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Zhang Y, Guan H, Sheng T, Chen R, Rogge S, Du J, Yin C. Fast Thermodynamic Study on a Silicon Nanotransistor at Cryogenic Temperatures. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8859-8865. [PMID: 38981024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Cryogenic temperatures are crucial for the operation of semiconductor quantum electronic devices, yet the heating effects induced by microwave or laser signals used for quantum state manipulation can lead to significant temperature variations at the nanoscale. Therefore, probing the temperature of individual devices in working conditions and understanding the thermodynamics are paramount for designing and operating large-scale quantum computing systems. In this study, we demonstrate high-sensitivity fast thermometry in a silicon nanotransistor at cryogenic temperatures using RF reflectometry. Through this method, we explore the thermodynamic processes of the nanotransistor during and after a laser pulse and determine the dominant heat dissipation channels in the few-kelvin temperature range. These insights are important to understand thermal budgets in quantum circuits, with our techniques being compatible with microwave and laser radiation, offering a versatile approach for studying other quantum electronic devices in working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Tingfeng Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chunming Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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Castoria KE, Byeon H, Theis J, Beysengulov NR, Glen EO, Koolstra G, Sammon M, Lyon SA, Pollanen J, Rees DG. A hermetic on-cryostat helium source for low temperature experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:043902. [PMID: 38563716 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We describe a helium source cell for use in cryogenic experiments that is hermetically sealed in situ on the cold plate of a cryostat. The source cell is filled with helium gas at room temperature and, subsequently, sealed using a cold weld crimping tool before the cryostat is closed and cooled down. At low temperatures, the helium condenses and collects in a connected experimental volume, as monitored via the frequency response of a planar superconducting resonator device sensitive to small amounts of liquid helium. This on-cryostat helium source negates the use of a filling tube between the cryogenic volumes and room temperature, thereby preventing unwanted effects such as temperature instabilities that arise from the thermomechanical motion of helium within the system. This helium source can be used in experiments investigating the properties of quantum fluids or to better thermalize quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Byeon
- EeroQ Corporation, Chicago, Illinois 60651, USA
| | - J Theis
- EeroQ Corporation, Chicago, Illinois 60651, USA
| | | | - E O Glen
- EeroQ Corporation, Chicago, Illinois 60651, USA
| | - G Koolstra
- EeroQ Corporation, Chicago, Illinois 60651, USA
| | - M Sammon
- EeroQ Corporation, Chicago, Illinois 60651, USA
| | - S A Lyon
- EeroQ Corporation, Chicago, Illinois 60651, USA
| | - J Pollanen
- EeroQ Corporation, Chicago, Illinois 60651, USA
| | - D G Rees
- EeroQ Corporation, Chicago, Illinois 60651, USA
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Autti S, Bettsworth FC, Grigoras K, Gunnarsson D, Haley RP, Jones AT, Pashkin YA, Prance JR, Prunnila M, Thompson MD, Zmeev DE. Thermal Transport in Nanoelectronic Devices Cooled by On-Chip Magnetic Refrigeration. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:077001. [PMID: 37656858 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.077001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
On-chip demagnetization refrigeration has recently emerged as a powerful tool for reaching microkelvin electron temperatures in nanoscale structures. The relative importance of cooling on-chip and off-chip components and the thermal subsystem dynamics are yet to be analyzed. We study a Coulomb blockade thermometer with on-chip copper refrigerant both experimentally and numerically, showing that dynamics in this device are captured by a first-principles model. Our work shows how to simulate thermal dynamics in devices down to microkelvin temperatures, and outlines a recipe for a low-investment platform for quantum technologies and fundamental nanoscience in this novel temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Autti
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - F C Bettsworth
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - K Grigoras
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - D Gunnarsson
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - R P Haley
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - A T Jones
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Yu A Pashkin
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - J R Prance
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - M Prunnila
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - M D Thompson
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - D E Zmeev
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
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4
