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Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:483-511. [PMID: 36884150 PMCID: PMC9994414 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Gambling disorder is a common and problematic behavioral disorder associated with depression, substance abuse, domestic violence, bankruptcy, and high suicide rates. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), pathological gambling was renamed "gambling disorder" and moved to the Substance-Related and Addiction Disorders chapter to acknowledge that research suggests that pathological gambling and alcohol and drug addiction are related. Therefore, this paper provides a systematic review of risk factors for gambling disorder. Systematic searches of EBSCO, PubMed, and Web of Science identified 33 records that met study inclusion criteria. A revised study acknowledges as risk factors for developing/maintaining a gambling disorder being a single young male, or married for less than 5 years, living alone, having a poor education, and struggling financially.
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Barrault S, Varescon I. Problem Gambling Poker Players: Do They Fit into Blaszczynski and Nower's Pathways Model? J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:249-263. [PMID: 35416621 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blaszczynski and Nower's (Addiction 97:487-499, 2002) Pathways Model, an integrative model based on problem gamblers' paths and comorbidities, aids in understanding the heterogeneity of problem gamblers' profiles by classifying them into three subgroups. The profiles of problem gamblers may be linked to the type of gambling practiced. Poker is a popular game, primarily due to the involvement of both chance and strategy in its outcome. However, no study has attempted to fit poker players into the Pathways Model. We recruited an online sample of 245 regular poker players (including 146 non-problem gamblers, 83 problem-gambling poker players, and 16 probable pathological gamblers). We assessed multiple variables (impulsivity, sensation seeking, alcohol and tobacco consumption, anxiety, depression, cognitive distortions) from the Pathways Model to determine whether the profiles of poker players fit into one or more gambler subgroups. Cluster analysis showed that poker players had a unique profile with a gambling practice intensity gradient. Compared to non-problem gamblers, problem gamblers displayed significantly higher levels of depression, impulsivity, gambling-related cognitive distortions, and alcohol consumption. Our results suggest that problem-gambling poker players fit into Blaszczynski and Nower's behaviorally conditioned gamblers group. This study opens avenues for both research into and treatment for problem gambling among poker players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Servane Barrault
- Laboratory QualiPsy, EE1901, Psychology Department, University of Tours, 3 rue des Tanneurs, 37041, Tours, France.
- Centre de Soins d'Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie (CSAPA 37), CHRU of Tours, 37044, Tours Cedex, France.
- Laboratory of Psychopathology and Health Processes, University of Paris, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Isabelle Varescon
- Laboratory of Psychopathology and Health Processes, University of Paris, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Sharma MK, Anand N, Amudhan S, Vashisht A. Online gaming and tilting: Psychosocial exploration for promotion of emotional regulation. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:699-701. [PMID: 34187227 DOI: 10.1177/00207640211028602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Service for Healthy Use of Technology Clinic, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitin Anand
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Service for Healthy Use of Technology Clinic, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Senthil Amudhan
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditya Vashisht
- SS Medical Institute and Research Centre, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Michalska P, Chatton A, Penzenstadler L, Izdebski P, Jeannot E, Simon O, Dufour M, Rochat L, Lischer S, Khazaal Y. Perspective of Internet Poker Players on Harm-Reduction Strategies: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239054. [PMID: 33291669 PMCID: PMC7730654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Internet gambling may increase rates of gambling harm. This current study aimed to assess Internet poker players’ views on various harm-reduction (HR) strategies. It also examined differences in these views according to the games played (poker only vs. poker plus other gambling activities), indebtedness, and problem gambling severity. Methods: Internet poker players (n = 311; 94.2% Male) recruited online between 2012 and 2014 were included in the analyses and completed a survey on indebtedness, problem gambling severity index, and ten statements regarding HR features. Results: Among the whole sample, the most frequently endorsed HR strategy was setting money limits, specialized online help, and peer support forums. People who play poker only (70%) are less prone to endorse the utility of information on excessive gambling and specialized healthcare centers. No differences were found between those people with debt versus those without regarding HR assessment. Participants with severe problem gambling were more skeptical about HR strategies based on information on specialized healthcare centers. Conclusion: Setting money limits, online help, and peer support forums are the most commonly endorsed strategies. Future research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of online harm reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Michalska
- Faculty of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-867 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.M.); (P.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Anne Chatton
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.C.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Louise Penzenstadler
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.C.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Paweł Izdebski
- Faculty of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-867 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.M.); (P.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Emilien Jeannot
- Institute of Global Health, Geneva University, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Olivier Simon
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Magali Dufour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, CP 8888, Canada;
| | - Lucien Rochat
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.C.); (L.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Suzanne Lischer
- Institute for Social Management, Social Policy and Prevention, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6002 Lucerne, Switzerland;
| | - Yasser Khazaal
- Faculty of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-867 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (P.M.); (P.I.); (Y.K.)
- Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Research Center, Montreal University Institute of Mental Health, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
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5
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Moreau A, Chauchard É, Sévigny S, Giroux I. Tilt in Online Poker: Loss of Control and Gambling Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5013. [PMID: 32668576 PMCID: PMC7400001 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Online poker is a form of gambling where an element of skill may influence the outcome of the game. 'Tilt' in poker describes an episode during which the player can no longer control their game by rational decisions. It leads to a loss of control over the game, a loss of emotional regulation, higher cognitive distortion, and a loss of money. This phenomenon, experienced by most players, could be the gateway to excessive gambling. The aim of this study was to assess the links between the frequency of tilt episodes, cognitive distortion, anxiety, depression, sensation seeking and excessive online poker gambling. Our sample is composed of 291 online poker players, with a mean age of 33.8 years (SD = 10.6). Participants completed an online self-assessment questionnaire, measuring the frequency of tilt episodes, cognitive distortion, anxiety, depression and impulsivity. The findings indicated that the frequency of tilt episodes and cognitive distortion were the only significant predictors of excessive online gambling (respectively, r = 0.49 and r = 0.20). Tilt frequency and cognitive distortion were strongly correlated (GRCS, r = 0.60), moderate to low correlations were found for tilt and anxiety (HADS, r = 0.40), and positive and negative urgency (UPPS, r = 0.27). To date, tilt has seldom been studied, and could improve our understanding of online poker gamblers. It could be a new means of identifying at risk gamblers, and thus facilitating preventive measures specifically adapted to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Moreau
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Québec, QC G1V 0A6Q, Canada;
- Institut Universitaire sur les Dépendances, Montréal, QC H2M 2E8, Canada
| | - Émeline Chauchard
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France;
| | - Serge Sévigny
- Département des Fondements et Pratiques en Éducation, Faculté des Sciences de L’éducation, Pavillon des Sciences de L’éducation, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Isabelle Giroux
- École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Québec, QC G1V 0A6Q, Canada;
- Institut Universitaire sur les Dépendances, Montréal, QC H2M 2E8, Canada
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Dufour M, Morvannou A, Laverdière É, Brunelle N, Kairouz S, Nolin MA, Nadeau L, Dussault F, Berbiche D. Once online poker, always online poker? Poker modality trajectories over two years. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 11:100251. [PMID: 32467840 PMCID: PMC7244906 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For most players, poker trajectories remained stable over two years (i.e. stable land-based and online poker). Gambling behaviors (number of gambling activities, severity of problems) were the only predictors of poker trajectories. Future research should examine how poker players explain stable and unstable trajectories.
Online poker is considered more at-risk than land-based poker in terms of intense gambling behaviors and gambling problems. The development of many online gambling sites has raised public health concerns about the potential increase in online poker players. Longitudinal studies are useful to better understand the evolution of gambling behaviors; however, very few consider online poker players. Using a prospective design, this study aims to identify online and land-based trajectories over a two-year period and the factors influencing those trajectories. Results are based on data collected at three time-points over the course of a prospective cohort study conducted in Quebec (n = 304). A latent class growth analysis was performed to determine trajectories based on the main poker modality played, either online or land-based poker. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the correlates of poker playing trajectories. Over two years, three poker playing trajectories were identified, comprising two stable trajectories [stable land-based (51.5%) and stable online (36.3%)] and an unstable trajectory [unstable online land-based (12.1%)]. The second trajectory included online poker players at baseline who transitioned to land-based poker. Number of gambling activities increased the odds of being in the first trajectory as compared to the others. Severity of gambling problems was a significant predictor of the second “unstable” or the third “stable online” trajectories, but not for the first “stable land-based” poker trajectory. The majority of poker players remained in either the land-based or online trajectories over two years. No poker players transitioned from land-based to online poker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Dufour
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Bureau 200, Longueuil, Québec J4K 0A8, Canada
| | - Adèle Morvannou
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Bureau 200, Longueuil, Québec J4K 0A8, Canada
| | - Émélie Laverdière
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Bureau 200, Longueuil, Québec J4K 0A8, Canada
| | - Natacha Brunelle
- Department of Psychoeducation, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Local 1064c Pavillon Michel-Sarrazin, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, C.P.500, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Sylvia Kairouz
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Concordia University (H-1125-31), 1455 De Maisonneuve West, Montréal, Québec H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine Nolin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Bureau 200, Longueuil, Québec J4K 0A8, Canada
| | - Louise Nadeau
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marie-Victorin, 90 avenue Vincent d'Indy, Montréal, Québec H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - Frédéric Dussault
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8
| | - Djamal Berbiche
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Campus de Longueuil, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Bureau 200, Longueuil, Québec J4K 0A8, Canada
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7
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Moreau A, Sévigny S, Giroux I, Chauchard E. Ability to Discriminate Online Poker Tilt Episodes: A New Way to Prevent Excessive Gambling? J Gambl Stud 2019; 36:699-711. [PMID: 31679089 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-019-09903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tilt is a very common term in online poker players' vocabulary, it describes a state where the player is no longer able to make rational decisions because they are overwhelmed by strong emotions. This study aims to explore the relation existing between the frequency of Tilt episodes, the player's perception of these episodes and excessive gambling in online poker. The sample is composed of 291 adult French-speaking online poker players. All participants completed an online self-assessment questionnaire. The results of the classification analysis showed that the sample could be divided into three groups. The first group, named ''players in control'' included low excessive gambling tendencies with low perceived and measured Tilt frequencies. The two other groups showed high measured tilt levels, with perceived tilt levels that were different from the measured levels. Furthermore, these two groups present a moderate usage risk of developing an excessive gambling tendency in a money-based game of chance. These results show the existence of a relation between the player's capacity to perceive tilt and the online poker player's behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Moreau
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325 Allée des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Institut Universitaire sur les Dépendances, 950 Rue De Louvain Est, Montréal, QC, H2M 2E8, Canada.
| | - Serge Sévigny
- Faculté des sciences de l'éducation, Département des fondements et pratiques en éducation, Pavillon des Sciences de l'éducation, 2320 rue des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Isabelle Giroux
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325 Allée des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Institut Universitaire sur les Dépendances, 950 Rue De Louvain Est, Montréal, QC, H2M 2E8, Canada
| | - Emeline Chauchard
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Université de Nantes, 1 quai de Tourville, BP 13522, 44035, Nantes Cedex 1, France
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