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Otter K, Gomidova S, Katz PS. Social predation by a nudibranch mollusc. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.01.600874. [PMID: 39005425 PMCID: PMC11244926 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.01.600874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Social predation is a common strategy used by predators to subdue and consume prey. Animals that use this strategy have many ways of finding each other, organizing behaviors and consuming prey. There is wide variation in the extent to which these behaviors are coordinated and the stability of individual roles. This study characterizes social predation by the nudibranch mollusc, Berghia stephanieae, which is a specialist predator that eats only the sea anemone, Exaiptasia diaphana. A combination of experimental and modeling approaches showed that B. stephanieae does predate upon E. diaphana in groups. The extent of social feeding was not altered by length of food deprivation, suggesting that animals are not shifting strategies based on internal state. It was unclear what cues the individual Berghia used to find each other; choice assays testing whether they followed slime trails, were attracted to injured anemones, or preferred conspecifics feeding did not reveal any cues. Individuals did not exhibit stable roles, such as leader or follower, rather the population exhibited fission-fusion dynamics with temporary roles during predation. Thus, the Berghia provides an example of a specialist predator of dangerous prey that loosely organizes social feeding, which persists across hunger states and uses temporary individual roles; however, the cues that it uses for aggregation are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Otter
- Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst MA, USA
| | - Saida Gomidova
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst MA, USA
| | - Paul S. Katz
- Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst MA, USA
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Llopis-Giménez A, Carrasco-Oltra T, Jacquin-Joly E, Herrero S, Crava CM. Coupling Transcriptomics and Behaviour to Unveil the Olfactory System of Spodoptera exigua Larvae. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:1017-1031. [PMID: 33150456 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Insect chemosensation is crucial for many aspects related to food seeking, enemy avoidance, and reproduction. Different families of receptors and binding proteins interact with chemical stimuli, including odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), gustatory receptors (GRs), odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs). In this work, we describe the chemosensory-related gene repertoire of the worldwide pest Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), focusing on the transcripts expressed in larvae, which feed on many horticultural crops producing yield losses. A comprehensive de novo assembly that includes reads from chemosensory organs of larvae and adults, and other larval tissues, enabled us to annotate 200 candidate chemosensory-related genes encoding 63 ORs, 28 IRs, 38 GRs, 48 OBPs and 23 CSPs. Of them, 51 transcripts are new annotations. Fifty ORs are expressed in larval heads based on RNA-seq and reverse transcription PCR analyses. Fourteen OBPs are expressed in larval, but not in adult heads. We also observe that expression profiles of ORs are strongly and non-specifically up-regulated upon pre-exposure of larvae to single volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Finally, we develop a behavioural assay to study the attraction/repellence to VOCs in S. exigua larvae and thus identify candidate ecologically relevant odours. A single-dose assay demonstrated that 1-hexanol triggers attraction and indole repels larvae at any timepoint. This work establishes the foundation for the study of chemosensation in S. exigua larvae, allowing further studies aimed to characterize chemosensory-related genes that underlie the ecologically relevant behaviours of larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Llopis-Giménez
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari de Biotecnología i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Tamara Carrasco-Oltra
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari de Biotecnología i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, University P7, F-78000, Versailles, France
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari de Biotecnología i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - Cristina M Crava
- Department of Genetics and Institut Universitari de Biotecnología i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
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Wu H, Li RT, Dong JF, Jiang NJ, Huang LQ, Wang CZ. An odorant receptor and glomerulus responding to farnesene in Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 115:103106. [PMID: 30468768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids emitted from herbivore-damaged plants were found to play an important role in regulating tritrophic interactions. How herbivores and their natural enemies perceive terpenoids has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. Using in vivo calcium imaging, we found in this study that farnesene activates one glomerulus in the antennal lobe of female Helicoverpa assulta. The response induced by a mixture of farnesene isomers is stronger than that elicited by E-β-farnesene alone. In the Xenopus oocyte expression system, HassOR23/ORco is narrowly tuned to farnesene isomers and compounds with similar structures. Finally, the behavioral studies showed that the farnesene isomers have an inhibitory effect on oviposition of female H. assulta, but have an attractive effect on host searching of Campoletis chlorideae, the key endoparasitoid of H. assulta larvae. These results demonstrate that farnesene isomers are encoded by a labeled-line mode in the olfactory system of female H. assulta, suggesting that farnesene as a chemical signal from plants has important behavioral relevance and evolutionary implications in the tritrophic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Pesticide and Fertilizer, Guangdong Provincial Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Feng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Forestry College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Nan-Ji Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Qiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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de Fouchier A, Sun X, Caballero-Vidal G, Travaillard S, Jacquin-Joly E, Montagné N. Behavioral Effect of Plant Volatiles Binding to Spodoptera littoralis Larval Odorant Receptors. