD patient brains. Similarly, ANK2 gene locus variants are associated with the risk of PD, ANK2 interacts with PINK1/Parkin-target proteins such as MIRO1 or ATP1A2, and ANK2-derived peptides are potent inhibitors of autophagy.
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Pink1 attenuates propofol-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in developing neurons. J Anesth 2017; 32:62-69. [PMID: 29127491 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-017-2431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanisms of propofol-induced neurotoxicity in developing neurons are still not completely understood. We examined the role of PTEN-induced kinase 1 (Pink1), an antioxidant protein, in propofol-induced apoptosis in developing neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary hippocampal neurons isolated from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to propofol 20 μM for 2, 4, 6 and 12 h. Subsequently, neurons underwent overexpression and knockdown of Pink1, followed by propofol exposure (20 μM, 6 h). Neuron apoptosis was detected by terminal transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in neurons was detected by using a 2,7-dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate probe and target protein or mRNA levels were analyzed by Western blotting or real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Propofol treatment time-dependently increased the number of TUNEL-positive neurons and the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BcL-2) associated X protein, but decreased expression levels of BcL-2. Furthermore, propofol treatment time-dependently reduced the expression levels of Pink1 mRNA and protein. ROS production and the markers of oxidative stress, 2,4-dinitrophenol and 4-hydroxynonenal, were increased by propofol treatment. However, these propofol-induced changes were significantly restored by Pink1 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Pink1 plays an important role in neuronal apoptosis induced by propofol. Our results may provide some new insights in propofol-induced neurotoxicity in developing neurons.
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Bai Q, He J, Tang Y, Wang S, Qiu J, Wang Y, Yu C. Rotenone-induced energy stress decompensated in ventral mesocerebrum is associated with Parkinsonism progression in rats. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1060-1066. [PMID: 27446321 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by the hallmark feature of loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Energy metabolic disorder is associated with the pathogenesis of PD; however, the development of this disorder is yet to be elucidated. PD-like characteristics have been demonstrated in a rotenone rat model. In the present study, energy metabolism status was investigated in a rat model following intraperitoneal treatment with 1.0 mg/kg rotenone every 48 h. The behavior and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive levels in the substantia nigra of rats that were treated with rotenone for 24 weeks demonstrated that these rats developed more severe parkinsonism, as compared with that were treated for 16 weeks. Detection of ATP, lactic acid, NADH dehydrogenase 1 mRNA and lactate dehydrogenase B mRNA levels in the ventral mesocerebrum (VM) and skeletal muscle (SM) of the rats that had been treated with rotenone for 16 and 24 weeks demonstrated that the energy stress induced by rotenone progressed in both VM and SM. Notably, the energy stress detected in VM was more severe, and this energy stress was decompensated in the VM of rats that had been treated with rotenone for 24 weeks. The progression of energy stress and the incidence of energy decompensation in VM may be important for the improvement of PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhua Bai
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China; Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China; Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Junlin He
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury, Chongqing Orthopedics Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shibo Wang
- Department of Infection Management, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Jingfu Qiu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Chao Yu
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Pink1 protects cortical neurons from thapsigargin-induced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20140104. [PMID: 25608948 PMCID: PMC4340272 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis mediates the precise and programmed natural death of neurons and is a physiologically important process in neurogenesis during maturation of the central nervous system. However, premature apoptosis and/or an aberration in apoptosis regulation are implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Thus, it is important to identify neuronal pathways/factors controlling apoptosis. Pink1 [phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)-induced kinase 1] is a ubiquitously expressed gene and has been reported to have a physiological role in mitochondrial maintenance, suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress, fission and autophagy. However, how Pink1 is involved in neuronal survival against oxidative stress remains not well understood. In the present paper, we demonstrate that thapsigargin, a specific irreversible inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium-ATPase, could lead to dramatic oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis by ectopic calcium entry. Importantly, the neuronal toxicity of thapsigargin inhibits antioxidant gene Pink1 expression. Although Pink1 knockdown enhances the neuronal apoptosis by thapsigargin, its overexpression restores it. Our findings have established the neuronal protective role of Pink1 against oxidative stress and afford rationale for developing new strategy to the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Pink1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1) have a physiological role in mitochondrial maintenance, suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress, fission, and autophagy. Our findings indicated that thapsigargin induced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in cultured neurons is at least partly mediated inactivation of Pink1.
