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Robinson CA, Lyddon TD, Gil HM, Evans DT, Kuzmichev YV, Richard J, Finzi A, Welbourn S, Rasmussen L, Nebane NM, Gupta VV, Ananthan S, Cai Z, Wonderlich ER, Augelli-Szafran CE, Bostwick R, Ptak RG, Schader SM, Johnson MC. Novel Compound Inhibitors of HIV-1 NL4-3 Vpu. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040817. [PMID: 35458546 PMCID: PMC9024541 DOI: 10.3390/v14040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Vpu targets the host cell proteins CD4 and BST-2/Tetherin for degradation, ultimately resulting in enhanced virus spread and host immune evasion. The discovery and characterization of small molecules that antagonize Vpu would further elucidate the contribution of Vpu to pathogenesis and lay the foundation for the study of a new class of novel HIV-1 therapeutics. To identify novel compounds that block Vpu activity, we have developed a cell-based ‘gain of function’ assay that produces a positive signal in response to Vpu inhibition. To develop this assay, we took advantage of the viral glycoprotein, GaLV Env. In the presence of Vpu, GaLV Env is not incorporated into viral particles, resulting in non-infectious virions. Vpu inhibition restores infectious particle production. Using this assay, a high throughput screen of >650,000 compounds was performed to identify inhibitors that block the biological activity of Vpu. From this screen, we identified several positive hits but focused on two compounds from one structural family, SRI-41897 and SRI-42371. We developed independent counter-screens for off target interactions of the compounds and found no off target interactions. Additionally, these compounds block Vpu-mediated modulation of CD4, BST-2/Tetherin and antibody dependent cell-mediated toxicity (ADCC). Unfortunately, both SRI-41897 and SRI-42371 were shown to be specific to the N-terminal region of NL4-3 Vpu and did not function against other, more clinically relevant, strains of Vpu; however, this assay may be slightly modified to include more significant Vpu strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Terri D. Lyddon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (H.M.G.); (D.T.E.)
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (H.M.G.); (D.T.E.)
| | - Yury V. Kuzmichev
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada; (J.R.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada; (J.R.); (A.F.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC HX2 0A9, Canada
| | - Sarah Welbourn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Lynn Rasmussen
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (L.R.); (N.M.N.); (R.B.)
| | - N. Miranda Nebane
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (L.R.); (N.M.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Vandana V. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (V.V.G.); (S.A.); (C.E.A.-S.)
| | - Sam Ananthan
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (V.V.G.); (S.A.); (C.E.A.-S.)
| | - Zhaohui Cai
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Elizabeth R. Wonderlich
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Corinne E. Augelli-Szafran
- Department of Chemistry, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (V.V.G.); (S.A.); (C.E.A.-S.)
| | - Robert Bostwick
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (L.R.); (N.M.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Roger G. Ptak
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Susan M. Schader
- Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (Y.V.K.); (Z.C.); (E.R.W.); (R.G.P.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Marc C. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine and the Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (C.A.R.); (T.D.L.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR) was discovered during studies of asymptomatic HIV-infected subjects more than 30 years ago. In contrast to CD8+ T cell cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activity, CNAR suppresses HIV replication without target cell killing. This activity has characteristics of innate immunity: it acts on all retroviruses and thus is neither epitope specific nor HLA restricted. The HIV-associated CNAR does not affect other virus families. It is mediated, at least in part, by a CD8+ T cell antiviral factor (CAF) that blocks HIV transcription. A variety of assays used to measure CNAR/CAF and the effects on other retrovirus infections are described. Notably, CD8+ T cell noncytotoxic antiviral responses have now been observed with other virus families but are mediated by different cytokines. Characterizing the protein structure of CAF has been challenging despite many biologic, immunologic, and molecular studies. It represents a low-abundance protein that may be identified by future next-generation sequencing approaches. Since CNAR/CAF is a natural noncytotoxic activity, it could provide promising strategies for HIV/AIDS therapy, cure, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maelig G Morvan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fernando C Teque
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jay A Levy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. CD8 + T-Cell Response to HIV Infection in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1896. [PMID: 31447862 PMCID: PMC6697065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has decreased the deaths associated with the immune deficiency acquired syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS conditions have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients under suppressive cART. Since these conditions are associated with a persistent inflammatory and immune activation state, major efforts are currently made to improve the immune reconstitution. CD8+ T-cells are critical in the natural and cART-induced control of viral replication; however, CD8+ T-cells are highly affected by the persistent immune activation and exhaustion state driven by the increased antigenic and inflammatory burden during HIV infection, inducing phenotypic and functional alterations, and hampering their antiviral response. Several CD8+ T-cell subsets, such as interleukin-17-producing and follicular CXCR5+ CD8+ T-cells, could play a particular role during HIV infection by promoting the gut barrier integrity, and exerting viral control in lymphoid follicles, respectively. Here, we discuss the role of CD8+ T-cells and some of their subpopulations during HIV infection in the context of cART-induced viral suppression, focusing on current challenges and alternatives for reaching complete reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells antiviral function. We also address the potential usefulness of CD8+ T-cell features to identify patients who will reach immune reconstitution or have a higher risk for developing non-AIDS conditions. Finally, we examine the therapeutic potential of CD8+ T-cells for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Natalia A Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Lau JS, Smith MZ, Lewin SR, McMahon JH. Clinical trials of antiretroviral treatment interruption in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 2019; 33:773-791. [PMID: 30883388 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
: Despite the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV, there has been a long-standing research interest in interrupting ART as a strategy to minimize adverse effects of ART as well as to test interventions aiming to achieve a degree of virological control without ART. We performed a systematic review of HIV clinical studies involving treatment interruption from 2000 to 2017 to describe the differences between treatment interruption in studies that contained and didn't contain an intervention. We assessed differences in monitoring strategies, threshold to restart ART, duration and adverse outcomes of treatment interruption, and factors aimed at minimizing transmission. We found that treatment interruption has been incorporated into 159 clinical studies since 2000 and is increasingly being included in trials to assess the efficacy of interventions to achieve sustained virological remission off ART. Great heterogeneity was noted in immunological, virological and clinical monitoring strategies, as well as in thresholds to recommence ART. Treatment interruption in recent intervention studies were more closely monitored, had more conservative thresholds to restart ART and had a shorter treatment interruption duration, compared with older treatment interruption studies that didn't include an intervention.