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:264. [PMID: 30483075 PMCID: PMC6240680 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophagous insects use volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by plants to orient towards their hosts. In lepidopteran pests, crop damages are caused by larval stages-the caterpillars-that feed extensively on leaves or other plant tissues. However, larval host plant choice has been poorly studied, and it is generally admitted that caterpillars feed on the plant where the female laid the eggs. The mobility of caterpillars has been generally overlooked even though several studies showed that they can orient towards odors and change host plant. Recently, a large number of odorant receptors (ORs) tuned to plant volatiles have been characterized in the model pest moth Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae). In the present work, we identified nine of these deorphanized ORs as expressed in S. littoralis caterpillars. In order to understand whether these ORs are involved in host searching, we tested the behavioral significance of their ligands using a larval two-choice assay. This OR-guided approach led to the identification of nine plant volatiles, namely 1-hexanol, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, (Z)3-hexenol, (E)2-hexenol, indole, DMNT and (Z)3-hexenyl acetate, which are active on S. littoralis caterpillar behavior, increasing our knowledge on larval olfactory abilities. To further explore the link between OR activation and behavioral output induced by plant volatiles we used a modeling approach, thereby allowing identification of some ORs whose activation is related to caterpillar attraction. These ORs may be promising targets for future plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Montagné
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Paris and Versailles, France
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Wang D, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Guo K, Guo P, Zhao P, Xia Q. Proteomics Provides Insight into the Interaction between Mulberry and Silkworm. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2472-2480. [PMID: 28503925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mulberry leaves have been selected as a food source for the silkworm (Bombyx mori) for over 5000 years. However, the interaction mechanisms of mulberry-silkworm remain largely unknown. We explore the interaction between mulberry and silkworm at the protein level. Total proteins were extracted from mulberry leaves and silkworm feces on day 5 of the fifth larval instar and analyzed on shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. In total, 2076 and 210 foliar proteins were identified from mulberry leaves and silkworm feces, respectively. These proteins were classified into four categories according to their subcellular location: chloroplast proteins, mitochondrial proteins, secretory-pathway proteins, and proteins of other locations. Chloroplast proteins accounted for 68.3% in mulberry leaves but only 23.2% in the feces. In contrast, secretory-pathway proteins had low abundance in mulberry leaves (7.3%) but were greatly enriched to the largest component in the feces (60.1%). Most of the foliar secretory-pathway proteins in the feces were found to be resistant to silkworm feeding by becoming involved in primary metabolite, proteinase inhibition, cell-wall remodeling, redox regulation, and pathogen-resistant processes. On the contrary, only six defensive proteins were identified in the fecal chloroplast proteins including two key proteins responsible for synthesizing jasmonic acid, although chloroplast proteins were the second largest component in the feces. Collectively, the comparative proteomics analyses indicate that mulberry leaves not only provide amino acids to the silkworm but also display defense against silkworm feeding, although the silkworm grows very well by feeding on mulberry leaves, which provides new insights into the interactions between host-plant and insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Kaiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Pengchao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, ‡Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, and §College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
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Rharrabe K, Jacquin-Joly E, Marion-Poll F. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars to attractive and repellent plant volatiles. Front Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hanley ME, Girling RD, Felix AE, Olliff ED, Newland PL, Poppy GM. Olfactory selection of Plantago lanceolata by snails declines with seedling age. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:671-6. [PMID: 23380239 PMCID: PMC3736763 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite recent recognition that (1) plant-herbivore interactions during the establishment phase, (2) ontogenetic shifts in resource allocation and (3) herbivore response to plant volatile release are each pivotal to a comprehensive understanding of plant defence, no study has examined how herbivore olfactory response varies during seedling ontogeny. METHODS Using a Y-tube olfactometer we examined snail (Helix aspersa) olfactory response to pellets derived from macerated Plantago lanceolata plants harvested at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 weeks of age to test the hypothesis that olfactory selection of plants by a generalist herbivore varies with plant age. Plant volatiles were collected for 10 min using solid-phase microextraction technique on 1- and 8-week-old P. lanceolata pellets and analysed by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer. KEY RESULTS Selection of P. lanceolata was strongly negatively correlated with increasing age; pellets derived from 1-week-old seedlings were three times more likely to be selected as those from 8-week-old plants. Comparison of plant selection experiments with plant volatile profiles from GC/MS suggests that patterns of olfactory selection may be linked to ontogenetic shifts in concentrations of green leaf volatiles and ethanol (and its hydrolysis derivatives). CONCLUSIONS Although confirmatory of predictions made by contemporary plant defence theory, this is the first study to elucidate a link between seedling age and olfactory selection by herbivores. As a consequence, this study provides a new perspective on the ontogenetic expression of seedling defence, and the role of seedling herbivores, particularly terrestrial molluscs, as selective agents in temperate plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Hanley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Within-Plant Signalling by Volatiles Triggers Systemic Defences. PLANT COMMUNICATION FROM AN ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12162-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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