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Xie Y, Butler M. Multi-attribute analysis of adeno-associated virus by size exclusion chromatography with fluorescence and triple-wavelength UV detection. Anal Biochem 2023; 680:115311. [PMID: 37666384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the leading platform for in vivo gene therapy to treat numerous genetic diseases. Comprehensive analysis of the AAV particles is essential to ensure desired safety and efficacy. An array of techniques is required to evaluate their critical quality attributes. However, many of these techniques are expensive, time-consuming, labour-intensive, and varying in accuracy. Size exclusion chromatography coupled with fluorescence and triple-wavelength ultraviolet detection (SEC-FLD-TWUV) and incorporating an aromatic amino acid of tryptophan as an internal standard offers a simple, rapid, and reliable approach for simultaneous multi-attribute analysis of AAVs. In the current study, we demonstrate its capability for AAV characterization and quantification, that includes capsid concentration, empty to full capsid ratio, vector genome concentration, and the presence of aggregates or fragments. All were performed in 20-min chromatographic runs with minimal sample handling. Data analysis involves the assessment of intrinsic fluorescence and UV absorbance of samples at three wavelengths that can be utilised to determine the content of the capsid protein and genome copy number. The separation efficiency using SEC columns with different pore sizes, and elution buffers of varying compositions, ionic strength, and pH values was also evaluated. This SEC-FLD-TWUV method may serve as a powerful yet cost-effective tool for responsive quality evaluation of AAVs. This may enhance performance, robustness, and safety of bioprocessing for AAV vectors to be used in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Xie
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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Mateescu AL, Mincu NB, Vasilca S, Apetrei R, Stan D, Zorilă B, Stan D. The influence of sugar-protein complexes on the thermostability of C-reactive protein (CRP). Sci Rep 2021; 11:13017. [PMID: 34155310 PMCID: PMC8298423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate de influence of protein–sugar complexation on the stability and functionality of C-reactive protein, after exposure to constant high temperatures, in order to develop highly stable positive controls for in-vitro diagnostic tests. C-reactive protein is a plasmatic protein used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of a series of health problems such as ulcerative colitis, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, due to its essential role in the evolution of chronic inflammation. The sugar–protein interaction was investigated using steady state and time resolved fluorescence. The results revealed that there are more than two classes of tryptophan, with different degree of accessibility for the quencher molecule. Our study also revealed that sugar–protein complexes have superior thermostability, especially after gamma irradiation at 2 kGy, the protein being stable and functional even after 22 days exposure to 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolae-Bogdan Mincu
- DDS Diagnostic, 032032, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silvana Vasilca
- IRASM Department - Radiation Processing Centre, Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering IFIN-HH, 30 Reactorului Street, 077125, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Ave.# 90, 050663, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Apetrei
- DDS Diagnostic, 032032, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Stan
- DDS Diagnostic, 032032, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 22 Strada Dâmbovnicului Tineretului, 040441, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Zorilă
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 077125, Măgurele, Romania
| | - Dana Stan
- DDS Diagnostic, 032032, Bucharest, Romania.
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Gagnon P, Goricar B, Mencin N, Zvanut T, Peljhan S, Leskovec M, Strancar A. Multiple-Monitor HPLC Assays for Rapid Process Development, In-Process Monitoring, and Validation of AAV Production and Purification. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:113. [PMID: 33477351 PMCID: PMC7830902 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HPLC is established as a fast convenient analytical technology for characterizing the content of empty and full capsids in purified samples containing adeno-associated virus (AAV). UV-based monitoring unfortunately over-estimates the proportion of full capsids and offers little value for characterizing unpurified samples. The present study combines dual-wavelength UV monitoring with intrinsic fluorescence, extrinsic fluorescence, and light-scattering to extend the utility of HPLC for supporting development of therapeutic AAV-based drugs. Applications with anion exchange (AEC), cation exchange (CEC), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) are presented. Intrinsic fluorescence increases sensitivity of AAV detection over UV and enables more objective estimation of empty and full capsid ratios by comparison of their respective peak areas. Light scattering enables identification of AAV capsids in complex samples, plus semiquantitative estimation of empty and full capsid ratios from relative peak areas of empty and full capsids. Extrinsic Picogreen fluorescence enables semiquantitative tracking of DNA with all HPLC methods at all stages of purification. It does not detect encapsidated DNA but reveals DNA associated principally with the exteriors of empty capsids. It also enables monitoring of host DNA contamination across chromatograms. These enhancements support many opportunities to improve characterization of raw materials and process intermediates, to accelerate process development, provide rapid in-process monitoring, and support process validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Gagnon
- BIA Separations, Sartorius Company, Mirce 21, 5270 Ajdovscina, Slovenia; (B.G.); (N.M.); (T.Z.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (A.S.)