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Lucas M, Danilov AV, Levitin LV, Jayaraman A, Casey AJ, Faoro L, Tzalenchuk AY, Kubatkin SE, Saunders J, de Graaf SE. Quantum bath suppression in a superconducting circuit by immersion cooling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3522. [PMID: 37316500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum circuits interact with the environment via several temperature-dependent degrees of freedom. Multiple experiments to-date have shown that most properties of superconducting devices appear to plateau out at T ≈ 50 mK - far above the refrigerator base temperature. This is for example reflected in the thermal state population of qubits, in excess numbers of quasiparticles, and polarisation of surface spins - factors contributing to reduced coherence. We demonstrate how to remove this thermal constraint by operating a circuit immersed in liquid 3He. This allows to efficiently cool the decohering environment of a superconducting resonator, and we see a continuous change in measured physical quantities down to previously unexplored sub-mK temperatures. The 3He acts as a heat sink which increases the energy relaxation rate of the quantum bath coupled to the circuit a thousand times, yet the suppressed bath does not introduce additional circuit losses or noise. Such quantum bath suppression can reduce decoherence in quantum circuits and opens a route for both thermal and coherence management in quantum processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lucas
- Physics Department, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - A V Danilov
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - L V Levitin
- Physics Department, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - A Jayaraman
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A J Casey
- Physics Department, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - L Faoro
- Google Quantum AI, Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - A Ya Tzalenchuk
- Physics Department, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - S E Kubatkin
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J Saunders
- Physics Department, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - S E de Graaf
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.
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Cooling low-dimensional electron systems into the microkelvin regime. Nat Commun 2022; 13:667. [PMID: 35115494 PMCID: PMC8814190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) with high mobility, engineered in semiconductor heterostructures host a variety of ordered phases arising from strong correlations, which emerge at sufficiently low temperatures. The 2DEG can be further controlled by surface gates to create quasi-one dimensional systems, with potential spintronic applications. Here we address the long-standing challenge of cooling such electrons to below 1 mK, potentially important for identification of topological phases and spin correlated states. The 2DEG device was immersed in liquid 3He, cooled by the nuclear adiabatic demagnetization of copper. The temperature of the 2D electrons was inferred from the electronic noise in a gold wire, connected to the 2DEG by a metallic ohmic contact. With effective screening and filtering, we demonstrate a temperature of 0.9 ± 0.1 mK, with scope for significant further improvement. This platform is a key technological step, paving the way to observing new quantum phenomena, and developing new generations of nanoelectronic devices exploiting correlated electron states. Cooling electrons into the microkelvin temperature range is of interest both for practical purposes and fundamental studies, but current demonstrations are limited to small, specific devices. Here, the authors achieve sub-millikelvin temperatures in a large-area, two-dimensional electron gas.
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Szałowski K. Low-Temperature Magnetocaloric Properties of V12 Polyoxovanadate Molecular Magnet: A Theoretical Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4399. [PMID: 33023171 PMCID: PMC7579335 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a computational study of the magnetocaloric properties of the V12 polyoxovanadate molecular magnet. The description is restricted to low-temperature range (below approximately 100 K), where the magnetic properties of the system in question can be sufficiently modelled by considering a tetramer that consists of four vanadium ions with spins S=1/2. The discussion is focused on the magnetocaloric effect in the cryogenic range. The exact and numerical diagonalization of the corresponding Hamiltonian is used in order to construct the thermodynamic description within a version of the canonical ensemble. The thermodynamic quantities of interest, such as magnetic entropy, specific heat, entropy change under isothermal magnetization/demagnetization, temperature change under adiabatic magnetization/demagnetization, refrigerant capacity, and magnetic Grüneisen ratio, are calculated and discussed extensively. The importance of two quantum level crossings for the described properties is emphasized. The significant ranges of direct and inverse magnetocaloric effect are predicted. In particular, the maximized inverse magnetocaloric response is found for cryogenic temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Szałowski
- Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of ódź, ulica Pomorska 149/153, PL90-236 Łódź, Poland
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