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Fang X, Davids J, Koestner R. Disparities in Healthcare Accessibility and Discrimination Faced by Black Quebecers: a Race and Language Perspective. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:2596-2607. [PMID: 37495906 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The Black population in Canada is characterized by its long-established history and diversity. The present study aims to expand our current understanding of the relation between discrimination and disparities in healthcare by including race and language as determinants of health. We recruited 531 Black adults who are currently living in Quebec, Canada, to complete a survey measuring socio-demographic characteristics, mental and physical health, accessibility to healthcare, and experiences of discrimination. Results showed that being a racialized and linguistic minority population in Quebec, English-speaking Black participants experienced more discrimination, fewer healthcare providers, less access to COVID-19 information during the COVID-19 pandemic, and were more dissatisfied with the healthcare system than French-speaking Black participants. Furthermore, the negative impacts of healthcare access associated with being a racialized and linguistic minority population in Quebec (e.g., the English-speaking Black population) were shown to be mediated by experiences of discrimination and dissatisfaction with the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Davids
- Black Community Resource Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Fitts M, Soldatic K. Temporalities of emergency: the experiences of Indigenous women with traumatic brain injury from violence waiting for healthcare and service support in Australia. HEALTH SOCIOLOGY REVIEW : THE JOURNAL OF THE HEALTH SECTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2024; 33:160-174. [PMID: 38770642 DOI: 10.1080/14461242.2024.2345596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Globally, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been recognised as a serious health issue not only because of the immediate impacts at the time the injury occurs but even more so due to the longstanding impacts. Even though TBI is a globally recognised condition, the research is disproportionately focused on its incidence in, and immediate and long-term effects on men. A growing body of research suggests that generally, women who experience family violence are at high risk of TBI and suffer its impacts in ways that reflect gendered differences in the patterns and frequency of violence. In Australia, the social and physical costs of TBI are multiplied for Indigenous women, whose experience of disability and access to healthcare lies at the intersection of gender and race in the historical context of settler colonialism. The present study addresses the need for research into the sociodemographic inequalities that affect access to culturally appropriate hospital care, timely response systems, and flexible, safe and engaged social services. This paper draws on data from interviews and focus groups with Indigenous women, hospital staff and community-based service providers and suggests potential pathways for further research in settler-colonial settings elsewhere in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Fitts
- Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University, Parramatta, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Alice Springs, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Karen Soldatic
- Canada Excellence Research Chair Health Equity and Community Wellbeing, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
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Villar CF. The modern-day "Rest Cure": "The yellow Wallpaper" and underrepresentation in clinical research. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2024; 19:8. [PMID: 38867305 PMCID: PMC11170852 DOI: 10.1186/s13010-024-00158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gothic literature-a genre brimming with madness, supernaturalism, and psychological terror-offers innumerable case studies potentially representing how psychiatric patients perceive their treatment from healthcare professionals. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's famous 1892 short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" offers a poignant example of this through its fictional narrator, a diarist many interpret to be suffering from postpartum depression. The fiction here does not stray far from reality: Gilman orchestrated her diarist's experience to mirror her own, as both real author and fictional character suffocated from a melancholy only made worse by their physicians' insistence on following the "Rest Cure." While this instruction to cease all work and activity was a prevalent depression treatment at the time, Gilman, through "The Yellow Wallpaper," reveals how the intervention ultimately harmed more than helped because it overlooked her-and, by extension, her fictional diarist's- unique needs and identities. Today, while the ineffective Rest Cure no longer exists, applying observations from "The Yellow Wallpaper" to clinical research calls attention to underrepresentation in treatment development, a costly problem that could be mitigated by mindful incorporation of intersectionality theory into study designs.
