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Zhang C, Wang H, Lyu C, Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Guo X, Wang Y, Qin M, Wang S, Guo L. Authenticating the geographic origins of Atractylodes lancea rhizome chemotypes in China through metabolite marker identification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1237800. [PMID: 37841605 PMCID: PMC10569125 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Atractylodes lancea is widely distributed in East Asia, ranging from Amur to south-central China. The rhizome of A. lancea is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, however, the quality of products varies across different regions with different geochemical characteristics. Method This study aimed to identify the chemotypes of A. lancea from different areas and screen for chemical markers by quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a targeted metabolomics approach based on GC-MS/MS. Results The A. lancea distributed in Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi, and a region west of Henan province was classified as the Hubei Chemotype (HBA). HBA is characterized by high content of β-eudesmol and hinesol with lower levels of atractylodin and atractylon. In contrast, the Maoshan Chemotype (MA) from Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, and other northern regions, exhibited high levels of atractylodin and atractylon. A total of 15 categories of VOCs metabolites were detected and identified, revealing significant differences in the profiles of terpenoid, heterocyclic compound, ester, and ketone among different areas. Multivariate statistics indicated that 6 compounds and 455 metabolites could serve as candidate markers for differentiating A. lancea obtained from the southern, northern, and Maoshan areas. Discussion This comprehensive analysis provides a chemical fingerprint of selected A. lancea. Our results highlight the potential of metabolite profiling combined with chemometrics for authenticating the geographical origin of A. lancea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaogeng Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengxu Xiang
- College of Horticulture of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuzhi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Qin
- Dexing Research and Training Center of Chinese Medical Sciences, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Dexing, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Dexing Research and Training Center of Chinese Medical Sciences, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Dexing, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lu L, Karunarathna SC, Hyde KD, Suwannarach N, Elgorban AM, Stephenson SL, Al-Rejaie S, Jayawardena RS, Tibpromma S. Endophytic Fungi Associated with Coffee Leaves in China Exhibited In Vitro Antagonism against Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070698. [PMID: 35887454 PMCID: PMC9317674 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee endophytes have been studied for almost 74 years, and several studies have demonstrated coffee-endophytic fungi with antibacterial and antifungal potential for human and plant pathogens. In this study, we isolated and identified a total of 235 strains of endophytic fungi from coffee leaf tissues collected in four coffee plantations in Pu’er city, Yunnan province, China. Molecular identification was carried out using maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) sequences, while the colonization rate and the isolation frequency were also calculated. Two pathogenic fungi (Alternaria alternata and Penicillium digitatum) and two pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica) were used for screening the antagonistic activities of 61 strains of coffee-endophytic fungi by a dual-culture test assay while maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis confirmed their natural classification. This is the first study of coffee-leaf-endophytic fungal diversity in China, and the results revealed that coffee-endophytic fungi from this study belong to the Ascomycota, distributed among two classes, 10 orders, and 17 families. Concurrently, endophytic fungi isolates distributed in Arthrinium, Biscogniauxia, Daldinia, Diaporthe, and Nigrospora showed strong antagonistic activities against the pathogens. For the pathogens Alternaria alternata and Pseudomonas syringae, Nigrospora XCE-7 showed the best inhibitory effects with inhibition rates of 71.76% and 61.11%, respectively. For the pathogen Penicillium digitatum, Daldinia ME-9 showed the best inhibitory effect with a 74.67% inhibition rate, while Biscogniauxia PTE-7 and Daldinia T5E-1-3 showed the best inhibitory effect with a rate of 60.42% against the pathogen Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Overall, our study shows the diversity of coffee endophytes in four coffee-growing areas in Pu’er city, Yunnan province, China, and their potential use as biological control agents against two fungal and two bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lu
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (L.L.); (S.C.K.)
