1
|
Tülüce Y, Keleş AY, Köstekci S. Assessment of redox homeostasis via genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and NRF-2 in colorectal cancer cell lines after treatment with Ganoderma lucidum extract. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:693-709. [PMID: 37700682 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2023.2257403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Inonotus hispidus fungal extracts on HT-29 and HCT-116 colorectal cancer cell lines and to search the DNA damage and oxidative stress caused by these extracts. Accordingly, mushroom extracts were applied to colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro, and the IC50 result was obtained with the MTT test. According to the IC50 result, Ganoderma lucidum extract had the most effective cytotoxicity value among all used mushroom extracts. TAS, TOS, and NRF-2 tests were used to investigate the molecular effect of Ganoderma lucidum extract on oxidative stress; the DNA ladder test was performed to assess DNA damage, the Scratch assay method was applied for cell migration analysis, and the colony assay was used to determine the colony formation potential of the cells. The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation, colony formation, and NRF-2, induces DNA damage, slows cell migration, and increases oxidative stress. This study shows that Ganoderma lucidum mushroom extract reduces cell proliferation through damaging cellular DNA and has a cytotoxic effect in colorectal cancer cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Tülüce
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Yasin Keleş
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Institute of Health Sciences, Van, Türkiye
| | - Sedat Köstekci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Van, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koyuncu I, Temiz E, Güler EM, Durgun M, Yuksekdag O, Giovannuzzi S, Supuran CT. Effective Anticancer Potential of a New Sulfonamide as a Carbonic Anhydrase IX Inhibitor Against Aggressive Tumors. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300680. [PMID: 38323458 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
This study examines efficiency of a newly synthesized sulfonamide derivative 2-bromo-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)propanamide (MMH-1) on the inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX), which is overexpressed in many solid tumors including breast cancer. The inhibitory potential of MMH-1 compound against its four major isoforms, including cytosolic isoforms hCA I and II, as well as tumor-associated membrane-bound isoforms hCA IX and XII, was evaluated. To this context, the cytotoxic effect of MMH-1 on cancer and normal cells was tested and found to selectively affect MDA-MB-231 cells. MMH-1 reduced cell proliferation by holding cells in the G0/G1 phase (72 %) and slowed the cells' wound healing capacity. MMH-1 inhibited CA IX under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions and altered the morphology of triple negative breast cancer cells. In MDA-MB-231 cells, inhibition of CA IX was accompanied by a decrease in extracellular pH acidity (7.2), disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity (80 %), an increase in reactive oxygen levels (25 %), and the triggering of apoptosis (40 %). In addition, the caspase cascade (CASP-3, -8, -9) was activated in MDA-MB-231 cells, triggering both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The expression of pro-apoptotic regulatory proteins (Bad, Bax, Bid, Bim, Cyt-c, Fas, FasL, TNF-a, TNF-R1, HTRA, SMAC, Casp-3, -8, P21, P27, and P53) was increased, while the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, apoptosis inhibitor proteins (IAPs), and heat shock proteins (HSPs) (Bcl-2, Bcl-w, cIAP-2, HSP27, HSP60, HSP70, Survivin, Livin, and XIAP) was decreased. These results propose that the MMH-1 compound could triggers apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells via the pH/MMP/ROS pathway through the inhibition of CA IX. This compound is thought to have high potential and promising anticancer properties in the treatment of aggressive tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey Tel
| | - Ebru Temiz
- Program of Medical Promotion and Marketing, Health Services Vocational School, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Eray Metin Güler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Hamidiye Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey Tel
| | - Ozgür Yuksekdag
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey Tel
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy Tel
