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Tantawy MA, Wahba IA, Saad SS, Ramadan NK. Classical versus chemometrics tools for spectrophotometric determination of fluocinolone acetonide, ciprofloxacin HCl and ciprofloxacin impurity-A in their ternary mixture. BMC Chem 2023; 17:49. [PMID: 37287045 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-00963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Green, simple, accurate and robust univariate and chemometrics assisted UV spectrophotometric approaches have been adopted and validated for concurrent quantification of fluocinolone acetonide (FLU), ciprofloxacin HCl (CIP) together with ciprofloxacin impurity-A (CIP imp-A) in their ternary mixture. Double-divisor ratio spectra derivative (DDRD) method has been used for determination of FLU. On the other hand, the first (D1) and second (D2) derivative approaches have been applied for the quantification of CIP and CIP imp-A, respectively. For the ratio difference (RD), derivative ratio (DR), and mean centering of ratio spectra (MC) methods, CIP and its impurity A have been simultaneously determined. The acquired calibration plots were linear over the concentration range of 0.6-20.0 μg/mL, 1.0-40.0 μg/mL and 1.0-40.0 μg/mL for fluocinolone acetonide, ciprofloxacin HCl, and ciprofloxacin impurity-A, respectively. The chemometrics methods namely; partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used for the concurrent determination of the three adopted components via using twenty-five mixtures as calibration set and fifteen mixtures as validation one. The investigated approaches were validated in accordance with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines, and statistically compared with the official ones. The proposed methods were acceptably applied to the examination of FLU and CIP in their pure powders and pharmaceutical ear drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Tantawy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6 October City, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Israa A Wahba
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science & Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samah S Saad
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science & Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nesrin K Ramadan
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Tantawy MA, Wahba IA, Saad SS, Ramadan NK. Two Validated Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Ciprofloxacin HCl, One of its Specified Impurities and Fluocinolone Acetonide in Newly Approved Otic Solution. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 60:655-662. [PMID: 34545393 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two sensitive, selective and precise chromatographic methods have been established for concomitant quantification of ciprofloxacin HCl (CIP), fluocinolone acetonide (FLU) along with ciprofloxacin impurity A (CIP-imp A). The first method was thin-layer chromatography (TLC-densitometry) where separation was accomplished using TLC silica plates 60 G.F254 as a stationary phase and chloroform-methanol-33%ammonia (4.6:4.4:1, by volume) as a developing system. The obtained plates were scanned at 260 nm over concentration ranges of 1.0-40.0, 0.6-20.0 and 1.0-40.0 μg band-1 for CIP, FLU and CIP-imp A, respectively. The second method was based on high-performance liquid chromatography using a Zorbax ODS column (5 μm, 150 × 4.6 mm i.d.) where adequate separation was achieved through a mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer pH 3.6-acetonitrile (45:55, v/v) at flow rate 1.0 mL min-1 with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. Linear regressions were obtained in the range of 1.0-40.0 μg mL-1 for CIP, 0.6-20.0 μg mL-1 for FLU and 1.0-40.0 μg mL-1 for CIP-imp A. The suggested methods were validated in compliance with the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and were successfully applied for determination of CIP and FLU in bulk powder and newly marketed otic solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Tantawy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Chemistry Department, October 6 University, 6 October City, Giza, 12585, Egypt
| | - Israa A Wahba
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science & Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12568, Egypt
| | - Samah S Saad
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science & Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, 12568, Egypt
| | - Nesrin K Ramadan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Analytical Chemistry Department, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Obaydo RH, Alhaj Sakur A. Fingerprint Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Co-Formulated Otic Solution of Ciprofloxacin and Fluocinolone Acetonide in Their Challengeable Ratio. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:8919345. [PMID: 31612094 PMCID: PMC6758403 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8919345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Six spectrophotometric methods were developed to determine a new single-dose otic solution known as "Otovel®," which consists of two components: the major one is ciprofloxacin (CIP) and the minor is fluocinolone acetonide (FLU). The ratio of (CIP) and (FLU) in Otovel® is 12 : 1, which is considered a challengeable ratio for UV determination. Thus, spectrum addition as a sample enrichment technique was required for the analysis of (FLU) low concentration. All these methods were capable of resolving the spectra for each component in D 0 belonging to the fingerprint resolution technique. The former absorptivity centering (a-centering) method was recently developed in 2018; it was effectively applied for its solution of both binary components in Otovel®, while another method, ratio subtraction (RS), is considered as an original resolution method that could be applied to determine only one component in mixtures. However, the other four methods that are related to their original method (RS) were extended ratio subtraction (EXRS), constant multiplication (CM), unified constant subtraction (UCS), and spectrum subtraction (SS). They were also easily applied for completing the quantification of binary mixture drugs present in Otovel®. The linearity ranges were found to be 3.0-15.0 μg/mL for (CIP) and (FLU), respectively. All results acquired from the proposed methods were successfully estimated according to ICH criteria and were statistically compared with official ones where no differences were noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem H. Obaydo
