Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye Using Biogenic SnO2 Nanoparticles with Antifungal Property: RSM Optimization and Kinetic Study

Co, Cu, Fe, and Ni Deposited over TiO2 and Their Photocatalytic Activity in the Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenol and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Pure TiO2 synthesized by the sol-gel method and subsequently deposited at 5% by weight with Co, Cu, Fe, and Ni ions by the deposition–precipitation method were studied as photocatalysts. The nanomaterials were analyzed by SEM, TEM, UV-Vis DRS, DRX, Physisorption N2, and XPS. The SEM and TEM images present a semi-spherical shape with small agglomerations of particles and average size between 63 and 65 nm. UV-Vis results show that a reduction below 3.2 eV exhibits a redshift displacement and increment in the optical absorption of the nanoparticles promoting the absorption in the UV-visible region. XRD spectra and analysis SAED suggest the characteristic anatase phase in TiO2 and deposited materials according to JCPDS 21-1272. The specific surface area was calculated and the nanomaterial Ni/TiO2 (21.3 m2 g−1) presents a slight increment when comparing to TiO2 (20.37 m2g−1). The information generated by the XPS spectra present the deposition of metallic ions on the support and the presence of different valence states for each photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity was carried out in an aqueous solution with 80 mg L−1 of 2,4-D or 2,4-DCP under UV light (285 nm) with 100 mg L−1 of each photocatalysts for 360 min. The nanomaterial that presented the best efficiency was Ni/TiO2, obtaining a degradation of 85.6% and 90.3% for 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP, respectively. Similarly, this material was the one that presented the highest mineralization, 68.3% and 86.5% for 2,4-D and 2,4-DCP, respectively. Photocatalytic reactions correspond to the pseudo-first-order Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.