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (K.D.H.); (R.S.J.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (L.L.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (K.D.H.); (R.S.J.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhong Kai University, Guangzhou 510550, China
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Salim Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (K.D.H.); (R.S.J.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China; (L.L.); (S.C.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Benjamin G, Pandharikar G, Frendo P. Salicylic Acid in Plant Symbioses: Beyond Plant Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060861. [PMID: 35741382 PMCID: PMC9220041 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants form beneficial symbioses with a wide variety of microorganisms. Among these, endophytes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are some of the most studied and well understood symbiotic interactions. These symbiotic microorganisms promote plant nutrition and growth. In exchange, they receive the carbon and metabolites necessary for their development and multiplication. In addition to their role in plant growth and development, these microorganisms enhance host plant tolerance to a wide range of environmental stress. Multiple studies have shown that these microorganisms modulate the phytohormone metabolism in the host plant. Among the phytohormones involved in the plant defense response against biotic environment, salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in activating plant defense. However, in addition to being a major actor in plant defense signaling against pathogens, SA has also been shown to be involved in plant–microbe symbiotic interactions. In this review, we summarize the impact of SA on the symbiotic interactions. In addition, we give an overview of the impact of the endophytes, AMF, and rhizobacteria on SA-mediated defense response against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, 06000 Nice, France;
- Correspondence:
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Llorens E, Scalschi L, Sharon O, Vicedo B, Sharon A, García-Agustín P. Jasmonic acid pathway is required in the resistance induced by Acremonium sclerotigenum in tomato against Pseudomonas syringae. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 318:111210. [PMID: 35351299 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of fungal endophytes is considered as a new tool to confer resistance in plants against stresses. However, the mechanisms involved in colonization as well as in the induction of resistance by the endophytes are usually unclear. In this work, we tested whether a fungal endophyte isolated from an ancestor of wheat could induce resistance in plants of a different class from the ones that were isolated from the beginning. Seeds of Solanum lycopersicum were inoculated with Acremonium sclerotigenum and after four weeks, seedlings were inoculated with the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. Plants inoculated with endophytes showed significantly lower symptoms of infection as well as lower levels of colony forming units compared with control plants. Moreover, the presence of the endophytes induced an enhancement of Jasmonic acid (JA) upon inoculation with P. syringae compared with endophyte free plants. To ascertain the implication of JA in the resistance induced by A. sclerotigenum, two mutants defective in JA were tested. Results showed that the endophyte is not able to induce resistance in the mutant spr2, which is truncated in the first step of JA biosynthesis. On the contrary, acx1 mutant plants, which are unable to synthesize JA from OPC8, show a phenotype similar to wild type plants. Moreover, experiments with GFP-tagged endophytes showed no differences in the colonization in both mutants. In conclusion, the jasmonic acid pathway is required for the resistance mediated by the endophyte A. sclerotigenum in tomato against the biotrophic bacterium P. syringae but is not necessary for the colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Or Sharon
- Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Amir Sharon
- Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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The microscopic mechanism between endophytic fungi and host plants: From recognition to building stable mutually beneficial relationships. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Khalmuratova I, Choi DH, Kim JG, Lee IS. Endophytic Fungi of Salt-Tolerant Plants: Diversity and Ability to Promote Plant Growth. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1526-1532. [PMID: 34528914 PMCID: PMC9705876 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2106.06007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Suaeda australis, Phragmites australis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda glauca Bunge, and Limonium tetragonum in the Seocheon salt marsh on the west coast of the Korean Penincula were sampled in order to identify the endophytes inhabiting the roots. A total of 128 endophytic fungal isolates belonging to 31 different genera were identified using the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene. Fusarium, Paraconiothyrium and Alternaria were the most commonly isolated genera in the plant root samples. Various diversity indicators were used to assess the diversity of the isolated fungi. Pure cultures containing each of the 128 endophytic fungi, respectively, were tested for the plant growth-promoting abilities of the fungus on Waito-C rice germinals. The culture filtrate of the isolate Lt-1-3-3 significantly increased the growth of shoots compared to the shoots treated with the control. Lt-1-3-3 culture filtrate was analyzed and showed the presence of gibberellins (GA1 2.487 ng/ml, GA3 2.592 ng/ml, GA9 3.998, and GA24 6.191 ng/ml). The culture filtrate from the Lt-1-3-3 fungal isolate produced greater amounts of GA9 and GA24 than the wild-type Gibberella fujikuroi, a fungus known to produce large amounts of gibberellins. By the molecular analysis, fungal isolate Lt-1-3-3 was identified as Gibberella intermedia, with 100% similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Khalmuratova