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Amir Alhaj Sakur
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
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Obaydo RH, Alhaj Sakur A. Spectrophotometric strategies for the analysis of binary combinations with minor component based on isoabsorptive point's leveling effect: An application on ciprofloxacin and fluocinolone acetonide in their recently delivered co-formulation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 219:186-194. [PMID: 31035129 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comparative study of the spectrophotometric strategies utilizing the isoabsorptive point present in overlapped absorption spectra of ciprofloxacin and fluocinolone acetonide in their recently delivered co-formulation, was presented. Four spectrophotometric approaches were developed, dependent on the determination of the leveling effect of isoabsorptive point in their zero order absorption spectra or its manipulated form ratio spectra as it retains an isosbestic point. The proposed strategy was based on determination of the total concentrations of the proposed drugs at iso-point, either via zero order or ratio spectra, while one of the recommended methods determined the concentration of the major component, so the concentration of the minor component was obtained by differentiation. The first, second and third methods are utilizing isoabsorptive point at zero order absorption spectrum to quantify total concentration of the cited component, while the major component could be selectively determined using either absorbance at its maxima (IsoPD0-D0max), or area under the peak method (IsoPD0-AUC), or first derivative technique (IsoPD0-D1). The fourth method is ratio manipulated isoabsorptive point in ratio spectrum, namely the amplitude modulation method (AM), using an unified regression equation for the total and major component concentrations, separately. The four methods were applied practically for the analysis of the binary mixtures of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) and fluocinolone acetonide (FLU) in a recently otic solution form in challengeable ratio12:1respectively, without the need of any previous stages such as separation, dilution or standard addition. The methods were successfully validated as per ICH guidelines. The outcomes data gained from those submitted techniques were statistically assimilated with official ones. However, no radical differences were noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem H Obaydo
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.
| | - Amir Alhaj Sakur
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
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Mokhtari A, Jafari Delouei N, Keyvanfard M, Abdolhosseini M. Multiway analysis applied to time-resolved chemiluminescence for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and codeine in pharmaceuticals. LUMINESCENCE 2016; 31:1267-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mokhtari
- Department of Science; Golestan University; Gorgan Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Keyvanfard
- Department of Chemistry; Majlesi Branch, Islamic Azad University; Isfahan Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdolhosseini
- Department of Water Engineering; Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources; Gorgan Islamic Republic of Iran
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Zhou M, Peng J, He R, He Y, Zhang J, Li A. High performance liquid chromatography coupled with resonance Rayleigh scattering for the detection of three fluoroquinolones and mechanism study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 136 Pt B:1181-1187. [PMID: 25456660 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A reliable and versatile high performance liquid chromatography coupled with resonance Rayleigh scattering method was established for the determination of three fluoroquinolones, including levofloxacin, norfloxacin and enrofloxacin in water sample and human urine sample. In pH 4.4-4.6 Britton-Robinson buffer medium, the fluoroquinolones separated by high performance liquid chromatography could react with erythrosine to form 1:1 ion-association complexes, which could make contributions to the great enhancement of RRS. The resonance Rayleigh scattering signal was recorded at λex=λem=330 nm. The resonance Rayleigh scattering spectral characteristics of the drugs and the experimental conditions such as pH, detection wavelength, erythrosine concentration, flow rate, the length of reaction tube were studied. Quantum chemistry calculation, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy were used to discuss the reaction mechanism. The recoveries of samples added standard ranged from 97.53% to 102.00%, and the relative standard deviation was below 4.64%. The limit of detection (S/N=3) of 0.05-0.12 μg mL(-1) was reached, and the linear regression coefficients were all above 0.999. The proposed method was proved as a simple, low cost and high sensitivity method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiong Zhou
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jingdong Peng
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Rongxing He
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yuting He
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Aiping Li
