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Rodríguez-Flores MS, Falcão SI, Escuredo O, Queijo L, Seijo MC, Vilas-Boas M. Assessment of the In Vivo and In Vitro Release of Chemical Compounds from Vespa velutina. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226769. [PMID: 34833861 PMCID: PMC8621894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vespa velutina has been rapidly expanding throughout Galicia since 2012. It is causing human health risks and well-known losses in the beekeeping sector. Control methods are scarce, unspecific, and ineffective. Semiochemicals are insect-derived chemicals that play a role in communication and they could be used an integrated pest management tool alternative to conventional pesticides. A previous determination of the organic chemical profile should be the first step in the study of these semiochemicals. HS-SPME in living individuals and the sting apparatus extraction followed by GC-MS spectrometry were combined to extract a possible profile of these compounds in 43 hornets from Galicia. The identified compounds were hydrocarbons, ketones, terpenes, and fatty acid, and fatty acid esters. Nonanal aldehyde appeared in important concentrations in living individuals. While pentadecane, 8-hexyl- and ethyl oleate were mainly extracted from the venom apparatus. Ketones 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone and 7-nonen-2-one, 4,8-dimethyl- were identified by both procedures, as was 1,7-Nonadiene, 4,8-dimethyl-. Some compounds were detected for the first time in V. velutina such as naphthalene, 1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl). The chemical profile by caste was also characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shantal Rodríguez-Flores
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus As Lagoas, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (O.E.); (M.C.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Soraia I. Falcão
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.I.F.); (M.V.-B.)
| | - Olga Escuredo
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus As Lagoas, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (O.E.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Luis Queijo
- Department of Mechanical Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - M. Carmen Seijo
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus As Lagoas, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (O.E.); (M.C.S.)
| | - Miguel Vilas-Boas
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.I.F.); (M.V.-B.)
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El-Sayed AM, Brown RL, Bunn B. N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide: A novel amide in the venom of female social wasps, Vespula vulgaris. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 135:104311. [PMID: 34592309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In New Zealand's ancient Fuscospora spp. or beech forests, two invasive Vespula social wasps Vespula vulgaris (L.) and Vespula germanica (F.) have become significant problems, adversely affecting native birds and invertebrate biodiversity. The nature of chemical communication in these two species is poorly understood, and this work was undertaken to identify the behaviourally active compounds in the venom of the common wasp, Vespula vulgaris (L.). Venom was removed from the stings of both workers and females and analyzed by coupled gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Two compounds were present in the venom that consistently elicited EAD responses from the antennae of males and workers. Mass spectrometry analysis and syntheses of candidate structures revealed the structures to be N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide (MBA) and N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide (MBB). Gyne venom contains significantly larger amounts of MBA and MBB than worker venom. When these two compounds were tested in the field individually or as binary blends in combination with the known food odour (honeydew volatiles), only N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide or blends containing this compound showed a strong repellent effect on workers to honeydew volatiles at all doses tested. This is the first report of the occurrence of N-(3-methylbutyl)butanamide in nature and the third amide to be identified in the venom of any social wasp. In addition, this work is the first to report the chemical analysis of the venom of V. vulgaris gyne. The repellency effect observed in this study of the venom compound suggests that our definition and understanding of the function of the alarm pheromone need to be reassessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf M El-Sayed
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald Street, 7608 Lincoln, New Zealand.
| | - Robert L Brown
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, 54 Gerald Street, 7608 Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Barry Bunn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Batchelar Road, 4474 Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Herrera C, Leza M, Martínez-López E. Diversity of compounds in Vespa spp. venom and the epidemiology of its sting: a global appraisal. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3609-3627. [PMID: 32700166 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Poisonous animals imply a risk to human life, because their venom is a complex mixture of low molecular weight components, peptides and proteins. Hornets use the venom for self-defence, to repel intruders and to capture prey, but they can cause poisoning and allergic reactions to people. In particular, they seem to be a health problem in the countries where they are native due to their sting, which in the most severe cases can lead to severe or fatal systemic anaphylaxis. But this situation is being an emerging problem for new countries and continents because hornet incursions are increasing in the global change scenario, such as in Europe and America. Furthermore, 55 detailed cases of hornet sting were found in 27 papers during the current review where 36.4% died due to, mainly, a multi-organ failure, where renal failure and liver dysfunction were the most common complications. Moreover, the great taxonomic, ecological diversity, geographical distribution and the wide spectrum of pathophysiological symptoms of hornets have been the focus of new research. Considering this, the present systematic review summarizes the current knowledge about the components of Vespa venom and the epidemiology of its sting to serve as reference for the new research focused on the development of techniques for diagnosis, new drugs and treatments of its sting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayetano Herrera
- Department of Biology (Zoology), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Mar Leza
- Department of Biology (Zoology), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Elmquist DC, Landolt PJ, Cooper WR, Reed H, Foutz J, Clepper T, Kacprzyk B, Teig D, Zack RS. The Venom Compound N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide Attracts Several Polistes (Fuscopolistes) Species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1073-1079. [PMID: 32270867 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polistes paper wasps in the Fuscopolistes subgenus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) can be serious pests when they swarm at tall man-made structures. Chemical attractants may be useful to trap such paper wasps when they achieve pest status. Polistes venom has been shown to elicit a variety of behavioral responses in congeneric wasps, making it a source for potential chemical attractants. The compound N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide is a principal volatile component in the venom of many female vespid wasps, including numerous Polistes species. We report the presence of N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide in autumn gynes of Polistes metricus Say, Polistes bellicosus Cresson, and Polistes dorsalis (F.), as well as workers of Polistes aurifer (Saussure), P. bellicosus, P. metricus, and P. dorsalis. In field tests conducted in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Washington, N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide attracted male and female P. aurifer and P. metricus, as well as male P. dorsalis and P. bellicosus. Thus, N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide may be a useful lure for trapping these paper wasps in pest situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane C Elmquist