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Parganlija D, Klinkenberg M, Domínguez-Bautista J, Hetzel M, Gispert S, Chimi MA, Dröse S, Mai S, Brandt U, Auburger G, Jendrach M. Loss of PINK1 impairs stress-induced autophagy and cell survival. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95288. [PMID: 24751806 PMCID: PMC3994056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and the ubiquitin ligase Parkin are participating in quality control after CCCP- or ROS-induced mitochondrial damage, and their dysfunction is associated with the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, PINK1 expression is also induced by starvation indicating an additional role for PINK1 in stress response. Therefore, the effects of PINK1 deficiency on the autophago-lysosomal pathway during stress were investigated. Under trophic deprivation SH-SY5Y cells with stable PINK1 knockdown showed downregulation of key autophagic genes, including Beclin, LC3 and LAMP-2. In good agreement, protein levels of LC3-II and LAMP-2 but not of LAMP-1 were reduced in different cell model systems with PINK1 knockdown or knockout after addition of different stressors. This downregulation of autophagic factors caused increased apoptosis, which could be rescued by overexpression of LC3 or PINK1. Taken together, the PINK1-mediated reduction of autophagic key factors during stress resulted in increased cell death, thus defining an additional pathway that could contribute to the progression of Parkinson's disease in patients with PINK1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Parganlija
- Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael Klinkenberg
- Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Bautista
- Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Miriam Hetzel
- Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marthe A. Chimi
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Dröse
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive-Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sören Mai
- Kinematic Cell Research Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Center of Excellence Frankfurt: Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brandt
- Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Bornhorst J, Chakraborty S, Meyer S, Lohren H, Brinkhaus SG, Knight AL, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA, Karst U, Schwerdtle T, Bowman A, Aschner M. The effects of pdr1, djr1.1 and pink1 loss in manganese-induced toxicity and the role of α-synuclein in C. elegans. Metallomics 2014; 6:476-90. [PMID: 24452053 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00325f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by selective dopaminergic (DAergic) cell loss that results in overt motor and cognitive deficits. Current treatment options exist to combat PD symptomatology, but are unable to directly target its pathogenesis due to a lack of knowledge concerning its etiology. Several genes have been linked to PD, including three genes associated with an early-onset familial form: parkin, pink1 and dj1. All three genes are implicated in regulating oxidative stress pathways. Another hallmark of PD pathophysiology is Lewy body deposition, associated with the gain-of-function genetic risk factor α-synuclein. The function of α-synuclein is poorly understood, as it shows both neurotoxic and neuroprotective activities in PD. Using the genetically tractable invertebrate Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system, the neurotoxic or neuroprotective role of α-synuclein upon acute Mn exposure in the background of mutated pdr1, pink1 or djr1.1 was examined. The pdr1 and djr1.1 mutants showed enhanced Mn accumulation and oxidative stress that was reduced by α-synuclein. Moreover, DAergic neurodegeneration, while unchanged with Mn exposure, returned to wild-type (WT) levels for pdr1, but not djr1.1 mutants expressing α-synuclein. Taken together, this study uncovers a novel, neuroprotective role for WT human α-synuclein in attenuating Mn-induced toxicity in the background of PD-associated genes, and further supports the role of extracellular dopamine in exacerbating Mn neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bornhorst
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Marques-Aleixo I, Oliveira PJ, Moreira PI, Magalhães J, Ascensão A. Physical exercise as a possible strategy for brain protection: Evidence from mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:149-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Beyer K, Ariza A. Alpha-Synuclein Posttranslational Modification and Alternative Splicing as a Trigger for Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:509-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The bad, the good, and the ugly about oxidative stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:163913. [PMID: 22619696 PMCID: PMC3350994 DOI: 10.1155/2012/163913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and cancer (e.g., leukemia) are the most devastating disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. Except for some kind of cancers, no effective and/or definitive therapeutic treatment aimed to reduce or to retard the clinic and pathologic symptoms induced by AD and PD is presently available. Therefore, it is urgently needed to understand the molecular basis of these disorders. Since oxidative stress (OS) is an important etiologic factor of the pathologic process of AD, PD, and cancer, understanding how intracellular signaling pathways respond to OS will have a significant implication in the therapy of these diseases. Here, we propose a model of minimal completeness of cell death signaling induced by OS as a mechanistic explanation of neuronal and cancer cell demise. This mechanism might provide the basis for therapeutic design strategies. Finally, we will attempt to associate PD, cancer, and OS. This paper critically analyzes the evidence that support the “oxidative stress model” in neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Auburger G, Klinkenberg M, Drost J, Marcus K, Morales-Gordo B, Kunz WS, Brandt U, Broccoli V, Reichmann H, Gispert S, Jendrach M. Primary skin fibroblasts as a model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:20-7. [PMID: 22350618 PMCID: PMC3443476 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. While most cases occur sporadic mutations in a growing number of genes including Parkin (PARK2) and PINK1 (PARK6) have been associated with the disease. Different animal models and cell models