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy Tel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Indisulam Reduces Viability and Regulates Apoptotic Gene Expression in Pediatric High-Grade Glioma Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010068. [PMID: 36672576 PMCID: PMC9855339 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG) is one of the most aggressive brain tumors. Treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or combination therapy in children older than 3−5 years of age. These devastating tumors are influenced by the hypoxic microenvironment that coordinatively increases the expression of carbonic anhydrases (CA9 and CA12) that are involved in pH regulation, metabolism, cell invasion, and resistance to therapy. The synthetic sulphonamide Indisulam is a potent inhibitor of CAs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Indisulam on CA9 and CA12 enzymes in pHGG cell lines. Our results indicated that, under hypoxia, the gene and protein expression of CA9 and CA12 are increased in pHGG cells. The functional effects of Indisulam on cell proliferation, clonogenic capacity, and apoptosis were measured in vitro. CA9 and CA12 gene and protein expression were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot. The treatment with Indisulam significantly reduced cell proliferation (dose-time-dependent) and clonogenic capacity (p < 0.05) and potentiated the effect of apoptosis (p < 0.01). Indisulam promoted an imbalance in the anti-apoptotic BCL2 and pro-apoptotic BAX protein expression. Our results demonstrate that Indisulam contributes to apoptosis via imbalance of apoptotic proteins (BAX/BCL2) and suggests a potential to overcome chemotherapy resistance caused by the regulation these proteins.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tülüce Y, Hussein AI, Koyuncu İ, Kiliç A, Durgun M. The effect of a bis-structured Schiff base on apoptosis, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage of breast cancer cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23148. [PMID: 35719061 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Developing new anticancer agents are crucial for cancer treatment. Antiproliferative activity of L1H as a bis-structured Schiff base was subjected to preliminary research in eight different kinds of cell lines by the cell viability method using different concentrations to determine their inhibitory concentration. L1H demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. In this perspective, the MCF-7 cell line was cultured for the examination of different molecular techniques, including MTT, apoptosis analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and comet assay. Moreover, the DNA ladder, acridine orange/ethidium bromide as another apoptotic cell analysis, markers of oxidative stress, and total antioxidant status, total thiol, and GSH as nonenzymatic antioxidants assay were conducted. The above techniques have proven that L1H is a growth inhibitor effect when compared to cisplatin as a positive control in human breast cancer cells, especially those affected by L1H. The findings clearly show that L1H evaluated in MCF-7 cell lines causes rising or induced apoptosis, DNA damage, diminished antioxidant status against the increase of oxidized protein, and prevents cell proliferation. Manifold evidence supported our hypothesis that L1H has a potential therapeutically improved effect against the MCF-7 cell line, and then without a doubt is a suitable candidate drug for investigating cancers next.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Tülüce
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Türkiye
| | - Azhee Ibrahim Hussein
- Department of Medical Biology, Health Science Institute, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Türkiye
| | - İsmail Koyuncu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Kiliç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sulfonamide-Derived Dithiocarbamate Gold(I) Complexes Induce the Apoptosis of Colon Cancer Cells by the Activation of Caspase 3 and Redox Imbalance. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061437. [PMID: 35740458 PMCID: PMC9221018 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new families of dithiocarbamate gold(I) complexes derived from benzenesulfonamide with phosphine or carbene as ancillary ligands have been synthesized and characterized. In the screening of their in vitro activity on human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2), we found that the more lipophilic complexes—those with the phosphine PPh3—exhibited the highest anticancer activity whilst also displaying significant cancer cell selectivity. [Au(S2CNHSO2C6H5)(PPh3)] (1) and [Au(S2CNHSO2-p-Me-C6H4)(IMePropargyl)] (8) produce cell death, probably by intrinsic apoptosis (mitochondrial membrane potential modification) and caspase 3 activation, causing cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase with p53 activation. Besides this, both complexes might act as multi-target anticancer drugs, as they inhibit the activity of the enzymes thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and carbonic anhydrase (CA IX) with the alteration of the redox balance, and show a pro-oxidant effect.