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Schiffer JT, Swan DA, Roychoudhury P, Lund JM, Prlic M, Zhu J, Wald A, Corey L. A Fixed Spatial Structure of CD8 + T Cells in Tissue during Chronic HSV-2 Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1522-1535. [PMID: 30045971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (Trm) can rapidly eliminate virally infected cells, but their heterogeneous spatial distribution may leave gaps in protection within tissues. Although Trm patrol prior sites of viral replication, murine studies suggest they do not redistribute to adjacent uninfected sites to provide wider protection. We perform mathematical modeling of HSV-2 shedding in Homo sapiens and predict that infection does not induce enough Trm in many genital tract regions to eliminate shedding; a strict spatial distribution pattern of mucosal CD8+ T cell density is maintained throughout chronic infection, and trafficking of Trm across wide genital tract areas is unlikely. These predictions are confirmed with spatial analysis of CD8+ T cell distribution in histopathologic specimens from human genital biopsies. Further simulations predict that the key mechanistic correlate of protection following therapeutic HSV-2 vaccination would be an increase in total Trm rather than spatial reassortment of these cells. The fixed spatial structure of Trm induced by HSV-2 is sufficient for rapid elimination of infected cells but only in a portion of genital tract microregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Dave A Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Anna Wald
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and
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Killian MS, Teque F, Sudhagoni R. Analysis of the CD8 + T cell anti-HIV activity in heterologous cell co-cultures reveals the benefit of multiple HLA class I matches. Immunogenetics 2017; 70:99-113. [PMID: 28735348 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes can reduce the production of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) by CD4+ T cells by cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic mechanisms. To investigate the involvement of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I compatibility in anti-HIV responses, we co-cultured primary CD8+ T cells, isolated from the peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected individuals, with panels of autologous and heterologous acutely HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells. Altogether, CD8+ T cell anti-HIV activity was evaluated in more than 200 co-cultures. Marked heterogeneity in HIV-1 replication levels was observed among the co-cultures sharing a common CD8+ T cell source. The co-cultures that exhibited greater than 50% reduction in HIV production were found to have significantly increased numbers of matching HLA class I alleles (Yates chi-square = 54.21; p < 0.001). With CD8+ T cells from HIV controllers and asymptomatic viremic individuals, matching HLA-B and/or HLA-C alleles were more predictive of strong anti-HIV activity than matching HLA-A alleles. Overall, HLA class I genotype matches were more closely associated with CD8+ T cell anti-HIV activity than supertype pairings. Antibodies against HLA class I and CD3 reduced the CD8+ T cell anti-HIV activity. Stimulated CD8+ T cells exhibited increased anti-HIV activity and reduced dependency on HLA compatibility. These findings provide evidence that the maximal suppression of HIV replication by CD8+ T cells requires the recognition of multiple epitopes. These studies provide insight for HIV vaccine development, and the analytic approach can be useful for the functional characterization of HLA class I alleles and tentative HLA class I supertypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Killian
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark St, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA. .,Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA.