like patient skin fibroblasts and recombinant cell lines can be used as model systems for Parkinson's disease. Skin fibroblasts present a system with defined mutations and the cumulative cellular damage of the patients. PINK1 and Parkin genes show relevant expression levels in human fibroblasts and since both genes participate in stress response pathways, we believe fibroblasts advantageous in order to assess, e.g. the effect of stressors. Furthermore, since a bioenergetic deficit underlies early stage Parkinson's disease, while atrophy underlies later stages, the use of primary cells seems preferable over the use of tumor cell lines. The new option to use fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells redifferentiated into dopaminergic neurons is an additional benefit. However, the use of fibroblast has also some drawbacks. We have investigated PARK6 fibroblasts and they mirror closely the respiratory alterations, the expression profiles, the mitochondrial dynamics pathology and the vulnerability to proteasomal stress that has been documented in other model systems. Fibroblasts from patients with PARK2, PARK6, idiopathic Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 demonstrated a distinct and unique mRNA expression pattern of key genes in neurodegeneration. Thus, primary skin fibroblasts are a useful Parkinson's disease model, able to serve as a complement to animal mutants, transformed cell lines and patient tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Klinkenberg M, Gispert S, Dominguez-Bautista JA, Braun I, Auburger G, Jendrach M. Restriction of trophic factors and nutrients induces PARKIN expression. Neurogenetics 2011; 13:9-21. [PMID: 22028146 PMCID: PMC3274670 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-011-0303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative movement disorder and manifests at old age. While many details of its pathogenesis remain to be elucidated, in particular the protein and mitochondrial quality control during stress responses have been implicated in monogenic PD variants. Especially the mitochondrial kinase PINK1 and the ubiquitin ligase PARKIN are known to cooperate in autophagy after mitochondrial damage. As autophagy is also induced by loss of trophic signaling and PINK1 gene expression is modulated after deprivation of cytokines, we analyzed to what extent trophic signals and starvation stress regulate PINK1 and PARKIN expression. Time course experiments with serum deprivation and nutrient starvation of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and primary mouse neurons demonstrated phasic induction of PINK1 transcript up to twofold and PARKIN transcript levels up to sixfold. The corresponding threefold starvation induction of PARKIN protein was limited by its translocation to lysosomes. Analysis of primary mouse cells from PINK1-knockout mice indicated that PARKIN induction and lysosomal translocation occurred independent of PINK1. Suppression of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling by pharmacological agents modulated PARKIN expression accordingly. In conclusion, this expression survey demonstrates that PARKIN and PINK1 are coregulated during starvation and suggest a role of both PD genes in response to trophic signals and starvation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Klinkenberg
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 7, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Ferrer I. Neuropathology and neurochemistry of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2011; 2011:708404. [PMID: 21403906 PMCID: PMC3043318 DOI: 10.4061/2011/708404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is no longer considered a complex motor disorder characterized by Parkinsonism but rather a systemic disease with variegated non-motor deficits and neurological symptoms, including impaired olfaction, autonomic failure, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms. Many of these alterations appear before or in parallel with motor deficits and then worsen with disease progression. Although there is a close relation between motor symptoms and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) and neurites filled with abnormal α-synuclein, other neurological alterations are independent of the amount of α-synuclein inclusions in neurons and neurites, thereby indicating that different mechanisms probably converge in the degenerative process. Involvement of the cerebral cortex that may lead to altered behaviour and cognition are related to several convergent factors such as (a) abnormal α-synuclein and other proteins at the synapses, rather than LBs and neurites, (b) impaired dopaminergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic and serotoninergic cortical innervation, and (c) altered neuronal function resulting from reduced energy production and increased energy demands. These alterations appear at early stages of the disease and may precede by years the appearance of cell loss and cortical atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, carrer Feixa LLarga sn, CIBERNED, 08907 Hospitalet de LLobregat, Spain
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Lopez G, Sidransky E. Autosomal recessive mutations in the development of Parkinson's disease. Biomark Med 2011; 4:713-21. [PMID: 20945983 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Parkinson's disease was long considered a nongenetic disorder, it is now clear that there are multiple predisposing genes, and that the disorder can exhibit either Mendelian or non-Mendelian modes of inheritance. The identification of several of these genes has provided important insights into the pathogenesis of this common complex disorder. This article presents an overview of the genes associated with autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease, including Parkin (PARK2), PINK1 (PARK6), DJ1 (PARK7) and ATP13A2 (PARK9). Recently, it was recognized that mutations in the gene encoding glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease, are associated with an increased incidence of parkinsonism. While Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder, patients with Parkinson's disease can be Gaucher heterozygotes or homozygotes. Elucidating the basis for this association may shed light on new disease mechanisms that contribute to the development of parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisel Lopez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-3708, USA
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