1
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Pfenninger E, Königsdorfer M. [IT Failures in Hospitals - Structures and Processes in Hospitals for Coping Cyber Attacks]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2024; 149:1094-1104. [PMID: 39208862 DOI: 10.1055/a-2360-1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Clinics are, by definition, part of a country's critical infrastructure. In recent years, hospitals have increasingly become the target of cyber attacks, resulting in disruptions to their functionality lasting weeks to even months. According to the "National Strategy for the Protection of Critical Infrastructures (CRITIS Strategy)", clinics are legally obligated to take preventive measures against such incidents. This involves evaluating, defining, and developing failure concepts for IT-dependent processes within a clinic to be prepared for a cyber attack. Specifically tailored emergency plans for computer system failures should be created and maintained in all IT-dependent areas of a clinic.Additionally, paper-based alternative solutions, such as request forms for diagnostic or consultation services, department-specific emergency documents, and patient documentation charts, should be kept in a readily accessible location known to staff in the respective areas. The complete restoration of a clinic's network after a cyber attack often requires extensive recovery of numerous IT systems, which may take weeks to months in some cases.If the hospital has robust plans for cyber emergency preparedness, including regular scans and real-time backups, stabilization and a quicker resumption of operations may be possible.
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2
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Straw I, Kirkby C, Gopinath P. Connected to the cloud at time of death: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2024; 18:360. [PMID: 39095817 PMCID: PMC11297758 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our case report provides the first clinical evaluation of autopsy practices for a patient death that occurs on the cloud. We question how autopsy practices may require adaptation for a death that presents via the 'Internet of Things', examining how existing guidelines capture data related to death which is no longer confined to the patient's body. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a British man in his 50s, who came to the attention of the medical team via an alert on the cloud-based platform that monitored his implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). The patient had a background of congenital heart disease, with previous ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest, for which the ICD had been implanted two years earlier. Retrospective analysis of the cloud data demonstrated a gradually decreasing nocturnal heart rate over the previous three months, falling to a final transmission of 24 beats per minute (bpm). In the patient post-mortem the ICD was treated as medical waste, structural tissue changes precluded the effective evaluation of device hardware, potential issues related to device software were not investigated and the cause of death was assigned to underlying heart failure. The documentation from the attending law enforcement officials did not consider possible digital causes of harm and relevant technology was not collected from the scene of death. CONCLUSION Through this patient case we explore novel challenges associated with digital deaths including; (1) device hardware issues (difficult extraction processes, impact of pathological tissue changes), (2) software and data limitations (impact of negative body temperatures and mortuary radio-imaging on devices, lack of retrospective cloud data analysis), (3) guideline limitations (missing digital components in autopsy instruction and death certification), and (4) changes to clinical management (emotional impact of communicating deaths occurring over the internet to members of family). We consider the implications of our findings for public health services, the security and intelligence community, and patients and their families. In sharing this report we seek to raise awareness of digital medical cases, to draw attention to how the nature of dying is changing through technology, and to motivate the development of digitally appropriate clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Straw
- University College London, 250 Euston Road, London, UK.
