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Tobin SC. Continuous Capnography for Early Detection of Respiratory Compromise During Gastroenterological Procedural Sedation and Analgesia. Gastroenterol Nurs 2024; 47:291-298. [PMID: 39087995 DOI: 10.1097/sga.0000000000000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastroenterology nurses working across a variety of clinical settings are responsible for periprocedural monitoring during moderate to deep procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) to identify signs of respiratory compromise and intervene to prevent cardiorespiratory events. Pulse oximetry is the standard of care for respiratory monitoring, but it may delay or fail to detect abnormal ventilation during PSA. Continuous capnography, which measures end-tidal CO2 as a marker of alveolar ventilation, has been endorsed by a number of clinical guidelines. Large clinical trials have demonstrated that the addition of continuous capnography to pulse oximetry during PSA for various gastroenterological procedures reduces the incidence of hypoxemia, severe hypoxemia, and apnea. Studies have shown that the cost of adding continuous capnography is offset by the reduction in adverse events and hospital length of stay. In the postanesthesia care unit, continuous capnography is being evaluated for monitoring opioid-induced respiratory depression and to guide artificial airway removal. Studies are also examining the utility of continuous capnography to predict the risk of opioid-induced respiratory depression among patients receiving opioids for primary analgesia. Continuous capnography monitoring has become an essential tool to detect early signs of respiratory compromise in patients receiving PSA during gastroenterological procedures. When combined with pulse oximetry, it can help reduce cardiorespiratory adverse events, improve patient outcomes and safety, and reduce health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey C Tobin
- Stacey C. Tobin, PhD, is a Senior Medical Writer at The Tobin Touch, Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois
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Michael FA, Peveling-Oberhag J, Herrmann E, Zeuzem S, Bojunga J, Friedrich-Rust M. Evaluation of the Integrated Pulmonary Index® during non-anesthesiologist sedation for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. J Clin Monit Comput 2021; 35:1085-1092. [PMID: 32734356 PMCID: PMC8497449 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-020-00563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Standard monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation during endoscopy is recommended by current guidelines on procedural sedation. A number of studies indicated a reduction of hypoxic (art. oxygenation < 90% for > 15 s) and severe hypoxic events (art. oxygenation < 85%) by additional use of capnography. Therefore, U.S. and the European guidelines comment that additional capnography monitoring can be considered in long or deep sedation. Integrated Pulmonary Index® (IPI) is an algorithm-based monitoring parameter that combines oxygenation measured by pulse oximetry (art. oxygenation, heart rate) and ventilation measured by capnography (respiratory rate, apnea > 10 s, partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide [PetCO2]). The aim of this paper was to analyze the value of IPI as parameter to monitor the respiratory status in patients receiving propofol sedation during PEG-procedure. Patients reporting for PEG-placement under sedation were randomized 1:1 in either standard monitoring group (SM) or capnography monitoring group including IPI (IM). Heart rate, blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation were monitored in SM. In IM additional monitoring was performed measuring PetCO2, respiratory rate and IPI. Capnography and IPI values were recorded for all patients but were only visible to the endoscopic team for the IM-group. IPI values range between 1 and 10 (10 = normal; 8-9 = within normal range; 7 = close to normal range, requires attention; 5-6 = requires attention and may require intervention; 3-4 = requires intervention; 1-2 requires immediate intervention). Results on capnography versus standard monitoring of the same study population was published previously. A total of 147 patients (74 in SM and 73 in IM) were included in the present study. Hypoxic events occurred in 62 patients (42%) and severe hypoxic events in 44 patients (29%), respectively. Baseline characteristics were equally distributed in both groups. IPI = 1, IPI < 7 as well as the parameters PetCO2 = 0 mmHg and apnea > 10 s had a high sensitivity for hypoxic and severe hypoxic events, respectively (IPI = 1: 81%/81% [hypoxic/severe hypoxic event], IPI < 7: 82%/88%, PetCO2: 69%/68%, apnea > 10 s: 84%/84%). All four parameters had a low specificity for both hypoxic and severe hypoxic events (IPI = 1: 13%/12%, IPI < 7: 7%/7%, PetCO2: 29%/27%, apnea > 10 s: 7%/7%). In multivariate analysis, only SM and PetCO2 = 0 mmHg were independent risk factors for hypoxia. IPI (IPI = 1 and IPI < 7) as well as the individual parameters PetCO2 = 0 mmHg and apnea > 10 s allow a fast and convenient conclusion on patients' respiratory status in a morbid patient population. Sensitivity is good for most parameters, but specificity is poor. In conclusion, IPI can be a useful metric to assess respiratory status during propofol-sedation in PEG-placement. However, IPI was not superior to PetCO2 and apnea > 10 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Alexander Michael
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Jan Peveling-Oberhag
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Institute of Biostatistic and Mathematical Modelling, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jörg Bojunga
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mireen Friedrich-Rust
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