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Ho Choi
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Guk Kim
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82?53?850?5538 Fax: +82?53?850?5538 E-mail :
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Perkins AK, Rose AL, Grossart HP, Rojas-Jimenez K, Barroso Prescott SK, Oakes JM. Oxic and Anoxic Organic Polymer Degradation Potential of Endophytic Fungi From the Marine Macroalga, Ecklonia radiata. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:726138. [PMID: 34733248 PMCID: PMC8558676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose and chitin are the most abundant polymeric, organic carbon source globally. Thus, microbes degrading these polymers significantly influence global carbon cycling and greenhouse gas production. Fungi are recognized as important for cellulose decomposition in terrestrial environments, but are far less studied in marine environments, where bacterial organic matter degradation pathways tend to receive more attention. In this study, we investigated the potential of fungi to degrade kelp detritus, which is a major source of cellulose in marine systems. Given that kelp detritus can be transported considerable distances in the marine environment, we were specifically interested in the capability of endophytic fungi, which are transported with detritus, to ultimately contribute to kelp detritus degradation. We isolated 10 species and two strains of endophytic fungi from the kelp Ecklonia radiata. We then used a dye decolorization assay to assess their ability to degrade organic polymers (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) under both oxic and anoxic conditions and compared their degradation ability with common terrestrial fungi. Under oxic conditions, there was evidence that Ascomycota isolates produced cellulose-degrading extracellular enzymes (associated with manganese peroxidase and sulfur-containing lignin peroxidase), while Mucoromycota isolates appeared to produce both lignin and cellulose-degrading extracellular enzymes, and all Basidiomycota isolates produced lignin-degrading enzymes (associated with laccase and lignin peroxidase). Under anoxic conditions, only three kelp endophytes degraded cellulose. We concluded that kelp fungal endophytes can contribute to cellulose degradation in both oxic and anoxic environments. Thus, endophytic kelp fungi may play a significant role in marine carbon cycling via polymeric organic matter degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K. Perkins
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Southern Cross Geoscience, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Rose
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Southern Cross Geoscience, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Experimental Limnology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Selva K. Barroso Prescott
- National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne M. Oakes
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
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Packiam K, Dhakshinamoorthy M. Camptothecin: An anticancer drug from Pestalotiopsis microspora Mh458929 – An endophytic fungus isolated from an ethnopharmacologically important medicinal plant Cordia dichotoma G. forst. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_417_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Chen XL, Sun MC, Chong SL, Si JP, Wu LS. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Approaches Deepen Our Knowledge of Plant-Endophyte Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700200. [PMID: 35154169 PMCID: PMC8828500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In natural systems, plant-symbiont-pathogen interactions play important roles in mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. Symbionts have their own special recognition ways, but they may share some similar characteristics with pathogens based on studies of model microbes and plants. Multi-omics technologies could be applied to study plant-microbe interactions, especially plant-endophyte interactions. Endophytes are naturally occurring microbes that inhabit plants, but do not cause apparent symptoms in them, and arise as an advantageous source of novel metabolites, agriculturally important promoters, and stress resisters in their host plants. Although biochemical, physiological, and molecular investigations have demonstrated that endophytes confer benefits to their hosts, especially in terms of promoting plant growth, increasing metabolic capabilities, and enhancing stress resistance, plant-endophyte interactions consist of complex mechanisms between the two symbionts. Further knowledge of these mechanisms may be gained by adopting a multi-omics approach. The involved interaction, which can range from colonization to protection against adverse conditions, has been investigated by transcriptomics and metabolomics. This review aims to provide effective means and ways of applying multi-omics studies to solve the current problems in the characterization of plant-microbe interactions, involving recognition and colonization. The obtained results should be useful for identifying the key determinants in such interactions and would also provide a timely theoretical and material basis for the study of interaction mechanisms and their applications.