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
- Current affiliation: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - Peter J Landolt
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | | | - Hal Reed
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Oral Roberts University, Tulsa, OK
| | - Jillian Foutz
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
- USDA-ARS Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA
| | | | | | - Donald Teig
- U. S. Air Force, Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City, Florida
| | - Richard S Zack
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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Ren W, Gries R, McCaughey C, Derstine N, Alamsetti SK, Kurita KL, Tu L, Linington RG, Britton R, Gries G. Maculatic Acids-Sex Attractant Pheromone Components of Bald-Faced Hornets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwu Ren
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Regine Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Catherine McCaughey
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Nathan Derstine
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Santosh K. Alamsetti
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Kenji L. Kurita
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Lorna Tu
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Roger G. Linington
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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7
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Ren W, Gries R, McCaughey C, Derstine N, Alamsetti SK, Kurita KL, Tu L, Linington RG, Britton R, Gries G. Maculatic Acids-Sex Attractant Pheromone Components of Bald-Faced Hornets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11618-11622. [PMID: 29890016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Yellowjackets in the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula are prevalent eusocial insects of great ecological and economic significance, but the chemical signals of their sexual communication systems have defied structural elucidation. Herein, we report the identification of sex attractant pheromone components of virgin bald-faced hornet queens (Dolichovespula maculata). We analyzed body surface extracts of queens by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), isolated the compounds that elicited responses from male antennae by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and identified these components by GC mass spectrometry (MS), HPLC-MS, and NMR spectroscopy. In laboratory olfactometer experiments, synthetic (2Z,7E)-3,7-dimethyldeca-2,7-diendioic acid (termed here maculatic acid A) and (2Z,7E)-10-methoxy-3,7-dimethyldeca-10-oxo-deca-2,7-dienoic acid (termed here maculatic acid C) in binary combination significantly attracted bald-faced hornet males. These are the first sex attractant pheromone components identified in yellowjackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwu Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Regine Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Catherine McCaughey
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nathan Derstine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Santosh K Alamsetti
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kenji L Kurita
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lorna Tu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roger G Linington
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Jimenez SI, Carroll C, Babcock T, Derstine N, Hadwin A, Moore M, Gries G. Yeasts Harbored by Vespine Wasps in the Pacific Northwest. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:217-225. [PMID: 28169397 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ecological role of social wasps has been extensively studied, but little is known about symbiotic relationships of these wasps with microbes. Recently, it was shown that vespid wasps in Europe carry yeasts, predominantly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in their gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Interestingly, this niche allowed for sexual recombination of yeasts to occur and the formation of novel hybrid species. Our goals were 1) to survey the GI tract of eusocial wasps in the Pacific Northwest for the presence of yeasts and 2) to compare the diversity of such yeasts to that described for wasps in Europe. The GI tracts of 19 individual wasps from five species were plated, and 27 yeast-like colonies were identified to the species level. Yeasts in the genera Lachancea and Hanseniaspora each comprised ∼30% of the isolates; ∼25% were identified as Metschnikowia spp., with the remaining 10% belonging to Rhodotorula. Four bacterial isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and two isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Yeasts were present at all life stages of the wasps except for two unfed gynes of Dolichovespula maculata (L.) that contained only bacteria. The presence of a particular yeast species was not correlated with any wasp species. Furthermore, S. cerevisiae was not found in any wasp species. This highlights an interesting difference in the life cycle of both S. cerevisiae and wasps in Europe and the Pacific Northwest, and prompts further studies on the interactions of these microbes with their host wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ibarra Jimenez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Cassandra Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Tamara Babcock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Nathan Derstine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Alison Hadwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Margo Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada (; ; ; ; ; ; )
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Cheng YN, Wen P, Dong SH, Tan K, Nieh JC. Poison and alarm: the Asian hornet Vespa velutina uses sting venom volatiles as an alarm pheromone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:645-651. [PMID: 27923877 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.148783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In colonial organisms, alarm pheromones can provide a key fitness advantage by enhancing colony defence and warning of danger. Learning which species use alarm pheromone and the key compounds involved therefore enhances our understanding of how this important signal has evolved. However, our knowledge of alarm pheromones is more limited in the social wasps and hornets compared with the social bees and ants. Vespa velutina is an economically important and widespread hornet predator that attacks honey bees and humans. This species is native to Asia and has now invaded Europe. Despite growing interest in V. velutina, it was unknown whether it possessed an alarm pheromone. We show that these hornets use sting venom as an alarm pheromone. Sting venom volatiles were strongly attractive to hornet workers and triggered attacks. Two major venom fractions, consisting of monoketones and diketones, also elicited attack. We used gas chromatography coupled to electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) to isolate 13 known and 3 unknown aliphatic ketones and alcohols in venom that elicited conspicuous hornet antennal activity. Two of the unknown compounds may be an undecen-2-one and an undecene-2,10-dinone. Three major compounds (heptan-2-one, nonan-2-one and undecan-2-one) triggered attacks, but only nonan-2-one did so at biologically relevant levels (10 hornet equivalents). Nonan-2-one thus deserves particular attention. However, the key alarm releasers for V. velutina remain to be identified. Such identification will help to illuminate the evolution and function of alarm compounds in hornets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650223, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650223, China
| | - Shi-Hao Dong
- Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ken Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650223, China
| | - James C Nieh
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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