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kciuk M, Gielecińska A, Mujwar S, Mojzych M, Marciniak B, Drozda R, Kontek R. Targeting carbonic anhydrase IX and XII isoforms with small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1278-1298. [PMID: 35506234 PMCID: PMC9090362 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2052868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases IX and CAXII (CAIX/CAXII) are transmembrane zinc metalloproteins that catalyze a very basic but crucial physiological reaction: the conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate with a release of the proton. CA, especially CAIX and CAXII isoforms gained the attention of many researchers interested in anticancer drug design due to pivotal functions of enzymes in the cancer cell metastasis and response to hypoxia, and their expression restricted to malignant cells. This offers an opportunity to develop new targeted therapies with fewer side effects. Continuous efforts led to the discovery of a series of diverse compounds with the most abundant sulphonamide derivatives. Here we review current knowledge considering small molecule and antibody-based targeting of CAIX/CAXII in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrianna Gielecińska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Somdutt Mujwar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Beata Marciniak
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Drozda
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Wl. Bieganski Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Laboratory of Cytogenetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Koyuncu I, Temiz E, Durgun M, Kocyigit A, Yuksekdag O, Supuran CT. Intracellular pH-mediated induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by a sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:37-46. [PMID: 34999037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a hypoxia-associated transmembrane protein that is critical in the survival of cells. Because CAIX has a key role in pH regulation, its therapeutic effects have been heavily studied by different research laboratories. This study aims to investigate how a synthetic CAIX inhibitor triggers apoptosis in a cancer cell line, HeLa. In this regard, we investigated the effects of the compound I, synthesized as a CAIX inhibitor, on the survival of cancer cells. The compound I inhibited the proliferation of the CAIX+ HeLa cells, kept the cells in G0/G1 phase (74.7%) and altered the cells morphologies (AO/EtBr staining) and the nuclear structure (γ-H2AX staining). CAIX inhibition triggered apoptosis in HeLa cells with a rate of 47.4%. According to the expression of mediator genes (CASP-3, -8, -9, BAX, BCL-2, BECLIN, LC3), the both death pathways were activated in HeLa cells with the inhibition of CAIX with the compound I. The compound I was also determined to affect the genes and proteins that have a critical role in the regulation of apoptotic pathways (pro casp-3, cleaved casp-3, -8, -9, cleaved PARP and CAIX). Furthermore, CAIX inhibition caused changes in pH balance, disruption in organelle integrity of mitochondria, and increase intracellular reactive oxygen level of HeLa cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that CAIX inhibition has a potential in cancer treatment, and the compound I, a CAIX inhibitor, could be a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of aggressive tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63290, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Temiz
- Program of Medical Promo and Marketing, Health Services Vocational School, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63300, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63290, Turkey.
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey.
| | - Ozgur Yuksekdag
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63290, Turkey
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Screening carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicine based on electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. Talanta 2021; 232:122444. [PMID: 34074429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) method for the screening of carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was developed. This method combines transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles (TDLFP) and rapid polarity switching technology to achieve rapid mixing of different reactants. Different electromigration rates of different substances make it possible that incubation, separation and detection are carried out continuously in a same fused-silica capillary. In this experiment, p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA) was used as the substrate for the enzyme reaction, which solved the problem that capillary electrophoresis could not detect carbonate, carbon dioxide, etc., the conventional substrates of carbonic anhydrase IX. After optimizing the enzyme reaction and separation conditions, the separation of substrate and product can be finished by baseline within 4 min. The Michaelis constant of carbonic anhydrase IX was measured to be 1.2 mM. A known inhibitor acetazolamide was used to evaluate the feasibility of this method for screening carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated to be 1.26 μM. Finally, 4 natural compounds of 15 traditional Chinese medicine standards were discovered to exhibit enzyme inhibitory activity, including polydatin, matrine, dauricine and cepharanthine, proving that the EMMA method is an effective means for screening carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors. The results were supported by molecular docking study.
