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Mohammadi Zonouz A, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M, Hosseinzadeh H. The molecular mechanisms of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) activity in signaling pathways: A comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155352. [PMID: 38342017 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most unique plants that have ever grown on the planet is Ginkgo biloba L., a member of the Ginkgoaceae family with no close living relatives. The existence of several differently structured components of G. biloba has increased the chemical variety of herbal therapy. Numerous studies that investigated the biochemical characteristics of G. biloba suggest this plant as a potential treatment for many illnesses. PURPOSE Review the molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling pathways of G. biloba activity in varied circumstances and its potential as a novel treatment for various illnesses. METHODS Studies focusing on the molecular processes and signaling pathways of compounds and extracts of G. biloba were found and summarized using the proper keywords and operators from Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus without time restrictions. RESULTS G. biloba exerts its effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, pulmoprotective, renoprotective, anti-osteoporosis, anti-melanogenic, retinoprotective, otoprotective, adipogenic, and anti-adipogenic properties. The most important mechanisms involved in these actions are altering the elevation of ROS formation, inhibiting NADPH oxidases activation, altering the expression of antioxidant enzymes, downregulating MAPKs (p38 MAPK and ERK, and JNK) and AP-1, increasing cAMP, inactivating Stat5, activating the AMPK signaling pathway, affecting Stat3/JAK2, NF-κB, Nrf-2, mTOR, HGF/c-Met, Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling pathways, and changing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the release of Cyc from mitochondria to cytosol, the protein cleavage of caspases 3, 7, 8, 9, and 12, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and MMPs levels. CONCLUSIONS G. biloba and its components have gained attention in recent years for their therapeutic benefits, such as their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and apoptotic effects. By understanding their molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, potential novel medicines might be developed in response to the rising public desire for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Mueller JK, Müller WE. Multi-target drugs for the treatment of cognitive impairment and fatigue in post-COVID syndrome: focus on Ginkgo biloba and Rhodiola rosea. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:203-212. [PMID: 38347175 PMCID: PMC10874325 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, depression and (mental) fatigue represent the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms of the post-COVID syndrome. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified as common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these symptoms. Attempts to treat post-COVID-associated cognitive impairment and fatigue with different drugs available for other diseases have not yet been successful. One probable explanation could be that these drugs work by one specific mechanism of action only and not in a broad multi-target way. Therefore, they will not address the broad pathophysiological spectrum possibly responsible for cognitive impairment, depression and fatigue in post-COVID syndrome. Notably, nearly all drugs currently under investigation for fatigue in post-COVID syndrome are rather addressing one single target instead of the several pathomechanisms underlying this condition. Contrary to this approach, herbal drugs often consist of many different ingredients with different pharmacological properties and pharmacological targets. Therefore, these drugs might be a promising approach for the treatment of the broad symptomatic presentation and the pathophysiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment and fatigue following a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of these herbal drugs, extracts of Ginkgo biloba and Rhodiola rosea probably are the best investigated candidates. Their broad pharmacological spectrum in vitro and in vivo includes anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant as well as properties reducing cognitive impairment and fatigue. In several studies, both drugs showed positive effects on physical and mental fatigue and impaired cognition. Moreover, depressive symptoms were also reduced in some studies. However, even if these results are promising, the data are still preliminary and require additional proof by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane K Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/M, Germany.