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Gurlu R, Tolu Kendir O, Baspinar O, Erkek N. Can Non-Invasive Capnography and Integrated Pulmonary Index Contribute to Patient Monitoring in the Pediatric Emergency Department? KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2021; 234:26-32. [PMID: 34359093 DOI: 10.1055/a-1546-1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Noninvasive capnography (NICG) devices can measure oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), respiratory rate, heart rate values and integrated pulmonary index (IPI). This study aimed to evaluate patients who were monitored using NICG for various indications in a pediatric emergency department and to determine its contribution to patient management in the pediatric emergency department (PED). METHODS In this study, children aged <18 years who had been monitored with a NICG at the PED in our university between August 2018-May 2019 were evaluated. Of them 48 patients' file records and monitored capnography parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, capillary refill time, Glasgow Coma Score, SpO2, EtCO2, IPI recorded in the forms were reviewed. RESULTS Patients most often presented to the emergency room due to seizures (35.4%), change in consciousness (22.9%), other neurological reasons (18.8%) with %50 were female. Seizure treatment(16.7%), circulatory-respiratory support(16.7%), and antiedema treatments(6.3%) were required for 39.5% patients as life-saving interventions, and 72.9% patients were hospitalized. Patients with low IPI(<8) values at the beginning and decreasing IPI (<8) measurements within monitoring period needed more life-saving treatments(p=0.005 and p=0.001, respectively). Low IPI values of the patients during monitoring showed a significant difference in the decision to be hospitalized(p=0.048). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate that monitoring with NICG in the pediatric emergency room can be an important early indicator in establishing clinical prediction. The study particularly points out that the IPI value can be a guide in decisions regarding life-saving treatment and hospitalization. Among the capnographic data of these patients who had a change in consciousness IPI values those measured at the beginning and within the monitorizarion period showed a significant correlation with low GCS (<8) (r=0.478, p=0.001 and r=0.456, p=0.02, respectively). Prospective comprehensive large scale studies are needed to examine the use of NICG and IPI in routine PED practice for various indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Gurlu
- Pediatrics, Emergency Care Unit, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Tolu Kendir
- Pediatrics, Emergency Care Unit, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Omer Baspinar
- Pediatrics, Emergency Care Unit, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Erkek
- Pediatrics, Emergency Care Unit, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Kocak AO, Cakir Z, Akbas I, Gur STA, Kose MZ, Can NO, Sengun E, Gemis OF. Comparison of two scores of short term serious outcome in COPD patients. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 38:1086-1091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.158376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Akcil EF, Korkmaz Dilmen O, Ertem Vehid H, Yentur E, Tunali Y. The role of "Integrated Pulmonary Index" monitoring during morphine-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia administration following supratentorial craniotomies: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin 2018; 34:2009-2014. [PMID: 30010438 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2018.1501352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Morphine is commonly used in post-operative analgesia, but opioid-related respiratory depression causes a general reluctance for its use. The "Integrated Pulmonary Index" is a tool calculated from non-invasively obtained respiratory and hemodynamic parameters. The aim of this prospective, randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled study is to determine a more safe and effective dose for morphine in patient-controlled analgesia following supratentorial craniotomy using the "Integrated Pulmonary Index". METHODS This study included 60 patients (ASA I, II, and III). All patients used iv PCA for 24 h following supratentorial craniotomy. The PCA was set to administer a bolus dose of 1 mg morphine in Group 1 and 0.5 mg morphine in Group 2. The PCA contained placebo in Group 3 and patients received dexketoprofen 50 mg iv after awakening, repeated every 8 h. The IPI and NRS scores, total morphine consumption, and morphine related side-effects were recorded at 10 min, 1, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h post-operatively. The lowest IPI score, count of apnea, and desaturation events were recorded during the study period. RESULTS The IPI scores were similar among the groups. Although a statistically significant difference was not observed among the groups the lowest IPI scores were observed in Group 1; apnea and desaturation counts were also higher in Group 1. Statistically significant differences were not observed among the groups in terms of pain scores, but were lower in Groups 1 and 2 compared to Group 3. CONCLUSION Patient controlled analgesia with 0.5 mg morphine may be safe and effective for pain management following supratentorial craniotomies. Integrated pulmonary index can be used for detecting opioid-induced respiratory depression. Clinical Trials registration number: NCT02929147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Fatma Akcil
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine , University of Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ozlem Korkmaz Dilmen
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine , University of Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Hayriye Ertem Vehid
- b Department of Medical Education and Informatics , University of Istanbul Bilim , Turkey