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Diversity, Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060859. [PMID: 32517286 PMCID: PMC7356110 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a medicinal plant widely used for the treatment of various diseases. The secondary metabolites responsible for the pharmacological properties can be produced directly by the plant or by endophytic fungi. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of endophytic fungi of different parts of S. terebinthifolius and to identify chemical compounds produced by endophytes and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. For this, fruits, stem bark and roots were dried, ground and placed in fungal growth medium. The selected endophytes were grown and subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate. DPPH, FRAP, β-carotene bleaching and antimicrobial assays were performed. The phylogenetic tree was elaborated, encompassing 15 different species. The fungal extracts showed hydroxybenzoic acids and 1-dodecanol as predominant compounds. All fungal extracts exhibited antioxidant activity. The fungal extracts exhibited bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial ATCC strains and against methicillin-resistant nosocomial bacteria. Among the 10 endophytic fungi evaluated, the extract of the fungus Ochrocladosporium elatum showed higher phenolic content and exhibited higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities in all tests. Together, the results increase the known diversity of S. terebinthifolius endophytic fungi, secondary metabolites produced and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
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Bastías DA, Martínez-Ghersa MA, Newman JA, Card SD, Mace WJ, Gundel PE. Sipha maydis sensitivity to defences of Lolium multiflorum and its endophytic fungus Epichloë occultans. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8257. [PMID: 31976166 PMCID: PMC6966988 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants possess a sophisticated immune system to defend from herbivores. These defence responses are regulated by plant hormones including salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Sometimes, plant defences can be complemented by the presence of symbiotic microorganisms. A remarkable example of this are grasses establishing symbiotic associations with Epichloë fungal endophytes. We studied the level of resistance provided by the grass' defence hormones, and that provided by Epichloë fungal endophytes, against an introduced herbivore aphid. These fungi protect their hosts against herbivores by producing bioactive alkaloids. We hypothesized that either the presence of fungal endophytes or the induction of the plant salicylic acid (SA) defence pathway would enhance the level of resistance of the grass to the aphid. METHODS Lolium multiflorum plants, with and without the fungal endophyte Epichloë occultans, were subjected to an exogenous application of SA followed by a challenge with the aphid, Sipha maydis. RESULTS Our results indicate that neither the presence of E. occultans nor the induction of the plant's SA pathway regulate S. maydis populations. However, endophyte-symbiotic plants may have been more tolerant to the aphid feeding because these plants produced more aboveground biomass. We suggest that this insect insensitivity could be explained by a combination between the ineffectiveness of the specific alkaloids produced by E. occultans in controlling S. maydis aphids and the capacity of this herbivore to deal with hormone-dependent defences of L. multiflorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bastías
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan A. Newman
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart D. Card
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wade J. Mace
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E. Gundel
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Malinich EA, Wang K, Mukherjee PK, Kolomiets M, Kenerley CM. Differential expression analysis of Trichoderma virens RNA reveals a dynamic transcriptome during colonization of Zea mays roots. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:280. [PMID: 30971198 PMCID: PMC6458689 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichoderma spp. are majorly composed of plant-beneficial symbionts widely used in agriculture as bio-control agents. Studying the mechanisms behind Trichoderma-derived plant benefits has yielded tangible bio-industrial products. To better take advantage of this fungal-plant symbiosis it is necessary to obtain detailed knowledge of which genes Trichoderma utilizes during interaction with its plant host. In this study, we explored the transcriptional activity undergone by T. virens during two phases of symbiosis with maize; recognition of roots and after ingress into the root cortex. Results We present a model of T. virens – maize interaction wherein T. virens experiences global repression of transcription upon recognition of maize roots and then induces expression of a broad spectrum of genes during colonization of maize roots. The genes expressed indicate that, during colonization of maize roots, T. virens modulates biosynthesis of phytohormone-like compounds, secretes a plant-environment specific array of cell wall degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites, remodels both actin-based and cell membrane structures, and shifts metabolic activity. We also highlight transcription factors and signal transduction genes important in future research seeking to unravel the molecular mechanisms of T. virens activity in maize roots. Conclusions T. virens displays distinctly different transcriptional profiles between recognizing the presence of maize roots and active colonization of these roots. A though understanding of these processes will allow development of T. virens as a bio-control agent. Further, the publication of these datasets will target future research endeavors specifically to genes of interest when considering T. virens – maize symbiosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5651-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Malinich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ken Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Charles M Kenerley