Collapse
|
9
|
Temiz E, Koyuncu I, Durgun M, Caglayan M, Gonel A, Güler EM, Kocyigit A, Supuran CT. Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Promotes Apoptosis through Intracellular pH Level Alterations in Cervical Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6098. [PMID: 34198834 PMCID: PMC8201173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a hypoxia-related protein that plays a role in proliferation in solid tumours. However, how CAIX increases proliferation and metastasis in solid tumours is unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate how a synthetic CAIX inhibitor triggers apoptosis in the HeLa cell line. The intracellular effects of CAIX inhibition were determined with AO/EB, AnnexinV-PI, and γ-H2AX staining; measurements of intracellular pH (pHi), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); and analyses of cell cycle, apoptotic, and autophagic modulator gene expression (Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-12, Beclin, and LC3), caspase protein level (pro-caspase 3 and cleaved caspase-3, -8, -9), cleaved PARP activation, and CAIX protein level. Sulphonamide CAIX inhibitor E showed the lowest IC50 and the highest selectivity index in CAIX-positive HeLa cells. CAIX inhibition changed the morphology of HeLa cells and increased the ratio of apoptotic cells, dramatically disturbing the homeostasis of intracellular pHi, MMP and ROS levels. All these phenomena consequent to CA IX inhibition triggered apoptosis and autophagy in HeLa cells. Taken together, these results further endorse the previous findings that CAIX inhibitors represent an important therapeutic strategy, which is worth pursuing in different cancer types, considering that presently only one sulphonamide inhibitor, SLC-0111, has arrived in Phase Ib/II clinical trials as an antitumour/antimetastatic drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Temiz
- Program of Medical Promotion and Marketing, Health Services Vocational School, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63300, Turkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63290, Turkey; (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63290, Turkey
| | - Murat Caglayan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06110, Turkey;
| | - Ataman Gonel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa 63290, Turkey; (I.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Eray Metin Güler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Hamidiye Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul 34668, Turkey;
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey;
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li N, Li Y, Gao H, Li J, Ma X, Liu X, Gong P, Cui X, Li Y. Forkhead-box A3 (FOXA3) represses cancer stemness and partially potentiates chemosensitivity by targeting metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 21:CCDT-EPUB-112119. [PMID: 33292133 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201207150632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major challenge to the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) is persistent occurrence of chemoresistance. One of the established etiologies is the existence of cancerstem-like cells (CSCs) using which tumors resist to external therapeutic challenges. OBJECTIVE The forkhead-box A3 (FOXA3) is a potent transcription factor that potentiates the acquisition and maintenance of stemness fate in many physiological systems. However, its effect on cancer stemness, particularly treatment, has not been explored in CRC, forming the basis of the current study. METHODS FOXA3 expression in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC tissues and cells was evaluated using RT-qPCR. Effects of FOXA3 manipulation on sensitivity to oxaliplatin were assessed using WST-1, apoptotic ELISA, colony formation and xenograft model. Effects of FOXA3 alteration on CSCs were determined using tumor sphere assay and CD44 staining. Transcriptional regulation of MACC1 by FOXA3 was studied using ChIP, Co-IP and luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS FOXA3 expression was significantly reduced in tumor samples from oxaliplatin-non-responsive patients compared with that in tumor samples from oxaliplatin-sensitive patients. This downregulation of FOXA3 expression predicted a poor post-chemotherapy overall- or disease-free survival in our 117-patient cohort. FOXA3 down-regulation significantly enhanced cell survival and stem-like properties, thus rendering the CRC cells unresponsiveness to oxaliplatin-induced cell death. Mechanistically, the anti-neoplasic effect of FOXA3 was mediated mainly through transcriptional repression of metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) in oxaliplatin-resistant CRC cells. CONCLUSION Our findings establish FOXA3 as a potent tumor suppressor in CRC, which may disrupt the maintenance of stemness and modulate sensitivity to oxaliplatin by inhibiting the transcription of MACC1 within CRC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Cancer center of Suining Central Hospital, Suining 629000. China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Radionuclide Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Beijing Nuclear Industry Hospital, Beijing 100045. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Cancer center of Suining Central Hospital, Suining 629000. China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. China
| | - Xiaobin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Radiology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining 629000. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pharmacological Inhibition of CA-IX Impairs Tumor Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082983. [PMID: 32340282 PMCID: PMC7215745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) plays a pivotal role in regulation of pH in tumor milieu catalyzing carbonic acid formation by hydrating CO2. An acidification of tumor microenvironment contributes to tumor progression via multiple processes, including reduced cell-cell adhesion, increased migration and matrix invasion. We aimed to assess whether the pharmacological inhibition of CA-IX could impair tumor cell proliferation and invasion. Tumor epithelial cells from breast (MDA-MB-231) and lung (A549) cancer were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of sulfonamide CA-IX inhibitors. Two CA-IX enzyme blockers were tested, SLC-0111 (at present in phase Ib clinical trial) and AA-06-05. In these cells, the drugs inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion through shifting of the mesenchymal phenotype toward an epithelial one and by impairing matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) activity. The antitumor activity was elicited via apoptosis pathway activation. An upregulation of p53 was observed, which in turn regulated the activation of caspase-3. Inhibition of proteolytic activity was accompanied by upregulation of the endogenous tissue inhibitor TIMP-2. Collectively, these data confirm the potential use of CA-IX inhibitors, and in particular SLC-0111 and AA-06-05, as agents to be further developed, alone or in combination with other conventional anticancer drugs.