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Liu M, Peng Y, Che Y, Zhou M, Bai Y, Tang W, Huang S, Zhang B, Deng S, Wang C, Yu Z. MiR-146b-5p/TRAF6 axis is essential for Ginkgo biloba L. extract GBE to attenuate LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:978587. [PMID: 36091773 PMCID: PMC9449131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.978587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. The Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) has been widely used to treat cerebral and peripheral blood circulation disorders. However, its potential targets and underlying mechanisms regarding neuroinflammation have not yet been characterized. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate and validate the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of GBE against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation and to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: The effect of GBE on LPS-induced release of inflammatory cytokines was examined using ELISA and western blot assay. The effects of GBE on NF-κB binding activity and translocation were determined via luciferase, streptavidin-agarose pulldown, and immunofluorescence assays. The potential targets of GBE were screened from the GEO and microRNA databases and further identified via qPCR, luciferase, gene mutation, and western blot assays. Results: GBE significantly inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in BV-2 and U87 cells, with no obvious cytotoxicity. GBE significantly induced miR-146b-5p expression, which negatively regulated TRAF6 expression by targeting its 3′-UTR. Thus, due to TRAF6 suppression, GBE decreases the transcriptional activity of NF-κB and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and finally reverses LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Conclusion: Our study revealed the anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism of GBE through the miR-146b-5p/TRAF6 axis and provided a theoretical basis for its rational clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Neurology Department, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, China
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yulin Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yilin Che
- The 1st Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Meirong Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Neurology Department, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Neurology Department, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sa Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenlong Yu, ; Chao Wang,
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenlong Yu, ; Chao Wang,
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Nowak A, Kojder K, Zielonka-Brzezicka J, Wróbel J, Bosiacki M, Fabiańska M, Wróbel M, Sołek-Pastuszka J, Klimowicz A. The Use of Ginkgo Biloba L. as a Neuroprotective Agent in the Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:775034. [PMID: 34803717 PMCID: PMC8599153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.775034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disease, is one of the most common causes of dementia if elderly people worldwide. Alzheimer's disease leads to the alienation of individuals and their exclusion from social and professional life. It is characterized mainly by the degradation of memory and disorientation, which occurs as a result of the loss of neuronal structure and function in different brain areas. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to use in the treatment of natural bioactive compounds that will be effective in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. G. biloba L. and its most frequently used standardized extract (EGb 761), have been used for many years in supportive therapy and in the prevention of cognitive disorders. The paper presents an overview of reports on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, as well as a summary of the properties of G. biloba extract and its effects on the possible pathogenesis of the disease. By exploring more about the pathogenesis of the disease and the benefits of G. biloba extract for patients with Alzheimer's disease, it will be possible to create an individualized therapeutic protocol to optimize the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zielonka-Brzezicka
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Wróbel
- Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Fabiańska
- Institute of Philosophy and Cognitive Science, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariola Wróbel
- Department of Landscape Architecture, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Sołek-Pastuszka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Adam Klimowicz
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Tomino C, Ilari S, Solfrizzi V, Malafoglia V, Zilio G, Russo P, Proietti S, Marcolongo F, Scapagnini G, Muscoli C, Rossini PM. Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia: The Role of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761 ®). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040305. [PMID: 33915701 PMCID: PMC8065464 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia are clinically prevalent in the elderly. There is a high risk of cognitive decline in patients diagnosed with MCI or dementia. This review describes the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba leaf special extract EGb 761® for the treatment of dementia syndromes and EGb 761® combination therapy with other medications for symptomatic dementia. This drug has shown convincing results, improving cognitive function, neuropsychiatric symptoms and consequent reduction of caregiver stress and maintenance of autonomy in patients with age-related cognitive decline, MCI and mild to moderate dementia. Currently, there is little evidence to support the combination therapy with anti-dementia drugs and, therefore, more evidence is needed to evaluate the role of EGb 761® in mixed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Tomino
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Ilari
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88201 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Clinica Medica “Frugoni” and Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70122 Bari, Italy;
| | - Valentina Malafoglia
- Institute for Research on Pain, ISAL Foundation, Torre Pedrera, 47922 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Guglielmo Zilio
- Scientific Department, Schwabe Pharma Italia S.r.l., 39044 Egna, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Russo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Stefania Proietti
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (S.P.)
| | - Federica Marcolongo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Department of Health Science, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88201 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.I.); (C.M.)
| | - Paolo Maria Rossini
- Department of Neuroscience & Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy;