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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13
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Sharifi R, Lee SM, Ryu CM. Microbe-induced plant volatiles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:684-691. [PMID: 29266296 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants emit a plethora of volatile organic compounds in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. These compounds act as infochemicals for ecological communication in the phytobiome. This study reviews the role of microbe-induced plant volatiles (MIPVs) in plant-microbe interactions. MIPVs are affected by the taxonomic position of the microbe, the identity of the plant and the type of interaction. Plants also emit exclusive blends of volatiles in response to nonhost and host interactions, as well as to beneficial microbes and necrotrophic/biotrophic pathogens. These MIPVs directly inhibit pathogen growth and indirectly promote resistance/susceptibility to subsequent plant pathogen attack. Viruses and phloem-limiting bacteria modify plant volatiles to attract insect vectors. Susceptible plants can respond to MIPVs from resistant plants and become resistant. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of MIPV synthesis in plants and how plant pathogen effectors manipulate their biosynthesis are discussed. This knowledge will help broaden our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and should facilitate the development of new emerging techniques for sustainable plant disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhallah Sharifi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, 6715685438, Iran
| | - Sang-Moo Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34242, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34242, South Korea
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14
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Ramos P, Rivas N, Pollmann S, Casati P, Molina-Montenegro MA. Hormonal and physiological changes driven by fungal endophytes increase Antarctic plant performance under UV-B radiation. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Shared weapons in fungus-fungus and fungus-plant interactions? Volatile organic compounds of plant or fungal origin exert direct antifungal activity in vitro. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Dissanayake AJ, Purahong W, Wubet T, Hyde KD, Zhang W, Xu H, Zhang G, Fu C, Liu M, Xing Q, Li X, Yan J. Direct comparison of culture-dependent and culture-independent molecular approaches reveal the diversity of fungal endophytic communities in stems of grapevine (Vitis vinifera). FUNGAL DIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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Albrectsen BR, Siddique AB, Decker VHG, Unterseher M, Robinson KM. Both plant genotype and herbivory shape aspen endophyte communities. Oecologia 2018; 187:535-545. [PMID: 29492690 PMCID: PMC5997111 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salicinoid phenolic glycosides are common defence substances in salicaceous trees and specialist leaf beetles use these compounds for their own defence against predators. Salicinoids vary qualitatively and qualitatively in aspen (Populus tremula) and this variation has a genetic basis. The foliar endophyte mycobiome is plentiful and we hypothesised that it is related to plant genotype, potentially mediated by salicinoid composition, and that interactions with the leaf beetle Chrysomela tremula may alter this relationship. We studied these three-way interactions in controlled greenhouse experiments. Endophytic fungi were isolated from sterilised leaf tissues with and without beetle damage, and from beetles. We confirmed that endophyte composition was influenced by host genotype. Beetle activity added generalist morphs to the mycobiome that overrode the initial host association. Yeast-like genera (Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula) were isolated only from beetle-damaged tissues and from beetles, whereas fast-growing filamentous fungi dominated beetle-free control plants. Competition experiments between filamentous fungi of plant origin and beetle-related yeasts suggested interaction of both stimulating and inhibiting modes of action amongst the fungi. As a result, we detected examples of amensalism, commensalism, parasitism and competition between the morphs tested, but we found no evidence of mutualism, and consequently no co-evolutionary relationship could be demonstrated, between yeasts carried by beetles, host genotype and associated filamentous morphs. Endophyte studies are method-dependent and high-throughput sequencing technology best define the fungal mycobiome, culturing however continues to be a cheap way to provide fundamental ecological insights and it is also required for experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abu Bakar Siddique