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
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Rapid and Simple Determination of Sarafloxacin in Egg by Time-Resolved Chemiluminescence. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Iranifam M. Revisiting flow-chemiluminescence techniques: pharmaceutical analysis. LUMINESCENCE 2012; 28:798-820. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mortaza Iranifam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Maragheh; Maragheh East Azerbaijan Iran
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Zammit EM, Barbante GJ, Carlson B, Doeven EH, Barnett NW, Hogan CF, Richter MM, Francis PS. Chemiluminescence from osmium(ii) complexes with phenanthroline, diphosphine and diarsine ligands. Analyst 2012; 137:2766-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35446b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abbaspour A, Dehghani E, Noori A. Cyclodextrin Host-Guest Recognition Approach for Simultaneous Quantification and Voltammetric Studies of Levodopa and Carbidopa in Pharmaceutical Products. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yi YN, Li GR, Wang YS, Zhou YZ, Zhu HM. Simultaneous determination of norfloxacin and lomefloxacin in milk by first derivative synchronous fluorescence spectrometry using Al (III) as an enhancer. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 707:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Amorim MHR, Marques KL, Santos JLM, Lima JLFC. Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin Spectrophotometric Determination in a Fully Automated Multi-Pumping Flow System. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.546018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pulgarín JAM, Molina AA, Muñoz SR. Rapid Chemiluminescent Determination of Enrofloxacin in Eggs and Veterinary Drugs. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.546029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kaur K, Singh B, Malik AK. Chemiluminescence and Spectrofluorimetric Methods for Determination of Fluoroquinolones: A Review. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.520392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kamruzzaman M, Ferdous T, Alam AM, Lee SH, Kim SY, Kim YH, Kim SH. A Metal Enhanced Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence Method for the Rapid Determination of Norfloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Serum Sample. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.2.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zammit EM, Barnett NW, Henderson LC, Dyson GA, Zhou M, Francis PS. Green chemiluminescence from a bis-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complex with an ancillary bathophenanthroline disulfonate ligand. Analyst 2011; 136:3069-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15315c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Moreno-González D, García-Campaña AM, González-Casado A. Peroxyoxalate Photoinduced Chemiluminescence Detection of Norfloxacin in Pharmaceutical Products by Flow Injection Analysis. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003717406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kinetic approach for the enzymatic determination of levodopa and carbidopa assisted by multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 673:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lozano VA, Ibañez GA, Olivieri AC. Second-Order Analyte Quantitation under Identical Profiles in One Data Dimension. A Dependency-Adapted Partial Least-Squares/Residual Bilinearization Method. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4510-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100424d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A. Lozano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario (S2002LRK), Argentina
| | - Gabriela A. Ibañez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario (S2002LRK), Argentina
| | - Alejandro C. Olivieri
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Suipacha 531, Rosario (S2002LRK), Argentina
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Vinay KB, Revanasiddappa HD, Divya MR, Rajendraprasad N. Spectrophotometric determination of ofloxacin in pharmaceuticals and human urine. ECLÉTICA QUÍMICA 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-46702009000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sun H, Chen P, Wang F. A novel chemiluminescence reaction system for the determination of norfloxacin with Ag(III) complex. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 74:819-824. [PMID: 19733506 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemiluminescence (CL) system for the determination of norfloxacin (NFLX) is developed based on the direct CL reaction of [Ag(HIO(6))(2)](5-)-H(2)SO(4)-NFLX system. The possible mechanism of CL emission and enhancing effect was discussed by comparing UV, fluorescence and CL spectra. [Ag(HIO(6))(2)](5-) in the presence of H(2)SO(4) could produce CL emission at 490 nm, this might be caused by the excited state (O(2))(2)*. The enhancing effect of NFLX may be produced through an intermolecular energy transfer from part of (O(2))(2)* to NFLX molecule and complex of Ag(3+) and NFLX. The CL intensity emission intensity was linear in the range 1.34 x 10(-8) to 5.44 x 10(-6) gmL(-1) with correlation coefficient of 0.9982. The detection limit (s/n=3) was 3.10 x 10(-9) gmL(-1). The recovery was in the range of 90.0-104% with the RSD of 1.1-2.8%. The proposed flow injection CL method was applied satisfactorily for the determination of NFLX in capsule, human serum and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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Optical Flow-Through Sensor for the Determination of Norfloxacin Based on Emission of KMnO4–Na2SO3–Tb3+ System. J Fluoresc 2008; 18:843-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-008-0313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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