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Rocha-Jimenez T, Olivari C, Martínez A, Knipper M, Cabieses B. "Border closure only increased precariousness": a qualitative analysis of the effects of restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic on Venezuelan's health and human rights in South America. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1846. [PMID: 37735379 PMCID: PMC10515012 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2010, a political and social crisis pushed thousands of Venezuelans out of their country; today, seven million Venezuelans live abroad. In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, border closure increased and affected specific vulnerable migration flows, such as Venezuelans trying to migrate to Chile through the Northern borders. In this context, there is little evidence of migrants' health status and needs, their access to health services, and other basic needs (e.g., housing) from a human rights perspective. Therefore, we qualitatively explored the effects of border closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic on Venezuelan migrants' health and human rights, focusing on access to healthcare in the Northern Chilean border that adjoins Peru and Bolivia. METHODS Following a case-study qualitative design, we conducted an ethnography that included participatory observation of relevant sites (e.g., hospitals, main squares, migrant shelters) in Antofagasta, Iquique, and Arica and 30 in-depth interviews with actors in the health sector (n = 7), experts from the non-governmental sector (n = 16), and governmental actors (n = 7) in three large cities close to the Northern border. RESULTS We found four main dimensions: (i) border and migration processes, (ii) specific groups and intersectionality, (iii) barriers to healthcare services, and (iv) regional and local responses to the crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Programs characterized by the presence of healthcare providers in the field were essential to attend to migrants' health needs at borders. CONCLUSIONS Coordination between actors is crucial to implement regional protocols that respond to current migration phenomena and migrants' health needs. Health policies using a human rights approach are urgently required to respond to migrants' healthcare needs at borders in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita Rocha-Jimenez
- Society and Health Research Center, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Arts, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus On Sociomedicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Olivari
- Society and Health Research Center, School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Arts, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Martínez
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Heaven, USA
| | - Michael Knipper
- Global Health, Migration and Medical Humanities, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Board of Lancet Migration Latin America, Lima, Peru
| | - Báltica Cabieses
- Board of Lancet Migration Latin America, Lima, Peru.
- Centre for Global Intercultural Health (CeSGI), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
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Marzana D, Damia SM, Marta E, Pozzi M, Martínez ML. Engagement in migrant organizations for immigrant integration: A mixed-method study with Peruvians in Chile. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2022; 23:2125-2146. [PMID: 35125972 PMCID: PMC8801292 DOI: 10.1007/s12134-021-00928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immigrant communities in Chile face barriers to their integration, in the form of discrimination and social exclusion. Psychology of liberation claims that, when minority groups experience oppressing conditions, community engagement can be a path toward integration. Nevertheless, community participation has been mainly studied in North America and Europe. Through a concurrent nested mixed-method design, this study explores the relation between community engagement and perception of integration of Peruvian immigrants in Santiago de Chile. One hundred and ten Peruvians (age range 19 to 52 years), engaged in migrant organizations (MOs), completed a self-report questionnaire that aims to identify the predictors of integration based on psychosocial perspective (education), acculturation (national identity and ethnic identity), and liberation psychology literature (perceived institutional sensitivity, knowledge of the Chilean culture and laws). Additionally, 18 Peruvian leaders (ages 31 to 56 years) were interviewed in order to explore intergroup relations and organizational strategies that their MOs use to enhance integration. An interesting and novel finding points to the role of a Latin-American identity that appears to have potential negative consequences in maintaining the status quo for the social exclusion that Peruvians currently face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marzana
- Psychology Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo gemelli 1, 20123 Milano, Italy
- CERISVICO Research Centre On Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life, via Trieste 17, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Martinez Damia
- Psychology Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo gemelli 1, 20123 Milano, Italy
- CERISVICO Research Centre On Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life, via Trieste 17, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Marta
- Psychology Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo gemelli 1, 20123 Milano, Italy
- CERISVICO Research Centre On Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life, via Trieste 17, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maura Pozzi
- Psychology Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo gemelli 1, 20123 Milano, Italy
- CERISVICO Research Centre On Community Development and Organisational Quality of Life, via Trieste 17, 25121 Brescia, Italy