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Stockburger C, Eckert S, Eckert GP, Friedland K, Müller WE. Mitochondrial Function, Dynamics, and Permeability Transition: A Complex Love Triangle as A Possible Target for the Treatment of Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S455-S467. [PMID: 29504539 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because of the failure of all amyloid-β directed treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the concept of mitochondrial dysfunction as a major pathomechanism of the cognitive decline in aging and AD has received substantial support. Accordingly, improving mitochondrial function as an alternative strategy for new drug development became of increasing interest and many different compounds have been identified which improve mitochondrial function in preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments. However, very few if any have been investigated in clinical trials, representing a major drawback of the mitochondria directed drug development. To overcome these problems, we used a top-down approach by investigating several older antidementia drugs with clinical evidence of therapeutic efficacy. These include EGb761® (standardized ginkgo biloba extract), piracetam, and Dimebon. All improve experimentally many aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial dynamics and also improve cognition and impaired neuronal plasticity, the functionally most relevant consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction. All partially inhibit opening events of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) which previously has mainly been discussed as a mechanism relevant for the induction of apoptosis. However, as more recent work suggests the mPTP as a master regulator of many mitochondrial functions, our data suggest the mPTP as a possible relevant drug target within the love triangle between mPTP regulation, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial function including regulation of neuronal plasticity. Drugs interfering with mPTP function will improve not only mitochondrial impairment in aging and AD but also will have beneficial effects on impaired neuronal plasticity, the pathomechanism which correlates best with functional deficits (cognition, behavior) in aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Stockburger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Schamim Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter E Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt/M, Biocenter, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Müller WE, Eckert A, Eckert GP, Fink H, Friedland K, Gauthier S, Hoerr R, Ihl R, Kasper S, Möller HJ. Therapeutic efficacy of the Ginkgo special extract EGb761 ® within the framework of the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:173-189. [PMID: 28460580 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1308552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of dementia assumes mitochondrial dysfunction as an important common pathomechanism for the whole spectrum of age-associated memory disorders from cognitive symptoms in the elderly over mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's dementia. Thus, a drug such as the Ginkgo special extract EGb 761® which improves mitochondrial function should be able to ameliorate cognitive deficits over the whole aging spectrum. METHODS We review the most relevant publications about effects of EGb 761® on cognition and synaptic deficits in preclinical studies as well as on cognitive deficits in man from aging to dementia. RESULTS EGb 761® improves mitochondrial dysfunction and cognitive impairment over the whole spectrum of age-associated cognitive disorders in relevant animal models and in vitro experiments, and also shows clinical efficacy in improving cognition over the whole range from aging to Alzheimer's or even vascular dementia. CONCLUSIONS EGb 761® shows clinical efficacy in the treatment of cognitive deficits over the whole spectrum of age-associated memory disorders. Thus, EGb 761® can serve as an important pharmacological argument for the mitochondrial cascade hypothesis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter E Müller
- a Department of Pharmacology , Biocenter, Goethe-University , Frankfurt/M , Germany
| | - Anne Eckert
- b Neurobiological laboratory, Department of Psychiatry , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- c Department of Nutritional Sciences , Justus-Liebig University , Giessen , Germany
| | - Heidrun Fink
- d Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Free University , Berlin , Germany
| | - Kristina Friedland
- e Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy , University Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Serge Gauthier
- f McGill Center for Studies in Aging , Montreal , Canada
| | - Robert Hoerr
- g Dr.Willmar Schwabe GmbH & Co. KG , Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Ralf Ihl
- h Alexianer Hospital, Clinic of Geriatric Psychiatry , Krefeld , Germany
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- i Department of Psychiatry , Medical University , Vienna , Austria
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- j Department of Psychiatry , Ludwig-Maximilian University , Munich , Germany
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Shu Z, Hussain Sh A, Shahen M, Wang H, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hac ME, Ali Kalhor S, Rashid M, Ali Shar P. Pharmacological Uses of Ginkgo biloba Extracts for Cardiovascular Disease and Coronary Heart Diseases. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Yang B, Zheng Y, Yao M, Sun M, Xu L, Lin C, Chang D, Tian F. Ginkgo biloba Extract Inhibits Astrocytic Lipocalin-2 Expression and Alleviates Neuroinflammatory Injury via the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway After Ischemic Brain Stroke. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:518. [PMID: 29867513 PMCID: PMC5964562 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Astrogliosis has the potential to lead to harmful effects, namely, neuroinflammation, and to interfere with synapse sprouting. Previous studies have suggested that Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) acts as a key target in regulating the reaction of astrocytes. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB), a well-known extract with potential immunoregulatory properties in the nervous system. Methods: Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, electron microscopy, and neurological assessments were performed in a microsphere-embolized rat model. Human astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) were used for in vitro experiments. Inflammatory cytokines, multi-labeling immunofluorescence, and Western blotting were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the EGB-mediated anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. Results: EGB markedly attenuated cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis, reduced the inflammatory cytokine level, and alleviated neurological deficiencies in cerebral ischemic rats. After surgery, EGB significantly inhibited astrocyte activation, reduced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2 and decreased LCN2 expression. In vitro, EGB blocked OGD-induced STAT3 activation and the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human astrocytes, and these effects were significantly enhanced by LCN2 overexpression. EGB downregulated these effects enhanced by LCN2 overexpression. Conclusion: EGB is demonstrated to mediate neuroinflammation, which protects against ischemic brain injury by inhibiting astrogliosis and suppresses neuroinflammation via the LCN2-JAK2/STAT3 pathway, providing insight into a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Bin Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiu Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjiang Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqian Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengren Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dennis Chang
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Fangze Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study will review the research on the effect of ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on patients with glaucoma. RECENT FINDINGS GBE appears to increase ocular blood flow in those with glaucoma. However, data on visual field outcomes are inconclusive. SUMMARY GBE has been shown to have antioxidant and vascular effects, making it potentially effective in treating glaucoma. Published data are limited but show an increase in ocular blood flow after GBE administration. Conclusive evidence is lacking regarding the effect of GBE on clinical outcomes in glaucoma patients such as visual field performance.
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