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Thomas TA, Schmid AM, Kessling A, Wolf OT, Brand M, Steins-Loeber S, Müller A. Stress and compulsive buying-shopping disorder: A scoping review. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 132:152482. [PMID: 38603938 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Theoretical frameworks of behavioral addictions mostly acknowledge the role of stress in the development and maintenance of these disorders, models of compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) however rarely incorporated stress. The association between stress and CBSD has not been reviewed yet. METHODS A scoping review was conducted to evaluate empirical results on the association between stress and CBSD. A comprehensive search string was employed in three databases. RESULTS 16 studies were included. Correlative studies suggested significant correlations between general perceived stress and CBSD symptom severity. Studies involving mean comparisons found higher general perceived stress levels in persons with problematic buying-shopping behavior/CBSD compared to control participants (large effects). Mixed results were found in studies involving regression/structural equation models and ecological momentary assessments. One study with a stress/negative mood induction observed more CBSD symptoms in a high stress group compared to a low stress group. DISCUSSION The studies are heterogeneous concerning design, samples and measures. Only very few studies surpass the level of cross-sectional correlative data which limits the ability to draw clear conclusions. Future research should study the impact of experimentally induced stress on CBSD symptoms, examine the relationship between stress and CBSD longitudinally and assess objective stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Thomas
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Anna M Schmid
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Annica Kessling
- Department of General Psychology, Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology, Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Aonso-Diego G, Macía L, Montero M, Estévez A. Cluster analysis based on gambling variables and mental health in a clinical population of gamblers. Addict Behav 2024; 157:108092. [PMID: 38905901 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest in characterizing individuals involved in addictive behaviors has been growing, which allows tailoring prevention and intervention strategies to the gambler's needs. The study aimed to 1) identify clusters of gamblers according to gambling-related characteristics and mental health; and 2) analyze differences in psychological variables between the clusters. METHODS A total of 83 participants undergoing treatment for gambling disorder (Mage = 45.52, 51.8 % female) completed a set of questionnaires. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to classify gambling based on gambling variables (i.e., gambling severity and gambling motives) and mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety, and hostility). Several ANOVAs were conducted to illustrate the distinguishing features of each cluster, encompassing both the variables included in the cluster analysis and other relevant psychological variables. RESULTS Findings suggest that gamblers can be classified into three clusters based on these variables: 1) "high gambling severity and good mental health," 2) "high gambling severity and poor mental health," and 3) "low gambling severity and good mental health." These clusters were differentiated as a function of psychological variables, such as emotional dependence, alexithymia, and stressful life events. CONCLUSIONS Classifying gamblers according to their profile provides a better understanding of their needs and problems, allowing for a more tailored approach in terms of prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aonso-Diego
- Departament of Psychology. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of Deusto. Spain.
| | - L Macía
- Departament of Psychology. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of Deusto. Spain.
| | - M Montero
- Departament of Psychology. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of Deusto. Spain
| | - A Estévez
- Departament of Psychology. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of Deusto. Spain.
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Wirkus T, Czernecka R, Bühringer G, Kräplin A. Individual risk factors and prediction of gambling disorder in online sports bettors - the longitudinal RIGAB study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1320592. [PMID: 38476615 PMCID: PMC10929711 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While research in online sports betting is dominated by studies using objective player tracking data from providers to identify risky gambling behavior, basicresearch has identified various putative individual risk factors assumed to underlie the development of gambling disorder across all types of gambling. This study aims to examine individual risk factors and their longitudinal clinical relevance in online sports bettors. Methods German online sports bettors (N = 607, Mage = 34, 92% male) from a provider based sample took part in an online survey. The study team randomly preselected customers to be invited. N = 325 (53,45%) of the participants also took part in an online follow-up survey one year later. Crosssectional and longitudinal associations of putative risk factors and DSM-5 gambling disorder in online sports bettors were analyzed. These risk factors include alcohol and tobacco use, impulsivity, difficulties in emotion identification, emotion regulation strategies, comorbid mental disorders and stress. Results We found more pronounced impulsivity, difficulties in emotion identification, emotion suppression, comorbid mental disorders and stress were cross-sectionally associated with gambling disorder, and longitudinally predicted gambling disorder in online sports bettors (with the exception of emotion suppression). In an overall model only lack of premeditation and perceived helplessness remained significant as predictors for gambling disorder. Online sports bettors with gambling disorder predominantly showed more pronounced risk factors, which were also confirmed longitudinally as relevant for the maintenance of gambling disorder. Discussion Risk factors such as impulsivity and stress and appropriate coping mechanisms should consequently be integrated not only into prevention efforts to identify individuals at risk early, but also into intervention efforts to tailor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Wirkus
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Czernecka
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Therapieforschung IFT, Prävention und betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung GmbH, München, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bühringer