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Institut für Botanik und Landschaftsökologie, Soldmannstr. 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vicki Huizu Guo Decker
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Unterseher
- Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Institut für Botanik und Landschaftsökologie, Soldmannstr. 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.,Evangelisches Schulzentrum Martinschule, Max-Planck- Str. 7, 17491, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kathryn M Robinson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå, Sweden
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18
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Bastías DA, Alejandra Martínez-Ghersa M, Newman JA, Card SD, Mace WJ, Gundel PE. The plant hormone salicylic acid interacts with the mechanism of anti-herbivory conferred by fungal endophytes in grasses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:395-405. [PMID: 29194664 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) is recognized as an effective defence against biotrophic pathogens, but its role as regulator of beneficial plant symbionts has received little attention. We studied the relationship between the SA hormone and leaf fungal endophytes on herbivore defences in symbiotic grasses. We hypothesize that the SA exposure suppresses the endophyte reducing the fungal-produced alkaloids. Because of the role that alkaloids play in anti-herbivore defences, any reduction in their production should make host plants more susceptible to herbivores. Lolium multiflorum plants symbiotic and nonsymbiotic with the endophyte Epichloë occultans were exposed to SA followed by a challenge with the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. We measured the level of plant resistance to aphids, and the defences conferred by endophytes and host plants. Symbiotic plants had lower concentrations of SA than did the nonsymbiotic counterparts. Consistent with our prediction, the hormonal treatment reduced the concentration of loline alkaloids (i.e., N-formyllolines and N-acetylnorlolines) and consequently decreased the endophyte-conferred resistance against aphids. Our study highlights the importance of the interaction between the plant immune system and endophytes for the stability of the defensive mutualism. Our results indicate that the SA plays a critical role in regulating the endophyte-conferred resistance against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bastías
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - M Alejandra Martínez-Ghersa
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Jonathan A Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stuart D Card
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Wade J Mace
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E Gundel
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
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19
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Terhonen E, Kovalchuk A, Zarsav A, Asiegbu FO. Biocontrol Potential of Forest Tree Endophytes. ENDOPHYTES OF FOREST TREES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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Sword GA, Tessnow A, Ek-Ramos MJ. Endophytic fungi alter sucking bug responses to cotton reproductive structures. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:1003-1014. [PMID: 28328087 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
All plants including cotton host a wide range of microorganisms as endophytes. There is a growing appreciation of the prevalence, ecological significance and management potential of facultative fungal endophytes in protecting plants from pests, pathogens and environmental stressors. Hemipteran sucking bugs have emerged as major pests across the U.S. cotton belt, reducing yields directly by feeding on developing reproductive structures and indirectly by vectoring plant pathogens. We used no-choice and simultaneous choice assays to examine the host selection behavior of western tarnished plant bugs (Lygus hesperus) and southern green stink bugs (Nezara viridula) in response to developing flower buds and fruits from cotton plants colonized by 1 of 2 candidate beneficial fungal endophytes, Phialemonium inflatum or Beauveria bassiana. Both insect species exhibited strong negative responses to flower buds (L. hesperus) and fruits (N. viridula) from plants that had been colonized by candidate endophytic fungi relative to control plants under both no-choice and choice conditions. Behavioral responses of both species indicated that the insects were deterred prior to contact with plant tissues from endophyte-colonized plants, suggesting a putative role for volatile compounds in mediating the negative response. Our results highlight the role of fungal endophytes as plant mutualists that can have positive effects on plant resistance to pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Sword
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley Tessnow
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Julissa Ek-Ramos
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Laboratorio de Inmunologia y Virologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
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21
