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Uceda AB, Mariño L, Casasnovas R, Adrover M. An overview on glycation: molecular mechanisms, impact on proteins, pathogenesis, and inhibition. Biophys Rev 2024; 16:189-218. [PMID: 38737201 PMCID: PMC11078917 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-024-01188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of a heterogeneous set of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is the final outcome of a non-enzymatic process that occurs in vivo on long-life biomolecules. This process, known as glycation, starts with the reaction between reducing sugars, or their autoxidation products, with the amino groups of proteins, DNA, or lipids, thus gaining relevance under hyperglycemic conditions. Once AGEs are formed, they might affect the biological function of the biomacromolecule and, therefore, induce the development of pathophysiological events. In fact, the accumulation of AGEs has been pointed as a triggering factor of obesity, diabetes-related diseases, coronary artery disease, neurological disorders, or chronic renal failure, among others. Given the deleterious consequences of glycation, evolution has designed endogenous mechanisms to undo glycation or to prevent it. In addition, many exogenous molecules have also emerged as powerful glycation inhibitors. This review aims to provide an overview on what glycation is. It starts by explaining the similarities and differences between glycation and glycosylation. Then, it describes in detail the molecular mechanism underlying glycation reactions, and the bio-molecular targets with higher propensity to be glycated. Next, it discusses the precise effects of glycation on protein structure, function, and aggregation, and how computational chemistry has provided insights on these aspects. Finally, it reports the most prevalent diseases induced by glycation, and the endogenous mechanisms and the current therapeutic interventions against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Uceda
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Les Illes Balears, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Laura Mariño
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Les Illes Balears, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Casasnovas
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Les Illes Balears, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Miquel Adrover
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Les Illes Balears, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Ctra. Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
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Mei M, Liu D, Tang X, You Y, Peng B, He X, Huang J. Vitamin B6 Metabolic Pathway is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases via Multi-Omics Analysis. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:729-750. [PMID: 35979344 PMCID: PMC9377404 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s370255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To clarify the underlying regulatory mechanisms of progression from liver cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we analyzed the microbiomics, metabolomics, and proteomics in plasma and tissues from patients with HCC or decompensated liver cirrhosis (DC). Patients and Methods Tissues and plasma from 44 HCC patients and 28 patients with DC were collected for metabolomic analysis. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed in nine HCC tissues (HCCT), four distal noncancerous tissues (HCCN), and 11 DC tissues (DCT). Five HCC tissues had liver cirrhosis (HCCT-LC). Five hepatocellular carcinoma tissues without liver cirrhosis (HCCT-NLC) and five DCT were selected for proteomic sequencing. After combining proteomic and metabolomic analysis, we constructed a mouse model of chronic liver injury using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and treated them with vitamin B6 (VB6). Results 16s rRNA sequence results showed that HCC tissues had higher alpha diversity. The highest LDA scores were detected for Elizabethkingia in HCCT, Subsaxibacter in DCT, and Stenotrophomon in HCCN. Metabolomics results demonstrated some metabolites, including capric acid, L-threonate, choline, alpha-D-Glucose, D-ribose, betaine, 2E-eicosenoic acid, linoleic acid, L-palmitoylcarnitine, taurodeoxycholic acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, androsterone sulfate, and phthalic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (MEHP), had better diagnostic efficacy than AFP (AUC: 0.852; 95% CI: 0.749, 0.954). In a combined analysis of metabolomics and proteomics, we found that HCCT-LC had more obvious disorders of VB6 metabolism and pentose and glucuronate interconversions than DCT, and kynurenine metabolism disorder was more significant in HCCT-LC than in HCCT-NLC. In the CCl4-induced chronic liver injury model, after VB6 supplementation, inflammatory cell infiltration, hepatocyte edema, and degeneration were significantly improved. Conclusion We found significant differences in the flora distribution between HCCT and DC; MEHP was a new diagnostic biomarker of HCC, and VB6 ameliorated the inflammatory cell infiltration, hepatocyte edema, and degeneration in chronic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Mei
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation & Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science & Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Danping Liu
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation & Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science & Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxin Tang
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation & Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science & Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying You
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation & Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science & Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Baogang Peng
- Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation & Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science & Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqi Huang
- Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation & Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science & Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Feroz A, Khaki PSS, Khan MS, Bano B. Protein aggregation as a consequence of non-enzymatic glycation: Therapeutic intervention using aspartic acid and arginine. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1844-1858. [PMID: 32956747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glycation tempted AGEs of proteins are currently at the heart of a number of pathological conditions. Production of chemically stable AGEs can permanently alter the protein structure and function, concomitantly leading to dilapidated situations. Keeping in perspective, present study aims to report the glycation induced structural and functional modification of a cystatin type isolated from rai mustard seeds, using RSC-glucose and RSC-ribose as model system. Among the sugars studied, ribose was found to be most potent glycating agent as evident from different biophysical assays. During the course of incubation, RSC was observed to pass through a series of structural intermediates as revealed by circular dichroism, altered intrinsic fluorescence and high ANS binding. RSC incubation with ribose post day 36 revealed the possible buildup of β structures as observed in CD spectral analysis, hinting towards the generation of aggregated structures in RSC. High thioflavin T fluorescence and increased Congo red absorbance together with enhanced turbidity of the modified form confirmed the aggregation of RSC. The study further revealed anti-glycation and anti-aggregation potential of amino acids; aspartic acid and arginine as they prevented and/or slowed down the process of AGEs and β structure buildup in a concentration dependent manner with arginine proving to be the most effective one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Feroz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P., India.
| | | | - Mohd Sajid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, U.P., India.
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