| | - Ercument Yentur
- c Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care , University of Istanbul Bilim , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tunali
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine , University of Istanbul , Turkey
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Integrated Pulmonary Index (IPI) monitorization under sedation in cataract surgery with phacoemulsification technique. Int Ophthalmol 2018; 39:1949-1954. [PMID: 30284695 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-018-1024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate that change of IPI values after sedation of patients undergoing cataract surgery under sedation. METHODS We included 50 patients (ASA I-III) undergoing cataract surgery under sedation by phacoemulsification method in this prospective observational study. IPI, SpO2, ETCO2, respiratory rate (RR), peripheral pulse rate (PR), hemodynamic data and BIS values and perioperative complications were recorded. RESULTS Compared to baseline values, RR value at 5th min, RR, PR, IPI values at 10th min and RR, PR values at 15th min were significantly low and heart rate value at 15th min and arterial pressure, bispectral index (BIS) values at 5th min, 10th min, 15th min, 20th min, 25th min and 30th min were lower than baseline values. CONCLUSIONS IPI monitoring will provide guidance during sedation of patients with comorbid diseases undergoing cataract surgery by phacoemulsification method.
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Narula N, Masood S, Shojaee S, McGuinness B, Sabeti S, Buchan A. Safety of Propofol versus Nonpropofol-Based Sedation in Children Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2018; 2018:6501215. [PMID: 30210535 PMCID: PMC6126059 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6501215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of children who undergo gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy require anesthesia or procedural sedation for comfort, cooperation, and procedure efficiency. The safety profile of propofol is not well established in children but has been studied in the literature. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the safety of propofol-only sedation for GI endoscopy procedures to other anesthetic regimes in the pediatric population. METHODS A search was conducted in the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. Randomized clinical trials and prospective cohorts were included in the study. RESULTS No significant difference was noted in total complications between the two cohorts with a pooled OR of 1.31 (95% CI: 0.57-3.04, chi2 = 0.053, I2 = 54.31%). The pooled rate of complications in the studies was 23.4% for those receiving propofol only and 18.2% for those receiving other anesthetic regimens. Sensitivity analysis was performed removing a study with a very different control comparison compared to the rest of the studies included. Once excluded, there was minimal heterogeneity in the remaining studies and a significant difference in overall complications was detected, with more complications seen in the propofol-only group compared to the other anesthetic groups (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.09-3.20). CONCLUSION Significantly higher incidence of cardiorespiratory complications was noted in the propofol-only versus other anesthetic regimens in pediatric patients undergoing GI endoscopy in this meta-analysis. However, the overall quality of the evidence is very low. HOW TO APPLY THIS KNOWLEDGE FOR ROUTINE CLINICAL PRACTICE Clinicians providing sedation to a pediatric population for GI endoscopy should consider there may be increased risks when using a propofol-only regimen, but further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Narula
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology) and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sameer Masood
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samira Shojaee
- Department of Medicine (Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brandon McGuinness
- Department of Medicine (Division of Gastroenterology) and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Saama Sabeti
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arianne Buchan
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Fot EV, Izotova NN, Yudina AS, Smetkin AA, Kuzkov VV, Kirov MY. The Predictive Value of Integrated Pulmonary Index after Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Prospective Observational Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:132. [PMID: 28848733 PMCID: PMC5552677 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The early warning scores may increase the safety of perioperative period. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic and predictive role of Integrated Pulmonary Index (IPI) after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Materials and Methods Forty adult patients undergoing elective OPCAB were enrolled into a single-center prospective observational study. We assessed respiratory function using IPI that includes oxygen saturation, end-tidal CO2, respiratory rate, and pulse rate. In addition, we evaluated blood gas analyses and hemodynamics, including ECG, invasive arterial pressure, and cardiac index. The measurements were performed after transfer to the intensive care unit, after spontaneous breathing trial and at 2, 6, 12, and 18 h after extubation. Results and Discussion The value of IPI registered during respiratory support correlated weakly with cardiac index (rho = 0.4; p = 0.04) and ScvO2 (rho = 0.4, p = 0.02). After extubation, IPI values decreased significantly, achieving a minimum by 18 h. The IPI value ≤9 at 6 h after extubation was a predictor of complicated early postoperative period (AUC = 0.71; p = 0.04) observed in 13 patients. Conclusion In off-pump coronary surgery, the IPI decreases significantly after tracheal extubation and may predict postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia V Fot