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Lindsay S, Li Y, Joneja S, Hsu S. Experiences of racism and racial disparities in health care among children and youth with autism and their caregivers: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38864302 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2024.2364823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the health benefits of early diagnosis and therapeutic approaches for children and youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), racial disparities persist. This systematic review explored the experiences of racism and racial disparities in health care among children and youth with ASD and their caregivers. METHODS We conducted a systematic review, drawing on six international databases. Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full texts. Thirty-seven studies met our inclusion criteria and we applied a narrative synthesis to develop themes. RESULTS Four themes were identified: (1) experiences and aspects of racism and racial disparities (i.e., language and cultural barriers, poor quality health care interactions, stereotypes and discrimination, family and community stigma, and indirect barriers); (2) racial disparities in health care (i.e., screening and referral, diagnosis, health care services, and care coordination and medication); (3) facilitators to accessing health care services; and (4) recommendations from caregivers. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the extensive racial disparities experienced by children with autism. More research is needed to explore youth's perspectives on racism in addition to exploring potential interventions to address racial disparities and improve health equity for youth with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Lindsay
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yiyan Li
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simran Joneja
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Shaelynn Hsu
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Sherman BW, Henderson R, Kamin L, Phares S. Specialty drug use for autoimmune conditions varies by race and wage among employees with employer-sponsored health insurance. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2024; 30:497-506. [PMID: 38483271 PMCID: PMC11068654 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2024.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between race and ethnicity, wage status, and specialty medication (SpRx) use among employees with autoimmune conditions (AICs) is poorly understood. Insight into sociodemographic variations in use of these medications can inform health equity improvement efforts. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of race and ethnicity and wage status on SpRx use and adherence patterns among employees with AICs enrolled in employer-sponsored health insurance. METHODS In this observational, retrospective cohort analysis, data were obtained from the IBM Watson MarketScan database for calendar year 2018. Employees were separated into race and ethnicity subgroups based on employer-provided data. Midyear employee wage data were used to allocate employees into the following annual income quartiles: $47,000 or less, $47,001-$71,000, $71,001-$106,000, and $106,001 or more. The lowest quartile was further divided into 2 groups ($35,000 or less and $35,001-$47,000) to better evaluate subgroup differences. Outcomes included monthly days SpRx-AIC supply, proportion of days covered (PDC), and medication discontinuation rates. Generalized linear regressions were used to assess differences while adjusting for patient and other characteristics. RESULTS From a sample of more than 2,000,000 enrollees, race and ethnicity data were available for 617,117 (29.8%). Of those, 47,839 (7.8%) were identified as having an AIC of interest, with prevalence rates of AICs differing by race within wage categories. Among those with AICs, 5,358 (11.2%) had filled at least 1 SpRx-AIC prescription. Following adjustment, except for the highest wage category, prevalence of SpRx-AIC use was significantly less among Black and Hispanic subpopulations. Black patients had significantly lower SpRx-AIC use rates than White patients (≤$35,000: 4.9 vs 9.4%, >$35,000-$47,000: 5.5 vs 10.6%, >$47,000-$71,000: 8.5 vs 11.1%, and >$71,000-$106,000: 9.1 vs 12.7%; P <0.001 for all). For Hispanic patients, prevalence rates were significantly lower than White patients in 3 different wage categories (≤$35,000: 4.5 vs 9.4%, >$35,000-$47,000: 6.1 vs 10.6%, and >$71,000-$106,000: 8.6 vs 12.7%; P < 0.001). PDC and 90-day discontinuation rates did not differ among race and ethnicity groups within the respective wage bands. CONCLUSIONS Race and ethnicity and wage-related disparities exist in SpRx use, but not PDC or discontinuation rates for treatment of AICs among non-White and low-income populations with employer-sponsored insurance, and may adversely impact clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W. Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- National Alliance of Healthcare Purchaser Coalitions, Washington, DC
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Bean C, Lesser I. Increasing Health Equity for Postpartum Women Through Physical Activity. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:417-419. [PMID: 38479381 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2024-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Corliss Bean
- Department of Recreation & Leisure Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Iris Lesser
- School of Kinesiology, University of the Fraser Valley, Chilliwack, BC, Canada