Collapse
|
12
|
Koyuncu I, Gonel A, Durgun M, Kocyigit A, Yuksekdag O, Supuran CT. Assessment of the antiproliferative and apoptotic roles of sulfonamide carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors in HeLa cancer cell line. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:75-86. [PMID: 30362386 PMCID: PMC6211230 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1524380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) has recently been validated as an antitumor/antimetastatic drug target. In this study, we examined the underlying molecular mechanisms and the anticancer activity of sulfonamide CA IX inhibitors against cervical cancer cell lines. The effects of several sulfonamides on HeLa, MDA-MB-231, HT-29 cancer cell lines, and normal cell lines (HEK-293, PNT-1A) viability were determined. The compounds showed high cytotoxic and apoptotic activities, mainly against HeLa cells overexpressing CA IX. We were also examined for intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; intra-/extracellular pH changes, for inhibition of cell proliferation, cellular mitochondrial membrane potential change and for the detection of caspase 3, 8, 9, and CA IX protein levels. Of the investigated sulfonamides, one compound was found to possess high cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects in HeLa cells. The cytotoxic effect occurred via apoptosis, being accompanied by a return of pHe/pHi towards normal values as for other CA IX inhibitors investigated earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ataman Gonel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Yuksekdag
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Dept., Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahmad R, Vaali-Mohammed MA, Elwatidy M, Al-Obeed O, Al-Khayal K, Eldehna WM, Abdel-Aziz HA, Alafeefy A, Abdulla M. Induction of ROS‑mediated cell death and activation of the JNK pathway by a sulfonamide derivative. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1552-1562. [PMID: 31364730 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of colorectal cancer in developed nations can be attributed to dietary habits, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Several treatment regimens are available for primary and metastatic colorectal cancer; however, these treatment options have had limited impact on cure and disease‑free survival, and novel agents need to be developed for treating colorectal cancer. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the anticancer mechanism of a benzo(1,3)dioxol‑based derivative of sulfonamide. The compound's inhibitory effect on cell proliferation was determined using the MTT assay and the xCelligence RTDP machine. Alternations in the expression of Bcl‑2 and inhibitor of apoptosis protein families were detected by western blotting. Apoptotic marker protein expression, including cytochrome c and cleaved poly(ADP‑ribose)polymerase was measured in the cytosolic extract of cells. Apoptosis and necrosis were detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activation of caspase‑3 and caspase‑7 were measured using flow cytometry. Activation of the JNK pathway was detected by western blotting. We investigated the molecular mechanism of action of the sulfonamide derivative on colorectal cancer cells and found that the compound possesses a potent anticancer effect, which is primarily exerted by inducing apoptosis and necrosis. Interestingly, this compound exhibited little antiproliferative effect against the normal colonic epithelial cell line FHC. Furthermore, our results showed that the compound could significantly increase ROS production. Apoptosis induction could be attenuated by the free oxygen radical scavenger N‑acetyl cysteine (NAC), indicating that the antiproliferative effect of this compound on colorectal cancer cells is at least partially dependent on the redox balance. In addition, JNK signaling was activated by treatment with this derivative, which led to the induction of apoptosis. On the contrary, a JNK inhibitor could suppress the cell death induced by this compound. Our findings thus suggested a novel anticancer mechanism of a benzo(1,3)dioxol‑based derivative of sulfonamide for colorectal cancer cells and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of colorectal cancer; however, further investigation is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Ahmad
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khaled University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor-Ali Vaali-Mohammed
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khaled University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Elwatidy
- CMRC, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Al-Obeed
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khaled University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khayal Al-Khayal
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khaled University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Alafeefy
- Department of Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
| | - Maha Abdulla