| | - Claire Kirkby
- Department of Cardiology, Barts Hospital, London, UK
| | - Preethi Gopinath
- Department of Pathology, The Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow, London, UK
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3
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Zhong T, William HM, Jin MY, Abd-Elsayed A. A Review of Remote Monitoring in Neuromodulation for Chronic Pain Management. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024:10.1007/s11916-024-01302-x. [PMID: 39066995 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-024-01302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuromodulation techniques have emerged as promising strategies for managing chronic pain. These techniques encompass various modalities of nerve stimulation, including Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS), Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation (DRG-S), and Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS). Studies consistently demonstrate significant improvements in pain intensity, quality of life, and reduced opioid usage among patients treated with these modalities. However, neuromodulation presents challenges, such as the need for frequent in-person follow-up visits to ensure proper functionality of the implanted device. Our review explored factors impacting compliance in current neuromodulation users and examined how remote monitoring can mitigate some of these challenges. We also discuss outcomes of recent studies related to remote monitoring of neuromodulation. RECENT FINDINGS While remote monitoring capabilities for neuromodulation devices is an emerging development, there are promising results supporting its role in improving outcomes for chronic pain patients. Higher patient satisfaction, improved pain control, and reduced caretaker burdens have been observed with the use of remote monitoring. This review discusses the current challenges with neuromodulation therapy and highlights the role of remote monitoring. As the field continues to evolve, understanding the importance of remote monitoring for neuromodulation is crucial for optimizing pain management outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hannah M William
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Max Y Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Lippi G, Akhvlediani S, Cadamuro J, Danese E, García de Guadiana Romualdo L, Delacour H, Favaloro EJ, Favresse J, Henry BM, Jovicic S, Kütt M, Moreno Y Banuls L, Ozben T, Peretz A, Perovic A, Thachil J, Yucel D, Plebani M. EFLM Task Force Preparation of Labs for Emergencies (TF-PLE) recommendations for reinforcing cyber-security and managing cyber-attacks in medical laboratories. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 0:cclm-2024-0803. [PMID: 39008654 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2024-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The healthcare systems are a prime target for cyber-attacks due to the sensitive nature of the information combined with the essential need for continuity of care. Medical laboratories are particularly vulnerable to cyber-attacks for a number of reasons, including the high level of information technology (IT), computerization and digitization. Based on reliable and widespread evidence that medical laboratories may be inadequately prepared for cyber-terrorism, a panel of experts of the Task Force Preparation of Labs for Emergencies (TF-PLE) of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) has recognized the need to provide some general guidance that could help medical laboratories to be less vulnerable and better prepared for the dramatic circumstance of a disruptive cyber-attack, issuing a number of consensus recommendations, which are summarized and described in this opinion paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, 19051 University of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | - Salome Akhvlediani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Microbiology, Acad. O. Gudushauri National Medical Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Janne Cadamuro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elisa Danese
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, 19051 University of Verona , Verona, Italy
| | | | - Herve Delacour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Begin Military Teaching Hospital, Saint-Mandé, France
| | - Emmanuel J Favaloro
- Haematology, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julien Favresse
- Services of Clinical Biology, Clinic Saint-Luc, Bouge, Belgium
| | - Brandon M Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Snezana Jovicic
- Department for Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marge Kütt
- Laboratory of Diagnostics Division, North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, Talinn, Estonia
| | | | - Tomris Ozben
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Avi Peretz
- The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated With Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Antonija Perovic
- Medical Biochemistry Laboratory, Health Care Institution Glavić, Dubrovnik, Croatia
| | - Jecko Thachil
- Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Clinic, Haematology Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust - Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Dogan Yucel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Sheerah HA, AlSalamah S, Alsalamah SA, Lu CT, Arafa A, Zaatari E, Alhomod A, Pujari S, Labrique A. The Rise of Virtual Health Care: Transforming the Health Care Landscape in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Review Article. Telemed J E Health 2024. [PMID: 38984415 DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2024.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rise of virtual healthcare underscores the transformative influence of digital technologies in reshaping the healthcare landscape. As technology advances and the global demand for accessible and convenient healthcare services escalates, the virtual healthcare sector is gaining unprecedented momentum. Saudi Arabia, with its ambitious Vision 2030 initiative, is actively embracing digital innovation in the healthcare sector. METHODS In this narrative review, we discussed the key drivers and prospects of virtual healthcare in Saudi Arabia, highlighting its potential to enhance healthcare accessibility, quality, and patient outcomes. We also summarized the role of the COVID-19 pandemic in the digital transformation of healthcare in the country. Healthcare services provided by Seha Virtual Hospital in Saudi Arabia, the world's largest and Middle East's first virtual hospital, were also described. Finally, we proposed a roadmap for the future development of virtual health in the country. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The integration of virtual healthcare into the existing healthcare system can enhance patient experiences, improve outcomes, and contribute to the overall well-being of the population. However, careful planning, collaboration, and investment are essential to overcome the challenges and ensure the successful implementation and sustainability of virtual healthcare in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytham A Sheerah
