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Ackley BJ, Martin KL, Key TS, Clarkson CM, Bowen JJ, Posey ND, Ponder JF, Apostolov ZD, Cinibulk MK, Pruyn TL, Dickerson MB. Advances in the Synthesis of Preceramic Polymers for the Formation of Silicon-Based and Ultrahigh-Temperature Non-Oxide Ceramics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4188-4236. [PMID: 37015056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Preceramic polymers (PCPs) are a group of specialty macromolecules that serve as precursors for generating inorganics, including ceramic carbides, nitrides, and borides. PCPs represent interesting synthetic challenges for chemists due to the elements incorporated into their structure. This group of polymers is also of interest to engineers as PCPs enable the processing of polymer-derived ceramic products including high-performance ceramic fibers and composites. These finished ceramic materials are of growing significance for applications that experience extreme operating environments (e.g., aerospace propulsion and high-speed atmospheric flight). This Review provides an overview of advances in the synthesis and postpolymerization modification of macromolecules forming nonoxide ceramics. These PCPs include polycarbosilanes, polysilanes, polysilazanes, and precursors for ultrahigh-temperature ceramics. Following our review of PCP synthetic chemistry, we provide examples of the application and processing of these polymers, including their use in fiber spinning, composite fabrication, and additive manufacturing. The principal objective of this Review is to provide a resource that bridges the disciplines of synthetic chemistry and ceramic engineering while providing both insights and inspiration for future collaborative work that will ultimately drive the PCP field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Ackley
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- ARCTOS Technology Solutions, 1270 N. Fairfield Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Kara L Martin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Thomas S Key
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Caitlyn M Clarkson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- NRC Research Associateship Programs, The National Academies, Washington, District of Columbia 20001, United States
| | - John J Bowen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Nicholas D Posey
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - James F Ponder
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Zlatomir D Apostolov
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michael K Cinibulk
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Timothy L Pruyn
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Matthew B Dickerson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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Oishi M, Nakanishi Y, Suzuki H. Selective Incorporation of Primary Amines into a Trizirconium Imido System and Catalyic Cyclization of Aminoalkynes. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9802-9813. [PMID: 28783320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The trinuclear zirconium imido complex [{LZr(NMe2)}3] (2, L = C5Me4CH2CH2N) was synthesized by amine elimination between Zr(NMe2)4 and endo-olefinic isomers of (tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)ethanamine (LH3) (1). To study the fundamental reactivity of the trizirconium system, reactions of 2 with primary amines were examined. Selective incorporations of the primary amines were observed, depending on steric and electronic natures of the amine substrates. The amine-incorporated complexes [(LZrNHR)(LHZrNHR)(LHZr)(μ-NHR)(μ3-NR)] (3, R = Pr, Et), [(LZrNHR)2(LHZr)(μ-NR)] (4, R = Pr, i-Bu), [(LZr)2(LZrNMe2)(μ-NR)] (5, R = neo-Pen), and [(LZr)(LZrNHAr)(LH2Zr)(μ-NAr)2] (6, Ar = Ph, C6H4-4-Br, C6H4-4-OMe) were structurally characterized by NMR and XRD analysis and showed several coordination modes of the substrate nitrogen ligands: i.e., terminal amides, bridging amides, and bridging imides but not terminal imides. Thermolysis of a mixture of 3 and 4 led to C-H bond activation, giving rise to the zirconaaziridines [{LZr(η2-NCHR)}(LZr)(LHZr)(μ-NHCH2R)] (12, R = Et, Me). Complex 2 proved to be a competent precatalyst in the hydroamination of the aminoalkynes (H2NCH2CR12CH2C≡CR2) (13, R1 = H, R2 = Bu, Ph, t-Bu; 14, R1 = Me, R2 = Et, Ph). Stoichiometric or semicatalytic reactions of 2 and the aminoalkynes were studied to explore the reactivity of in situ formed Zr3 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Oishi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology and ‡Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakanishi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology and ‡Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroharu Suzuki
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology and ‡Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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Long X, Shao C, Wang H, Wang J. Synthesis and characterization of a polyborosilazane/Cp2ZrCl2 hybrid precursor for the Si–B–C–N–Zr multinary ceramic. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15463-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Si–B–C–N–Zr multinary ceramic was prepared via pyrolysis of a novel zirconium-contained polyborosilazane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Long
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- PR China
| | - Changwei Shao
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering
- National University of Defense Technology
- Changsha 410073
- PR China
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Caballo J, García-Castro M, Martín A, Mena M, Pérez-Redondo A, Yélamos C. Molecular Nitrides with Titanium and Rare-Earth Metals. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:6798-808. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2008683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Caballo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares-Madrid, Spain
| | - María García-Castro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares-Madrid, Spain
| | - Avelino Martín
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares-Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Mena
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares-Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Pérez-Redondo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares-Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Yélamos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares-Madrid, Spain
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Kaleta K, Arndt P, Beweries T, Spannenberg A, Theilmann O, Rosenthal U. Reactions of Group 4 Metallocene Alkyne Complexes with Azobenzene: Formation of Diazametallacyclopropanes and N═N Bond Activation. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om100306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kaleta
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Perdita Arndt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Theilmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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Fan M, Duesler EN, Nöth H, Paine RT. Reactions of Organyl and Silyl Alanes with 1,3,4,5,6-Pentamethyl-2-aminoborazine. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:2983-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic902490z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maomin Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Eileen N. Duesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Heinrich Nöth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert T. Paine
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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