- Colorectal Research Chair, Department of Surgery, King Khaled University Hospital, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Podolski-Renić A, Dinić J, Stanković T, Jovanović M, Ramović A, Pustenko A, Žalubovskis R, Pešić M. Sulfocoumarins, specific carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors, interact with cancer multidrug resistant phenotype through pH regulation and reverse P-glycoprotein mediated resistance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 138:105012. [PMID: 31330259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New 6-triazolyl-substituted sulfocoumarins were described as potent inhibitors of the transmembrane human carbonic anhydrase isoforms, CAIX and CAXII. These membrane associated enzymes that maintain pH and CO2 homeostasis are involved in cancer progression, invasion, and resistance to therapy. Recently, it was shown that CAXII expression associates with the expression of P-glycoprotein in multidrug resistant cancer cells. CAXII regulates P-glycoprotein activity by maintaining high intracellular pHi. In this study, the activity of three new sulfocoumarins was evaluated in three sensitive and corresponding multidrug resistant cancer cell lines with increased P-glycoprotein expression (non-small cell lung carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma and glioblastoma). Compound 3 showed the highest potential for cancer cell growth inhibition in all tested cell lines. Flow cytometric analyses showed that compound 3 induced intracellular acidification, cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and necrosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Compound 3 demonstrated irreversible, concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity in multidrug resistant non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. The suppression of P-glycoprotein activity was accompanied with increased P-glycoprotein expression suggesting a compensatory mechanism of multidrug resistant cancer cells. In addition, compound 3 was able to sensitize multidrug resistant non-small cell lung carcinoma cells to doxorubicin. Overall, results imply that compound 3 has multidrug resistance modulating effect through intracellular acidification and subsequent inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Podolski-Renić
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Dinić
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Stanković
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirna Jovanović
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Amra Ramović
- State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadzica bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Aleksandrs Pustenko
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia; Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Raivis Žalubovskis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia; Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Milica Pešić
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mármol I, Quero J, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Cerrada E. Gold as a Possible Alternative to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060780. [PMID: 31195711 PMCID: PMC6628079 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing incidence and high mortality associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Classic chemotherapy against CRC is based on oxaliplatin and other cisplatin analogues; however, platinum-based therapy lacks selectivity to cancer cells and leads to deleterious side effects. In addition, tumor resistance to oxaliplatin is related to chemotherapy failure. Gold(I) derivatives are a promising alternative to platinum complexes, since instead of interacting with DNA, they target proteins overexpressed on tumor cells, thus leading to less side effects than, but a comparable antitumor effect to, platinum derivatives. Moreover, given the huge potential of gold nanoparticles, the role of gold in CRC chemotherapy is not limited to gold(I) complexes. Gold nanoparticles have been found to be able to overcome multidrug resistance along with reduced side effects due to a more efficient uptake of classic drugs. Moreover, the use of gold nanoparticles has enhanced the effect of traditional therapies such as radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, or photodynamic therapy, and has displayed a potential role in diagnosis as a consequence of their optic properties. Herein, we have reviewed the most recent advances in the use of gold(I) derivatives and gold nanoparticles in CRC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés Mármol
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Javier Quero
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, CIBERobn, IIS Aragón IA2, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Deparment of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, University of Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Koyuncu I, Tülüce Y, Slahaddin Qadir H, Durgun M, Supuran CT. Evaluation of the anticancer potential of a sulphonamide carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitor on cervical cancer cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:703-711. [PMID: 30810431 PMCID: PMC6394301 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1579805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a common type of cancer. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is an attractive target for tumour therapy, being overexpressed in many cancers. We investigated the anticancer properties of the aromatic sulphonamide S-1 as a CA IX inhibitor on cervical cancer cells (HeLa) positive for CA IX expression and normal prostate epithelial cell line (PNT1-A) negative for CA IX. We examined the cytotoxic, apoptosis, genotoxic, and oxidative stress activity of S-1 on HeLa and PNT1-A cell lines. S-1 induced significant reduction of cell viability, caused apoptosis, and up-regulated ROS production. This decrease in cell survival rate can be attributed to the high level of ROS and apoptosis, which has also been shown to arrest the cell cycle. Our findings indicated that S-1 is more effective on HeLa than PNT1-A. S-1 was able to induce apoptosis of cervical cancer cells and is a possible candidate for future anticancer studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Koyuncu