- Ministry of Health, Office of the Vice Minister of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shada AlSalamah
- Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Digital Health and Innovation, Science Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sara A Alsalamah
- College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Chang-Tien Lu
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ahmed Arafa
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ezzedine Zaatari
- Ministry of Health, Office of the Vice Minister of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alhomod
- Ministry of Health, SEHA Virtual Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Emergency Medicine Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameer Pujari
- Department of Digital Health and Innovation, Science Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alain Labrique
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland,United States
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Burke W, Stranieri A, Oseni T, Gondal I. The need for cybersecurity self-evaluation in healthcare. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2024; 24:133. [PMID: 38783250 PMCID: PMC11118990 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-024-02551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Australian healthcare sector is a complex mix of government departments, associations, providers, professionals, and consumers. Cybersecurity attacks, which have recently increased, challenge the sector in many ways; however, the best approaches for the sector to manage the threat are unclear. This study will report on a semi-structured focus group conducted with five representatives from the Australian healthcare and computer security sectors. An analysis of this focus group transcript yielded four themes: 1) the challenge of securing the Australian healthcare landscape; 2) the financial challenges of cybersecurity in healthcare; 3) balancing privacy and transparency; 4) education and regulation. The results indicate the need for sector-specific tools to empower the healthcare sector to mitigate cybersecurity threats, most notably using a self-evaluation tool so stakeholders can proactively prepare for incidents. Despite the vast amount of research into cybersecurity, little has been conducted on proactive cybersecurity approaches where security weaknesses are identified weaknesses before they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Burke
- Global Professional School, Federation University, PO Box 663, Ballarat, 3353, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Andrew Stranieri
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University, PO Box 663, Ballarat, 3353, Victoria, Australia
| | - Taiwo Oseni
- Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University, PO Box 663, Ballarat, 3353, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iqbal Gondal
- School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, 3001, Victoria, Australia
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Pfenninger E, Königsdorfer M. [IT Failures in Hospitals - Structures and Processes in Hospitals for Coping Cyber Attacks]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2024; 59:311-323. [PMID: 38759686 DOI: 10.1055/a-2258-7362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Clinics are, by definition, part of a country's critical infrastructure. In recent years, hospitals have increasingly become the target of cyber attacks, resulting in disruptions to their functionality lasting weeks to even months. According to the "National Strategy for the Protection of Critical Infrastructures (CRITIS Strategy)", clinics are legally obligated to take preventive measures against such incidents. This involves evaluating, defining, and developing failure concepts for IT-dependent processes within a clinic to be prepared for a cyber attack. Specifically tailored emergency plans for computer system failures should be created and maintained in all IT-dependent areas of a clinic.Additionally, paper-based alternative solutions, such as request forms for diagnostic or consultation services, department-specific emergency documents, and patient documentation charts, should be kept in a readily accessible location known to staff in the respective areas. The complete restoration of a clinic's network after a cyber attack often requires extensive recovery of numerous IT systems, which may take weeks to months in some cases.If the hospital has robust plans for cyber emergency preparedness, including regular scans and real-time backups, stabilization and a quicker resumption of operations may be possible.
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8
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Orzechowski M, Skuban-Eiseler T, Ajlani A, Lindemann U, Klenk J, Steger F. User Perspectives of Geriatric German Patients on Smart Sensor Technology in Healthcare. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9124. [PMID: 38005512 PMCID: PMC10675452 DOI: 10.3390/s23229124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
With consideration of the progressing aging of our societies, the introduction of smart sensor technology can contribute to the improvement of healthcare for older patients and to reductions of the costs of care. From the clinical and medico-ethical points of view, the advantages of smart sensor technology are copious. However, any ethical evaluation of an introduction of a new technology in medical practice requires an inclusion of patients' perspectives and their assessments. We have conducted qualitative, semi-structured, exploratory interviews with 11 older patients in order to gain their subjective opinions on the use of smart sensor devices for rehabilitation purposes. The interviews were analyzed using methods of qualitative content and thematic analyses. In our analysis, we have focused on ethical aspects of adoption of this technology in clinical practice. Most of the interviewees expressed their trust in this technology, foremost because of its accuracy. Several respondents stated apprehension that the use of smart sensors will lead to a change in the patient-healthcare professional relationship. Regarding costs of introduction of smart sensors into healthcare, interviewees were divided between health insurance bearing the costs and individual participation in corresponding costs. Most interviewees had no concerns about the protection of their privacy or personal information. Considering these results, improvement of users' technology literacy regarding possible threats connected with putting smart sensors into clinical practice is a precondition to any individual application of smart sensors. This should occur in the form of extended and well-designed patient information adapted to individual levels of understanding. Moreover, application of smart sensors needs to be accompanied with careful anamnesis of patient's needs, life goals, capabilities, and concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Orzechowski
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (T.S.-E.); (A.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Tobias Skuban-Eiseler
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (T.S.-E.); (A.A.); (F.S.)
| | - Anna Ajlani
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (T.S.-E.); (A.A.); (F.S.)