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Therapieforschung IFT, Prävention und betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung GmbH, München, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anja Kräplin
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Bellringer ME, Janicot S, Ikeda T. Changes in some health and lifestyle behaviours are significantly associated with changes in gambling behaviours: Findings from a longitudinal New Zealand population study. Addict Behav 2024; 149:107886. [PMID: 37832399 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Although a large number of studies have investigated associations between risky gambling behaviours and health, lifestyle and social factors, research has not focused on changes in these factors and associations with changes in gambling risk level. This study utilised existing data from the four waves of the longitudinal New Zealand National Gambling Study to examine associations between changes in substance use, mental and physical health, and quality of life and deprivation with changes in gambling risk level over time. A Markov chain transition model was used to perform these analyses using data from participants who had completed all four waves (11,080 data transitions). Although changes in various covariates were associated with changes in all gambling risk levels, the highest number of significant factors was for transitioning into risky gambling from non-problematic gambling, including development, or continuation, of several negative health and lifestyle factors that may possibly be alleviated by transitioning out of risky gambling. These findings highlight the importance of screening for gambling behaviours when assisting people with substance use, health issues, or social situations or conditions in order to provide appropriate and effective social, health and treatment supports for people whose gambling behaviour increases over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Bellringer
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Stéphane Janicot
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Takayoshi Ikeda
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Rockloff M, Browne M, Russell AMT, Hing N, Armstrong T, Greer N. Legacy gambling harms: What are they and how long do they last? J Behav Addict 2022; 11:1002-1011. [PMID: 36227714 PMCID: PMC9881663 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Legacy gambling harms are negative consequences of gambling that extend past periods of low risk, moderate risk and problem gambling. Gambling harm is typically measured within a 12-month timeframe and is often restricted to examining harm amongst active gamblers. The present research aimed to explore whether people experienced gambling harms 12 months or more after the resolution of at-risk or problem gambling, and how long these legacy harms lasted. METHODS An online survey was conducted in New Zealand with past and current gamblers and concerned significant others (CSOs) of gamblers, N = 1,240 (50.8% female), that asked them about both past and current gambling harms. RESULTS A majority of both gamblers and CSOs of gamblers indicated that they still suffered from gambling harm even after most of their behavioural issues with gambling had been resolved, 12+ months ago. Legacy gambling harms reduced over time, with harms diminishing most quickly in the early years, and having an average half-life of 4 years. Harms involving community-relationships, church involvement, and domestic and other violence resolved more quickly than others. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Legacy harms are common among ex-problem gamblers and should be considered in any full accounting of the impacts of gambling. CONCLUSION Understanding the time course and persistence of legacy harms from gambling can provide gamblers, treatment professionals and public health experts with insights into how to address gambling's long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rockloff
- Central Queensland University, Australia,Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Wyckmans F, Banerjee N, Saeremans M, Otto R, Kornreich C, Vanderijst L, Gruson D, Carbone V, Bechara A, Buchanan T, Noël X. The modulation of acute stress on model-free and model-based reinforcement learning in gambling disorder. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:831-844. [PMID: 36112488 PMCID: PMC9872530 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Experiencing acute stress is common in behavioral addictions such as gambling disorder. Additionally, like most substance-induced addictions, aberrant decision-making wherein a reactive habit-induced response (conceptualized as a Model-free [MF] in reinforcement learning) suppresses a flexible goal-directed response (conceptualized as a Model-based [MB]) is also common in gambling disorder. In the current study we investigated the influence of acute stress on the balance between habitual response and the goal-directed system. METHODS A sample of N = 116 problem gamblers (PG) and healthy controls (HC) performed an acute stress task - the Socially Evaluated Cold pressure task (SECPT) - or a control task. Self-reported stress and salivary cortisol were collected as measures of acute stress. Following the SECPT, participants performed the Two-Step Markov Task to account for the relative contribution of MB and MF strategies. Additionally, verbal working memory and IQ measures were collected to account for their mediating effects on the orchestration between MB/MF and the impact of stress. RESULTS Both groups had comparable baseline and stress-induced cortisol response to the SECPT. Non-stressed PG displayed lower MB learning than HC. MANOVA and regression analyses showed a deleterious effect of stress-induced cortisol response on the orchestration between MB and MF learning in HC but not in PG. These effects remained when controlling for working memory and IQ. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We found an abnormal pattern of modulation of stress on the orchestration between MB and MF learning among PG. Several interpretations and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Wyckmans
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nilosmita Banerjee
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Saeremans
- Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ross Otto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Vanderijst
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Gruson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Carbone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tony Buchanan
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, USA
| | - Xavier Noël
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Corresponding author. E-mail:
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