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Eger H, Chacko S, El-Gamal S, Gerlinger T, Kaasch A, Meudec M, Munshi S, Naghipour A, Rhule E, Sandhya YK, Uribe OL. Towards a Feminist Global Health Policy: Power, intersectionality, and transformation. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002959. [PMID: 38451969 PMCID: PMC10919653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of global health policy, the intricacies of power dynamics and intersectionality have become increasingly evident. Structurally embedded power hierarchies constitute a significant concern in achieving health for all and demand transformational change. Adopting intersectional feminist approaches potentially mitigates health inequities through more inclusive and responsive health policies. While feminist approaches to foreign and development policies are receiving increasing attention, they are not accorded the importance they deserve in global health policy. This article presents a framework for a Feminist Global Health Policy (FGHP), outlines the objectives and underlying principles and identifies the actors responsible for its meaningful implementation. Recognising that power hierarchies and societal contexts inherently shape research, the proposed framework was developed via a participatory research approach that aligns with feminist principles. Three independent online focus groups were conducted between August and September 2022 with 11 participants affiliated to the global-academic or local-activist level and covering all WHO regions. The qualitative content analysis revealed that a FGHP must be centred on considerations of intersectionality, power and knowledge paradigms to present meaningful alternatives to the current structures. By balancing guiding principles with sensitivity for context-specific adaptations, the framework is designed to be applicable locally and globally, whilst its adoption is intended to advance health equity and reproductive justice, with communities and policymakers identified as the main actors. This study underscores the importance of dismantling power structures by fostering intersectional and participatory approaches for a more equitable global health landscape. The FGHP framework is intended to initiate debate among global health practitioners, policymakers, researchers and communities. Whilst an undeniably intricate and time-consuming process, continuous and collaborative work towards health equity is imperative to translate this vision into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Eger
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Sociology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Gerlinger
- School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Marie Meudec
- Outbreak Research Team, Population Data Hub, Equity & Health Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shehnaz Munshi
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Awa Naghipour
- Department of Sex and Gender Sensitive Medicine, Medical Faculty OWL, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Emma Rhule
- International Institute for Global Health, United Nations University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kavousi S, Maharlouei N, Rezvani A, Akbari Aliabad H, Molavi Vardanjani H. Worldwide association of the gender inequality with the incidence and mortality of cervical, ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancers. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101613. [PMID: 38322785 PMCID: PMC10844666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There is a huge disparity in cancer incidence and mortality around the globe. A considerable share of this disparity can be explained by human development. Particularly in many less developed countries, women have been hindered in their human development. In this ecological study, we hypothesize that, notwithstanding acceptable overall development in countries, gender inequalities might affect the incidence and mortality of women's malignancies, and there is a distinct association between them. Method The data on the incidence and mortality of gynecologic and female breast cancers were retrieved from the GLOBOCAN database, and the data on the Human Development Index (HDI), Gender Development Index (GDI), and Gender Inequality Index (GII) were obtained from the United Nations Human Development Report. The Poisson regression modeling was then used to fit four models for each cancer. Result GII and GDI are both significantly associated with incidences of women's cancers, except for the insignificant association between GDI and the incidence of ovarian cancer. However, the association between GDI and the mortality of women's cancer is not strong. At the same time, there are significant direct relationships between GII and the mortality of breast, cervical, and endometrial cancer. Conclusion The incidence and mortality of women's cancers are ecologically associated with the country-level gender inequality captured with GDI and GII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Kavousi
- MD-MPH Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Maharlouei
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezvani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hematology Research Center, Stem Cells Research Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Akbari Aliabad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Molavi Vardanjani
- MD-MPH Department, School of Medicine, Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Jindal M, Chaiyachati KH, Fung V, Manson SM, Mortensen K. Eliminating health care inequities through strengthening access to care. Health Serv Res 2023; 58 Suppl 3:300-310. [PMID: 38015865 PMCID: PMC10684044 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a research agenda and recommendations to address inequities in access to health care. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) organized a Health Equity Summit in July 2022 to evaluate what equity in access to health care means in the context of AHRQ's mission and health care delivery implementation portfolio. The findings are a result of this Summit, and subsequent convenings of experts on access and equity from academia, industry, and the government. STUDY DESIGN Multi-stakeholder input from AHRQ's Health Equity Summit, author consensus on a framework and key knowledge gaps, and summary of evidence from the supporting literature in the context of the framework ensure comprehensive recommendations. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS Through a stakeholder-engaged process, themes were developed to conceptualize access with a lens toward health equity. A working group researched the most appropriate framework for access to care to classify limitations identified during the Summit and develop recommendations supported by research in the context of the framework. This strategy was intentional, as the literature on inequities in access to care may itself be biased. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The Levesque et al. framework, which incorporates multiple dimensions of access (approachability, acceptability, availability, accommodation, affordability, and appropriateness), is the backdrop for framing research priorities for AHRQ. However, addressing inequities in access cannot be done without considering the roles of racism and intersectionality. Recommendations include funding research that not only measures racism within health care but also tests burgeoning anti-racist practices (e.g., co-production, provider training, holistic review, discrimination reporting, etc.), acting as a convener and thought leader in synthesizing best practices to mitigate racism, and forging the path forward for research on equity and access. CONCLUSIONS AHRQ is well-positioned to develop an action plan, strategically fund it, and convene stakeholders across the health care spectrum to employ these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Jindal