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López-González RC, Gómez-Cornelio S, De la Rosa-García SC, Garrido E, Oropeza-Mariano O, Heil M, Partida-Martínez LP. The age of lima bean leaves influences the richness and diversity of the endophytic fungal community, but not the antagonistic effect of endophytes against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Waqas M, Khan AL, Shahzad R, Ullah I, Khan AR, Lee IJ. Mutualistic fungal endophytes produce phytohormones and organic acids that promote japonica rice plant growth under prolonged heat stress. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:1011-8. [PMID: 26642184 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study identifies the potential role in heat-stress mitigation of phytohormones and other secondary metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus Paecilomyces formosus LWL1 in japonica rice cultivar Dongjin. The japonica rice was grown in controlled chamber conditions with and without P. formosus LWL1 under no stress (NS) and prolonged heat stress (HS) conditions. Endophytic association under NS and HS conditions significantly improved plant growth attributes, such as plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Furthermore, P. formosus LWL1 protected the rice plants from HS compared with controls, indicated by the lower endogenous level of stress-signaling compounds such as abscisic acid (25.71%) and jasmonic acid (34.57%) and the increase in total protein content (18.76%-33.22%). Such fungal endophytes may be helpful for sustainable crop production under high environmental temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.,Department of Agriculture Extension, Buner 19290, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.,UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Raheem Shahzad
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rahim Khan
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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23
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Zhou W, Starr JL, Krumm JL, Sword GA. The fungal endophyteChaetomium globosumnegatively affects both above- and belowground herbivores in cotton. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 92:fiw158. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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24
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Kusari P, Kusari S, Eckelmann D, Zühlke S, Kayser O, Spiteller M. Cross-species biosynthesis of maytansine in Maytenus serrata. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25042k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacterial communities of Cameroonian Maytenus serrata were investigated using genome mining and bioanalytical approaches to elucidate the source of maytansine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Kusari
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry
- TU Dortmund
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Souvik Kusari
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- TU Dortmund
- 44221 Dortmund
| | - Dennis Eckelmann
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- TU Dortmund
- 44221 Dortmund
| | - Sebastian Zühlke
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- TU Dortmund
- 44221 Dortmund
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- Chair of Technical Biochemistry
- TU Dortmund
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry
- TU Dortmund
- 44221 Dortmund
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25
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Wang WX, Kusari S, Sezgin S, Lamshöft M, Kusari P, Kayser O, Spiteller M. Hexacyclopeptides secreted by an endophytic fungus Fusarium solani N06 act as crosstalk molecules in Narcissus tazetta. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7651-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Dicke M, van Loon JJA. Chemical ecology of phytohormones: how plants integrate responses to complex and dynamic environments. J Chem Ecol 2015; 40:653-6. [PMID: 25037238 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Radix building, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
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27
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Heil M. Extrafloral nectar at the plant-insect interface: a spotlight on chemical ecology, phenotypic plasticity, and food webs. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:213-32. [PMID: 25564741 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) as an induced defense against herbivores. EFN contains not only carbohydrates and amino acids but also pathogenesis-related proteins and other protective enzymes, making EFN an exclusive reward. EFN secretion is commonly induced after wounding, likely owing to a jasmonic acid-induced cell wall invertase, and is limited by phloem sucrose availability: Both factors control EFN secretion according to the optimal defense hypothesis. Non-ant EFN consumers include parasitoids, wasps, spiders, mites, bugs, and predatory beetles. Little is known about the relevance of EFN to the nutrition of its consumers and, hence, to the structuring of arthropod communities. The mutualism can be established quickly among noncoevolved (e.g., invasive) species, indicating its easy assembly is due to ecological fitting. Therefore, increasing efforts are directed toward using EFN in biocontrol. However, documentation of the importance of EFN for the communities of plants and arthropods in natural, invasive, and agricultural ecosystems is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México;
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