| | - Fernando Teque
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ramu Sudhagoni
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
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Abstract
Limited information is available about the effects of HIV and subsequent antiretroviral treatment on host-microbe interactions. This study aimed to determine the salivary microbial composition for 10 HIV-seropositive subjects, before and 6 months after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), compared with that for 10 HIV-seronegative subjects. A conventional culture and two culture-independent analyses were used and consistently demonstrated differences in microbial composition among the three sets of samples. HIV-positive subjects had higher levels of total cultivable microbes, including oral streptococci, lactobacilli, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida, in saliva than did HIV-negative subjects. The total cultivable microbial levels were significantly correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), which compared the overall microbial profiles, showed distinct fingerprinting profiles for each group. The human oral microbe identification microarray (HOMIM) assay, which compared the 16S rRNA genes, showed clear separation among the three sample groups. Veillonella, Synergistetes, and Streptococcus were present in all 30 saliva samples. Only minor changes or no changes in the prevalence of Neisseria, Haemophilus, Gemella, Leptotrichia, Solobacterium, Parvimonas, and Rothia were observed. Seven genera, Capnocytophaga, Slackia, Porphyromonas, Kingella, Peptostreptococcaceae, Lactobacillus, and Atopobium, were detected only in HIV-negative samples. The prevalences of Fusobacterium, Campylobacter, Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas, Actinomyces, Granulicatella, and Atopobium were increased after HAART. In contrast, the prevalence of Aggregatibacter was significantly decreased after HAART. The findings of this study suggest that HIV infection and HAART can have significant effects on salivary microbial colonization and composition.
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Killian MS, Teque F, Walker RL, Meltzer PS, Killian JK. CD8(+) lymphocytes suppress human immunodeficiency virus 1 replication by secreting type I interferons. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:632-45. [PMID: 23402527 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) cells can suppress human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication by releasing soluble factors. In 26 years of intensive research efforts, the identity of the major CD8(+) cell antiviral factor has remained elusive. To investigate the mechanism for this antiviral immune response, we performed gene expression analyses on primary CD4(+) cells that were exposed to HIV-suppressing CD8(+) cells or CD8(+) cell-conditioned medium having HIV-suppressing activity. These experiments revealed increased levels of multiple genes stimulated by type I interferons (IFN; eg, IFN-α and IFN-β). Further evaluation revealed that primary CD8(+) cells, particularly those from elite controllers and other asymptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals, secrete IFN, and this response directly contributes to the in vitro suppression of HIV replication in CD4(+) cells. This novel immune response, likely mediated by memory CD8(+) T cells, may play an important role in a wide variety of viral infections, cancers, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Killian
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California
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Bolhassani A, Zahedifard F. Therapeutic live vaccines as a potential anticancer strategy. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1733-43. [PMID: 22610886 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of efficient cancer treatments is one of the major challenges of medical science. Therapeutic vaccines of cancer have been emerged as an attractive approach for their capacity of breaking the immune tolerance and invoking long-term immune response targeting cancer cells without autoimmunity. An efficient antigen delivery system is the key issue of developing an effective cancer vaccine. In this regard, live vaccination strategies including various live bacterial and viral vectors have attracted a great attention. Several bacterial strains such as Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes and Lactococcus lactis effectively colonize solid tumors and act as antitumor therapeutics. On the other hand, the use of viruses as vaccine vectors such as Vaccinia, Adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus, Paramyxovirus and Retroviruses utilizes mechanisms that evolved in these microbes for entering cells and capturing the cellular machinery to express viral proteins. Viral/bacterial-vectored vaccines induce systemic T-cell responses including polyfunctional cytokine-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. However, there is an urgent need for the development of new safe live vaccine vectors that are capable of enhancing antigen presentation and eliciting potent immune responses without the risk of development of disease in humans. Recently, nonpathogenic parasites including Leishmania tarentolae, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi have emerged to be a novel candidate for gene delivery and heterologous genes expression. In this review, recent researches on cancer therapy using genetically modified bacteria and virus are summarized. In addition, live parasite-based vectors will be discussed as a novel anticancer therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Rollier CS, Reyes-Sandoval A, Cottingham MG, Ewer K, Hill AVS. Viral vectors as vaccine platforms: deployment in sight. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Natural suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication is mediated by transitional memory CD8+ T cells. J Virol 2010; 85:1696-705. [PMID: 21147929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01120-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV replication is suppressed in vitro by a CD8(+) cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR). This activity directly correlates with an asymptomatic clinical state. The objective of this study was to identify the phenotype of CD8(+) cell subsets having strong CNAR activity. CD8(+) cell subset frequencies and CNAR levels were measured for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected individuals and three groups of HIV type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals: asymptomatic individuals with low-level viremia (vHIV), antiretroviral-drug-treated subjects with undetectable virus levels (TxHIV), and therapy-naïve aviremic elite controllers (EC). CD8(+) cells from the vHIV individuals exhibited the highest HIV-suppressing activity and had elevated frequencies of CD45RA(-) CD27(+) and PD-1(+) (CD279(+)) cells. Functional assessments of CD8(+) cells sorted into distinct subsets established that maximal CNAR activity was mediated by CD45RA(-) CCR7(-) CD27(+) and PD-1(+) CD8(+) cells. T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire profiles of CD8(+) cell subsets having strong CNAR activity exhibited increased perturbations in comparison to those of inactive subsets. Together, these studies suggest that CNAR is driven by HIV replication and that this antiviral activity is associated with oligoclonally expanded activated CD8(+) cells expressing PD-1 and having a transitional memory cell phenotype. The findings better describe the identity of CD8(+) cells showing CNAR and should facilitate the evaluation of this important immune response in studies of HIV pathogenesis, resistance to infection, and vaccine development.
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