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Martinez Damia S, Marzana D, Alfieri S, Pozzi M, Marta E, Martinez ML. Psychological and Structural Barriers to Immigrant Community Participation: The Experience of Peruvians in Santiago de Chile. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 67:456-469. [PMID: 33125168 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Community participation can be considered a pillar for the promotion of social justice and well-being for immigrants in new countries. Participation may be influenced by different forms of oppression which decrease opportunities for immigrants to be engaged. The present study explores the difficulties that Peruvian immigrants encountered and still encountering to participate in Santiago de Chile through in-depth qualitative interviews. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with Peruvian leaders of Ethnic Community Based Organizations (ECBOs) in Santiago de Chile. Interviews focused on the community engagement of Peruvians highlighting the difficulties they encountered when deciding whether to engage and throughout the process of carrying out their commitment, along with their perceptions when trying to engage their compatriots. The present study contributes to the literature in three aspects. First, it focused on the phenomenon of South-South migration. Secondly, it delved into the psychological and structural barriers that immigrants' experience, considering their disadvantaged conditions. Thirdly, it used Situational Analysis, along with the constructionist drift of Grounded Theory, which is widely used in critical, qualitative research, and is sensitive to producing situated knowledge. Coding and mapping analysis identified experiences related to historical trauma, transnational bonds, and dominant master narratives in both countries as well as challenges due to balancing time and priorities, surviving institutional deterrents, and inter-organizations competitiveness. Finally, transnational commitments, mechanisms of social disconnection, and under valuated rights that Peruvians may live in Chile were pointed out. These results intend to have practical implications for immigrants and for community psychologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Marzana
- Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Alfieri
- Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Pozzi
- Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Marta
- Catholic University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M L Martinez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Indicadores de salud y bienestar social en población inmigrante y chilena: un estudio comparativo. ACTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.14718/acp.2021.24.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
En el presente estudio se comparan los niveles medios de salud y bienestar social de adultos nacidos en Chile (n = 155) e inmigrantes de nacionalidad colombiana (n = 166), peruana (n = 154) y venezolana (n = 180). Los resultados están en línea con la “hipótesis selectiva de la inmigración”, pues se encontraron mayores niveles de salud (Minmigrantes = 40.35; Mchilenos = 38.93; t[203.579] = 2.745, p < .01) y bienestar social en inmigrantes (M = 88.62) que en chilenos (M = 85.42; t(190.778) = –3.197, p < .01). En general, en este trabajo se muestra el efecto negativo que tiene la percepción de discriminación sobre la salud, y el efecto positivo de las variables socioculturales de identidad endogrupal, enriquecimiento cultural y cercanía intergrupal sobre el bienestar social en personas inmigrantes.
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Urzúa A, Henríquez D, Caqueo-Urízar A. Affects as Mediators of the Negative Effects of Discrimination on Psychological Well-Being in the Migrant Population. Front Psychol 2020; 11:602537. [PMID: 33362664 PMCID: PMC7759608 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.602537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant empirical evidence on the negative effects of discrimination on psychological well-being. However, little research has focused on exploring the factors that can mitigate this effect. Within this framework, the present study examined the mediating role of positive and negative affects in the relationship between ethnic and racial discrimination and psychological well-being in the migrant population. About 919 Colombians, first-generation migrants, residing in Chile (Arica, Antofagasta, and Santiago) were evaluated, of which 50.5% were women, and the participants' average age was 35 years (range: 18-65 years). Krieger's discrimination questionnaires, Watson's Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale were applied. The measurement models of each variable were estimated, and then the structural equation models were used. The results of the hypothesized multiple mediation model showed that the main mediator in the relationship between ethnic-racial discrimination and psychological well-being was positive affects over negative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Urzúa
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Diego Henríquez
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
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Effect of Positive Social Interaction on the Psychological Well-being in South American Immigrants in Chile. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-019-00731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Urzúa A, Cabrera C, Carvajal CC, Caqueo-Urízar A. The mediating role of self-esteem on the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health in South American immigrants in Chile. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:187-194. [PMID: 30500708 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Psychological aspects in South-South migration have been little studied. The following study aimed to describe the effect of individual self-esteem as a mediator in the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health (understood as the presence of anxious and depressive symptomatology) in South American migrants in Chile. We surveyed 853 people, of Peruvian and Colombian nationality, residing in three cities (Arica, Antofagasta and Santiago). Three ad-hoc scales were applied to evaluate the study variables, analyzing the measurement models for each of them using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis method. Subsequently, the hypothesized mediation model is evaluated through Structural Equations (SEM). The results show that discrimination has a positive and direct relationship with both anxiety and depression, and that the effect of interaction between the variables of discrimination, self-esteem and symptoms associated with depression and anxiety, had a simple partial mediating effect. Discrimination would have a positive and minor effect on anxious and depressive symptoms, as it is mediated by self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Urzúa
- Universidad Católica del Norte, Escuela de Psicología, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Carlos Cabrera
- Universidad Católica del Norte, Escuela de Psicología, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile.