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Natalia N Izotova
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Anjelika S Yudina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Aleksei A Smetkin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V Kuzkov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y Kirov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
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Supe D, Baron L, Decker T, Parker K, Venella J, Williams S, Beaton K, Zaleski J. Research: Continuous Surveillance of Sleep Apnea Patients in a Medical-Surgical Unit. Biomed Instrum Technol 2017; 51:236-251. [PMID: 28530876 DOI: 10.2345/0899-8205-51.3.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This report consists of two separate studies on the use of continuous capnography monitoring conducted in an effort to improve patient safety at Virtua Health System. The desire for improved patient safety is motivating continuous monitoring and improved surveillance in clinical areas not traditionally equipped for such monitoring. We explored the use of remote monitoring of capnography, using enterprise middleware, in patients recovering from surgery in a medical-surgical unit. Continuous monitoring traditionally has been used in higher-acuity settings, such as intensive care units. Patients diagnosed or suspected to have obstructive or central sleep apnea may benefit from the increased surveillance afforded by continuous monitoring. Pain management in this cohort of patients, recovering from bariatric, joint replacement, or other major surgery, often involves administration of opioids (e.g., hydromorphone, morphine sulfate), which are known to increase risk of respiratory depression. Continuous monitoring of these patients increases the likelihood of detecting adverse clinical events. Our goal was to implement continuous monitoring in order to identify alarm conditions caused by adverse clinical events requiring intervention (e.g., opioid-induced respiratory depression) and artifacts related to patient movement, suspect measurements, or other medical device-generated alarm signals.
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Riphaus A, Wehrmann T, Kronshage T, Geist C, Pox CP, Heringlake S, Schmiegel W, Beitz A, Meining A, Müller M, von Delius S. Clinical value of the Integrated Pulmonary Index ® during sedation for interventional upper GI-endoscopy: A randomized, prospective tri-center study. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:45-49. [PMID: 27671621 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS The Integrated Pulmonary Index® (IPI) is a mathematically-determined factor based on parameters of capnography and pulse oximetry, which should enable sensitive detection of impaired respiratory function. Aim was to investigate whether an additional measurement of the IPI during sedation for interventional endoscopy, compared to standard monitoring alone, allows a reduction of sedation-related respiratory depression. PATIENTS AND METHODS 170 patients with standard monitoring randomly underwent either a blinded recording of capnography (control group, n=87) or capnography, including automated IPI calculation (IPI group, n=83), during deep sedation with midazolam and propofol. The primary endpoint was the maximum decrease of oxygen saturation from the baseline level before sedation. Secondary endpoints: incidence of hypoxemia (SaO2<90%), other sedation-related complications (apnea rate, bradycardia, hypotension), patient cooperation and satisfaction (VAS). RESULTS Mean propofol dose in the IPI group (245±61mg) was comparable to the control group (225±47mg). The average drop of the oxygen saturation in the IPI group (6.5±4.1%) was nearly identical to that of the control group (7.1±4.6%, p=0.44). Apnea episodes >15s was found in 46 patients of the control and 31 of the IPI group (p<0.05). Frequency of occurrence of a drop in pO2-saturation <90%, bradycardia <50/min or a drop of systolic pressure <90mmHg were not significantly different in both groups. Mechanical ventilation was not required in any case. Patient cooperation and satisfaction were assessed similar in both groups. CONCLUSION A clinically appealing advantage of IPI-assessment during deep sedation with midazolam and propofol for interventional endoscopy could not be documented. However, IPI registration was more effective in reducing the incidence of apnea episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Riphaus
- Department of Medicine, KRH Klinikum Agnes Karll, Laatzen, Germany.
| | | | - Tim Kronshage
- Department of Medicine, Medical University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christoph Geist
- Department of Medicine, Medical University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian P Pox
- Department of Medicine, Medical University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Heringlake
- Department of Medicine, Medical University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolff Schmiegel
- Department of Medicine, Medical University Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Analena Beitz
- II. Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Meining
- II. Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stefan von Delius
- II. Department of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 2015 end of year summary: respiration. J Clin Monit Comput 2015; 30:7-12. [PMID: 26719297 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-015-9820-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews 17 papers or commentaries published in Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing in 2015, within the field of respiration. Papers were published covering monitoring and training of breathing, monitoring of gas exchange, hypoxemia and acid-base, and CO2 monitoring.
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