Macromolecular Antiproliferative Agents Featuring Dicarboxylato-Chelated Platinum

Platinum-based targeted chemotherapies and reversal of cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Lung cancer is the one of the most prevalent cancer in the world. It kills more people from cancer than any other cause and is especially common in underdeveloped nations. With 1.2 million instances, it is also the most prevalent cancer in men worldwide, making about 16.7% of the total cancer burden. Surgery is the main form of curative treatment for early-stage lung cancer. However, the majority of patients had incurable advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) recurrence after curative purpose surgery, which is indicative of the aggressiveness of the illness and the dismal outlook. The gold standard of treatment for NSCLC patients includes drug targeting of specific mutated genes drive in development of lung cancer. Furthermore, patients with advanced NSCLC and those with early-stage illness needing adjuvant therapy should use cisplatin as it is the more active platinum drug. So, this review encompasses the non-small cell lung cancer microenvironment, treatment approaches, and use of cisplatin as a first-line regimen for NSCLC, its mechanism of action, cisplatin resistance in NSCLC and also the prevention strategies to revert the drug resistance.

Macromolecular Prodrugs Containing Organoiron-Based Compounds in Cancer Research: A Review

Among the methods used for the treatment of cancer, chemotherapy is widely used, and it is by far one of the most unpleasant procedures given to a patient because of its severe side effects; while being necessary. One of the major problems in cancer chemotherapy is the limited selectivity of most of the drugs in current clinical use. Following administration, the active agent is distributed over the entire body and reaches not only the target cells or tissues but also interacts with healthy cells. In an attempt to overcome the side effects of anticancer drugs, the modification of the anticancer bioactive compounds has been a topic of active research for years. Numerous delivery systems such as drugcontaining liposomes, microencapsulation, nanoparticles, and water-soluble polymers have been used for the delivery of bioactive compounds to the site of action. Water-soluble polymeric conjugates and co-conjugates have remained the most outstanding delivery technique. This review will discuss the development of polymeric conjugates and co-conjugates of ferrocene in cancer research.

The dual-role of Pt(iv) complexes as active drug and crosslinker for micelles based on β-cyclodextrin grafted polymer

Amphiphilic block copolymer based on poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (POEGMEMA) and a block with pendant cyclodextrin units were self-assembled into micelles in the presence of the hydrophobic bile acid-based Pt(IV) drug, which also acted as crosslinker.

Polymeric biomaterials for the delivery of platinum-based anticancer drugs

Since cisplatin, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(ii), received FDA approval for use in cancer treatment in 1978, platinum-based drugs have been one of the most widely used drugs for the treatment of tumors in testicles, ovaries, head and neck. However, there are concerns associated with the use of platinum-based anticancer drugs, owing to severe side effects and drug resistance. In order to overcome these limitations, various drug-delivery systems have been developed based on diverse organic and inorganic materials. In particular, the versatility of polymeric materials facilitates the tuning of drug-delivery systems to meet their primary goals. This review focuses on the progress made over the last five years in the application of polymeric nanoparticles for the delivery of platinum-based anticancer drugs. The present article not only describes the fundamental principles underlying the implementation of polymeric nanomaterials in platinum-based drug delivery, but also summarizes concepts and strategies employed in the development of drug-delivery systems.

Nanocarriers for delivery of platinum anticancer drugs

Platinum based anticancer drugs have revolutionized cancer chemotherapy, and continue to be in widespread clinical use especially for management of tumors of the ovary, testes, and the head and neck. However, several dose limiting toxicities associated with platinum drug use, partial anti-tumor response in most patients, development of drug resistance, tumor relapse, and many other challenges have severely limited the patient quality of life. These limitations have motivated an extensive research effort towards development of new strategies for improving platinum therapy. Nanocarrier-based delivery of platinum compounds is one such area of intense research effort beginning to provide encouraging preclinical and clinical results and may allow the development of the next generation of platinum chemotherapy. This review highlights current understanding on the pharmacology and limitations of platinum compounds in clinical use, and provides a comprehensive analysis of various platinum-polymer complexes, micelles, dendrimers, liposomes and other nanoparticles currently under investigation for delivery of platinum drugs.

Polymeric nanoparticles with encapsulated superparamagnetic iron oxide and conjugated cisplatin for potential bladder cancer therapy

Amphiphilic poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(propargyl methacrylate-click-mercaptosuccinic acid-co-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PCL-b-P(PMA-click-MSA-co-PEGMA)) were synthesized by a combination of ring-opening polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and thiol-yne "click" reaction. The hydrophobic PCL core can be used to load superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), while the pendant dicarboxylic groups in the hydrophilic shell are used to coordinate cisplatin. These SPIONs-loaded, cisplatin-conjugated polymeric nanoparticles (Pt-Fe-PNs) are superparamagnetic at room temperature and are mucoadhesive. Release of cisplatin from Pt-Fe-PNs in artificial urine at 37 °C was characterized by an initial burst release with a release of ∼30% of the cisplatin in the first 4 h followed by a slow sustained release over 4 days. The cisplatin release can be further enhanced by increasing the temperature. These Pt-Fe-PNs can effectively induce cytotoxicity against UMUC3 bladder cancer cells with IC(50) of 32.3 μM. These results indicate that Pt-Fe-PNs is potentially a promising cisplatin delivery vehicle which can be combined with SPIONs-induced hyperthermia for bladder cancer therapy.