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Yasin Tülüce
- b Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine , Van Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey
| | - Hewa Slahaddin Qadir
- b Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine , Van Yuzuncu Yil University , Van , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Harran University , Sanliurfa , Turkey
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- d Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino (Florence) , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tülüce Y, Masseh HDI, Koyuncu İ, Kiliç A, Durgun M, Özkol H. Novel Fluorine Boron Hybrid Complex as Potential Antiproliferative Drugs on Colorectal Cancer Cell Line. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:627-637. [PMID: 30652651 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190117142353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer in both sexes; it is considered to be the third leading death factor among other types of cancer. This study aimed to examine the cytotoxicity of a new fluorine boron hybrid complex [L(BF2)2] on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT-29), based on the potency of the half-metal based complexes to initiate apoptosis. METHODS Based on this data, the impact of it in different concentrations on HT-29 cancerous cells was determined by apoptosis (ELISA, DNA fragmentation laddering, AO/EB staining), cytotoxicity (MTT) and genotoxicity (comet assay). We also calculated the cellular Oxidative Stress Index (OSI) by measuring the Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and Total Oxidant Status (TOS). RESULTS Firstly, [L(BF2)2] was examined in view of cytotoxic effect in seven various cell lines (HELA, DU-145, PC3, DLD-1, ECC, PNT1-A and HT-29), and then it was found that the applied complex had a mighty antiproliferative action on HT-29 cells. Thus, the most effective IC50 value turned out to be 26.49 µM in HT-29 cell line. The present study found a tremendous efficacy of [L(BF2)2] on HT-29 cells, especially in terms of damage to cancer cells' DNA, and consequently caused a series of reactions leading to programmed cell death. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the [L(BF2)2] as a novel fluorine boron hybrid complex can induce the apoptosis of HT-29 colorectal cancerous cell line and is a possible candidate for future cancer studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Tülüce
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - Hawro D I Masseh
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| | - İsmail Koyuncu
- Department of Biochemistry, Harran University, Faculty of Medicine, S.Urfa, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kiliç
- Department of Chemistry, Harran University, Faculty of Science and Art, S.Urfa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Durgun
- Department of Chemistry, Harran University, Faculty of Science and Art, S.Urfa, Turkey
| | - Halil Özkol
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine, Van, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karakuş F, Eyol E, Yılmaz K, Ünüvar S. Inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and colony formation of LS174T Cells by carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Afr Health Sci 2018; 18:1303-1310. [PMID: 30766596 PMCID: PMC6354875 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v18i4.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Migration of tumor cells is an important stage in metastasis. Therefore, recent studies have focused on clarifying migration and migration-dependent cell functions such as angiogenesis, wound healing, and invasion. Objectives In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of acetazolamide, which is a classical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, on the cell viability, migration, and colony forming capacity of human LS174T colorectal cancer cells. Methods Three different cell culture techniques (MTT test, wound healing and clonogenic assay) were performed in this in vitro study on colorectal cancer cells. Results Acetazolamide reduced the cell viability, migration and colony formation ability of cells depending on dose. There was no significant difference between the cells treated with acetazolamide with 1 µM dose and the control. However, it can be concluded that acetazolamide exerts its effect on human colorectal cancer cells at 10-1000 µM concentrations. Conclusion Acetazolamide was observed to significantly inhibit the cell viability, colony forming capacity, and migration ability in the culture medium of LS174T cells. This inhibitor effect of acetazolamide was observed to be dependent on the concentration in medium.
Collapse
|