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Urzúa A, Ferrer R, Godoy N, Leppes F, Trujillo C, Osorio C, Caqueo-Urízar A. The mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being in immigrants. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198413. [PMID: 29927968 PMCID: PMC6013095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to analyze the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being in South American immigrants in Chile. An analytical, cross sectional, non-experimental design was used. We evaluated 853 Peruvians and Colombians living in the northern cities of Arica, Antofagasta, and Santiago de Chile, the capital located in the center of the country. The instruments used were the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Perceived Discrimination Scale by Basabe, Paez, Aierdi and Jiménez-Aristizabal. We used the estimation method (RWLS) and polychoric correlation matrices, to estimate the effect size and overall fit of the direct effect models of discrimination and self-esteem on psychological well-being, and indirect and total effects of discrimination mediated by self-esteem. While both populations reported similar levels of perceived discrimination, it was found that the means in psychological well-being and self-esteem of the Colombian population were significantly higher than that of the Peruvian population. Regarding self-esteem, the results provided evidence for the possible mediating effect on the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being. This research aims to contribute to the development of interventions seeking to strengthen self-esteem in order to circumvent possible negative consequences of perceived discrimination, as a consequent, improving immigrants´ personal resources to successfully cope with the diverse demands of their new context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Urzúa
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Rodrigo Ferrer
- Departamento de Filosofía y Psicología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Nidia Godoy
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Francisca Leppes
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Carlos Trujillo
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Osorio
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
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Urzúa A, Basabe N, Pizarro JJ, Ferrer R. Afrontamiento del estrés por aculturación: inmigrantes latinos en Chile. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-5.aeai] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Las minorías migrantes afrontan el estrés aculturativo con respuestas conductuales y cognitivas. Las fuentes de estrés de aculturación incluyen la discriminación, las diferencias socioculturales, la añoranza del origen y la ruptura familiar. Se entrevistaron a 853 inmigrantes peruanos y colombianos en Chile (51% mujeres, y edad M = 33.19; DE = 9.54). Se aplicaron escalas de estrés de aculturación y formas de afrontamiento. La distancia y añoranza familiar fue la principal fuente de estrés siendo mayor entre los colombianos, quienes usan más la movilidad individual, la distracción y las comparaciones sociales, mientras los peruanos internalizan más el estigma del inmigrante. Las comparaciones intergrupales y temporales se relacionaron con menor estrés de aculturación. Se discute la importancia de las formas de afrontar el estrés en minorías migrantes.
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Urzúa A, Ferrer R, Canales Gaete V, Núñez Aragón D, Ravanal Labraña I, Tabilo Poblete B. The influence of acculturation strategies in quality of life by immigrants in Northern Chile. Qual Life Res 2016; 26:717-726. [PMID: 27943019 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-016-1470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the influence of acculturation strategies on quality of life, henceforth QoL. METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, two questionnaires were applied, the WHOQoL-BREF from the World Health Organization and Basabe's acculturation strategies. The questionnaires were applied to 853 Colombian and Peruvian immigrants living in Northern Chilean cities of Arica, Antofagasta and Santiago de Chile. RESULTS In the psychological and social domains, as well as in the overall assessment of QoL, the most beneficial strategies are those where customs are maintained from the homeland, where "integration" then "separation" are the most beneficial. On the contrary, when the strategy for maintaining homeland customs is low, the QoL tends to be lower. The strategy of "marginalized" is associated with a lower QoL. CONCLUSIONS Acculturation strategies mildly or moderately affect the psychological and social domains of quality of life as well as the overall assessment of QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Urzúa
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Ferrer
- Dpto. de Psicología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
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