- Department of Sociology with a Focus on Innovation and Digitalization, Institute of Sociology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Lindemann
- Department of Geriatrics, Robert Bosch Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jochen Klenk
- Department of Geriatrics, Robert Bosch Hospital, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; (U.L.); (J.K.)
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Healthcare Education, IB University of Health and Social Sciences, Study Center Stuttgart, 70178 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Steger
- Institute of the History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (T.S.-E.); (A.A.); (F.S.)
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Agrawal V, Agrawal S, Bomanwar A, Dubey T, Jaiswal A. Exploring the Risks, Benefits, Advances, and Challenges in Internet Integration in Medicine With the Advent of 5G Technology: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e48767. [PMID: 38098915 PMCID: PMC10719543 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of 5G technology in the healthcare sector is poised to bring about transformative changes, offering numerous advantages such as enhanced telemedicine services, expedited data transfer for medical records, improved remote surgery capabilities, real-time monitoring and diagnostics, advancements in wearable medical devices, and the potential for precision medicine. However, this technological shift is not without its concerns, including potential health implications related to 5G radiation exposure, heightened cybersecurity risks for medical devices and data systems, potential system failures due to technology dependence, and privacy issues linked to data breaches in healthcare. We are striking a balance between harnessing these benefits and addressing the associated risks. Achieving this equilibrium requires the establishment of a robust regulatory framework, ongoing research into the health impacts of 5G radiation, the implementation of stringent cybersecurity measures, education and training for healthcare professionals, and the development of ethical standards. The future of 5G in the medical field holds immense promise, but success depends on our ability to navigate this evolving landscape while prioritizing patient safety, privacy, and ethical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Agrawal
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Suyash Agrawal
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Aarya Bomanwar
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Tanishq Dubey
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Arpita Jaiswal
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Bhukya CR, Thakur P, Mudhivarthi BR, Singh G. Cybersecurity in Internet of Medical Vehicles: State-of-the-Art Analysis, Research Challenges and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8107. [PMID: 37836937 PMCID: PMC10575081 DOI: 10.3390/s23198107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The "Internet-of-Medical-Vehicles (IOMV)" is one of the special applications of the Internet of Things resulting from combining connected healthcare and connected vehicles. As the IOMV communicates with a variety of networks along its travel path, it incurs various security risks due to sophisticated cyber-attacks. This can endanger the onboard patient's life. So, it is critical to understand subjects related to "cybersecurity" in the IOMV to develop robust cybersecurity measures. In this paper, the goal is to evaluate recent trends and state-of-the-art publications, gaps, and future outlooks related to this research area. With this aim, a variety of publications between 2016 and 2023 from "Web-of-Science" and "Scopus" databases were analysed. Our analysis revealed that the IOMV is a niche and unexplored research area with few defined standards and frameworks, and there is a great need to implement robust cybersecurity measures. This paper will help researchers to gain a comprehensive idea of this niche research topic, as it presents an analysis of top journals and highly cited papers, their challenges and limitations, the system model and architecture of the IOMV, related applicable standards, potential cyber-attacks, factors causing cybersecurity risks, various artificial intelligence techniques for developing potential countermeasures, the assessment and parameterisation of cybersecurity risks, constraints and challenges, and future outlooks for implementing cybersecurity measures in the IOMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambar Rao Bhukya
- Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International Deemed University (SIDU), Pune 412115, India; (C.R.B.); (B.R.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Prabhat Thakur
- Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International Deemed University (SIDU), Pune 412115, India; (C.R.B.); (B.R.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Bhavesh Raju Mudhivarthi
- Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International Deemed University (SIDU), Pune 412115, India; (C.R.B.); (B.R.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Ghanshyam Singh
- Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International Deemed University (SIDU), Pune 412115, India; (C.R.B.); (B.R.M.); (G.S.)
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