- Department of Academic Internal MedicineUniversity of Illinois ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Krisda H. Chaiyachati
- Verily, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Vicki Fung
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Mongan InstituteMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Spero M. Manson
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native HealthUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Karoline Mortensen
- Department of Health Management and PolicyMiami Herbert Business SchoolCoral GablesFloridaUSA
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Bennett WL, Martin L, Shea P, Perry JL, Sherer ML, Legato M, Klein SL. Establishment of a Private Foundation-Academic Partnership to Promote Careers of Early-Stage Investigators Examining the Influence of Sex and Gender on Health and Health Care. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023; 32:858-864. [PMID: 37585515 PMCID: PMC10457634 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2022.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological sex and gender-based constructs contribute significantly to the diversity of disease outcomes and treatment responses across the life course. To promote research considering sex and gender, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) launched the Specialized Centers of Research Excellence (SCORE) on sex differences program. The Career Enhancement Core (CEC) of the Johns Hopkins SCORE on Sex and Age Differences in Immunity to Influenza (SADII) partnered with the Foundation for Gender-Specific Medicine, which matched NIH funding to support seed grants. Over 3 years we awarded 12 (10 were women faculty) seed grants to early-stage investigators. One year after the award, the seed grant awardees highlighted their progress, including publications, grant applications, and abstracts. All awardees noted challenges with their progress related to the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain delays and shared suggestions for improving the programming of the CEC. They also highlighted the multiple ways the awards had helped them gain pilot data toward larger grants, build collaborative relationships, and present at the annual SCORE symposium. We describe a model and evidence supporting a private-academic collaboration to support the careers of early-stage investigators conducting research related to sex and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L. Bennett
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsay Martin
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Shea
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jamie L. Perry
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Morgan L. Sherer
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marianne Legato
- The Foundation for Gender-Specific Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Petruzzi L, Vohra-Gupta S, Valdez C, Cubbin C. Nativity moderates the relationship between nationality and healthcare access for some Latinx women in the United States. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2022; 27:1752-1768. [PMID: 34510969 PMCID: PMC10371217 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2021.1976396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender has been identified as a social determinant of health, particularly as it relates to healthcare access for women of color. Yet, few analyses focus on the unique barriers that impact Latinx women's access to healthcare, which demonstrates a significant gap in the literature given the heterogeneity of the Latinx population. The purpose of this study is to (1) describe how sociodemographic characteristics impact access to healthcare for Latinx women and (2) examine whether intersecting factors, particularly nativity and nationality, influence barriers to healthcare for Latinx women in the United States (US). DESIGN An outcome variable called 'any barriers to care' was created based on four healthcare access variables: lacking a usual source of care and delayed care (medical, dental and prescription). Data were from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2005-2015). The sample included Latinx women between ages 18 and 74 (N = 27,162), cross-classified by nationality and nativity. Control variables included language, age, marital status, education, income, and insurance status. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess nativity and nationality as a predictor of any barriers to care. RESULTS 37% of the sample experienced at least one barrier to care. Initially, nativity status was not a predictor of having a barrier to care. However, in adjusted models with cross-classified nativity and nationality variables, Mexican (US- and foreign-born), Cuban (US- and foreign-born) and Central/South American women (foreign-born only) had higher odds of having any barriers to care compared to continental US-born Puerto Rican women. CONCLUSIONS Latinx women experience barriers to healthcare, yet the prevalence rates vary widely depending on nationality and nativity. It is important to recognize the heterogeneity that exists within the Latinx community and address the underlying causes for limited healthcare access such as immigration policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Petruzzi
- The Steve Hicks School of Social Work at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Shetal Vohra-Gupta
- The Steve Hicks School of Social Work at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Carmen Valdez
- The Steve Hicks School of Social Work at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
- Population Health Department, Dell Medical School, Austin, USA
| | - Catherine Cubbin
- The Steve Hicks School of Social Work at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
- Population Health Department, Dell Medical School, Austin, USA
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