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Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose is accumulated in the cytoplasm of some organisms in response to harsh environmental conditions. Trehalose biosynthesis and accumulation are important for the survival of such organisms by protecting the structure and function of proteins and membranes. Trehalose affects the dynamics of proteins and water molecules in the bulk and the protein hydration shell. Enzyme catalysis and other processes dependent on protein dynamics are affected by the viscosity generated by trehalose, as described by the Kramers’ theory of rate reactions. Enzyme/protein stabilization by trehalose against thermal inactivation/unfolding is also explained by the viscosity mediated hindering of the thermally generated structural dynamics, as described by Kramers’ theory. The analysis of the relationship of viscosity–protein dynamics, and its effects on enzyme/protein function and other processes (thermal inactivation and unfolding/folding), is the focus of the present work regarding the disaccharide trehalose as the viscosity generating solute. Finally, trehalose is widely used (alone or in combination with other compounds) in the stabilization of enzymes in the laboratory and in biotechnological applications; hence, considering the effect of viscosity on catalysis and stability of enzymes may help to improve the results of trehalose in its diverse uses/applications.
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Sternisha SM, Whittington AC, Martinez Fiesco JA, Porter C, McCray MM, Logan T, Olivieri C, Veglia G, Steinbach PJ, Miller BG. Nanosecond-Timescale Dynamics and Conformational Heterogeneity in Human GCK Regulation and Disease. Biophys J 2020; 118:1109-1118. [PMID: 32023434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glucokinase (GCK) is the prototypic example of an emerging class of proteins with allosteric-like behavior that originates from intrinsic polypeptide dynamics. High-resolution NMR investigations of GCK have elucidated millisecond-timescale dynamics underlying allostery. In contrast, faster motions have remained underexplored, hindering the development of a comprehensive model of cooperativity. Here, we map nanosecond-timescale dynamics and structural heterogeneity in GCK using a combination of unnatural amino acid incorporation, time-resolved fluorescence, and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We find that a probe inserted within the enzyme's intrinsically disordered loop samples multiple conformations in the unliganded state. Glucose binding and disease-associated mutations that suppress cooperativity alter the number and/or relative population of these states. Together, the nanosecond kinetics characterized here and the millisecond motions known to be essential for cooperativity provide a dynamical framework with which we address the origins of cooperativity and the mechanism of activated, hyperinsulinemia-associated, noncooperative variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Sternisha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - A Carl Whittington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | | | - Carol Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Malcolm M McCray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Timothy Logan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Cristina Olivieri
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter J Steinbach
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Brian G Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
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Hernández-Meza JM, Sampedro JG. Trehalose Mediated Inhibition of Lactate Dehydrogenase from Rabbit Muscle. The Application of Kramers' Theory in Enzyme Catalysis. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:4309-4317. [PMID: 29595977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the reduction of pyruvate to lactate by using NADH. LDH kinetics has been proposed to be dependent on the dynamics of a loop over the active site. Kramers' theory has been useful in the study of enzyme catalysis dependent on large structural dynamics. In this work, LDH kinetics was studied in the presence of trehalose and at different temperatures. In the absence of trehalose, temperature increase raised exponentially the LDH Vmax and revealed a sigmoid transition of Km toward a low-affinity state similar to protein unfolding. Notably, LDH Vmax diminished when in the presence of trehalose, while pyruvate affinity increased and the temperature-mediated binding site transition was hindered. The effect of trehalose on kcat was viscosity dependent as described by Kramers' theory since Vmax correlated inversely with the viscosity of the medium. As a result, activation energy ( Ea) for pyruvate reduction was dramatically increased by trehalose presence. This work provides experimental evidence that the dynamics of a structural component in LDH is essential for catalysis, i.e., the closing of the loop on the active site. While the trehalose mediated-increased of pyruvate affinity is proposed to be due to the compaction and/or increase of structural order at the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Hernández-Meza
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria , C.P. 78290 San Luis Potosí , SLP , México
| | - José G Sampedro
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria , C.P. 78290 San Luis Potosí , SLP , México
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