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De Vleeschauwer SI, van de Ven M, Oudin A, Debusschere K, Connor K, Byrne AT, Ram D, Rhebergen AM, Raeves YD, Dahlhoff M, Dangles-Marie V, Hermans ER. OBSERVE: guidelines for the refinement of rodent cancer models. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:2571-2596. [PMID: 38992214 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Existing guidelines on the preparation (Planning Research and Experimental Procedures on Animals: Recommendations for Excellence (PREPARE)) and reporting (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE)) of animal experiments do not provide a clear and standardized approach for refinement during in vivo cancer studies, resulting in the publication of generic methodological sections that poorly reflect the attempts made at accurately monitoring different pathologies. Compliance with the 3Rs guidelines has mainly focused on reduction and replacement; however, refinement has been harder to implement. The Oncology Best-practices: Signs, Endpoints and Refinements for in Vivo Experiments (OBSERVE) guidelines are the result of a European initiative supported by EurOPDX and INFRAFRONTIER, and aim to facilitate the refinement of studies using in vivo cancer models by offering robust and practical recommendations on approaches to research scientists and animal care staff. We listed cancer-specific clinical signs as a reference point and from there developed sets of guidelines for a wide variety of rodent models, including genetically engineered models and patient derived xenografts. In this Consensus Statement, we systematically and comprehensively address refinement and monitoring approaches during the design and execution of murine cancer studies. We elaborate on the appropriate preparation of tumor-initiating biologicals and the refinement of tumor-implantation methods. We describe the clinical signs to monitor associated with tumor growth, the appropriate follow-up of animals tailored to varying clinical signs and humane endpoints, and an overview of severity assessment in relation to clinical signs, implantation method and tumor characteristics. The guidelines provide oncology researchers clear and robust guidance for the refinement of in vivo cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marieke van de Ven
- Laboratory Animal Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anaïs Oudin
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Karlijn Debusschere
- Animal Core Facility VUB, Brussels, Belgium
- Core ARTH Animal Facilities, Medicine and Health Sciences Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kate Connor
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annette T Byrne
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doreen Ram
- Laboratory Animal Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maik Dahlhoff
- Institute of in vivo and in vitro Models, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Els R Hermans
- Laboratory Animal Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Shmuel S, Monette S, Ibrahim D, Pereira PMR. PDX Models in Theranostic Applications: Generation and Screening for B Cell Lymphoma of Human Origin. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:569-576. [PMID: 38649626 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-024-01917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
This MIB guide briefly summarizes the generation of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and highlights the importance of validating PDX models for the presence of B cell lymphoma of human origin before their use in radiotheranostic applications. The use of this protocol will allow researchers to learn different methods for screening PDX models for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla Shmuel
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sébastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dina Ibrahim
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Patrícia M R Pereira
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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3
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Toàn NM, Vágner A, Nagy G, Ország G, Nagy T, Csikos C, Váradi B, Sajtos GZ, Kapus I, Szoboszlai Z, Szikra D, Trencsényi G, Tircsó G, Garai I. [ 52Mn]Mn-BPPA-Trastuzumab: A Promising HER2-Specific PET Radiotracer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8261-8270. [PMID: 38690886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a novel radiotracer using trastuzumab and the long-lived [52Mn]Mn isotope for HER2-targeted therapy selection and monitoring. A new Mn(II) chelator, BPPA, synthesized from a rigid bispyclen platform possessing a picolinate pendant arm, formed a stable and inert Mn(II) complex with favorable relaxation properties. BPPA was converted into a bifunctional chelator (BFC), conjugated to trastuzumab, and labeled with [52Mn]Mn isotope. In comparison to DOTA-GA-trastuzumab, the BPPA-trastuzumab conjugate exhibits a labeling efficiency with [52Mn]Mn approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher. In female CB17 SCID mice bearing 4T1 (HER2-) and MDA-MB-HER2+ (HER2+) xenografts, [52Mn]Mn-BPPA-trastuzumab demonstrated superior uptake in HER2+ cells on day 3, with a 3-4 fold difference observed on day 7. Overall, the hexadentate BPPA chelator proves to be exceptional in binding Mn(II). Upon coupling with trastuzumab as a BFC ligand, it becomes an excellent imaging probe for HER2-positive tumors. [52Mn]Mn-BPPA-trastuzumab enables an extended imaging time window and earlier detection of HER2-positive tumors with superior tumor-to-background contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngô Minh Toàn
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Medical Imaging Clinic, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Tamás Nagy
- Medical Imaging Clinic, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Scanomed Ltd., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Csaba Csikos
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Medical Imaging Clinic, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Balázs Váradi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Gergő Zoltán Sajtos
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - István Kapus
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | | | - Dezső Szikra
- Medical Imaging Clinic, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Scanomed Ltd., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - György Trencsényi
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Medical Imaging Clinic, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Scanomed Ltd., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Tircsó
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Garai
- Gyula Petrányi Doctoral School of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Medical Imaging Clinic, Clinical Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
- Scanomed Ltd., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
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4
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Stribbling SM, Beach C, Ryan AJ. Orthotopic and metastatic tumour models in preclinical cancer research. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108631. [PMID: 38467308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Mouse models of disease play a pivotal role at all stages of cancer drug development. Cell-line derived subcutaneous tumour models are predominant in early drug discovery, but there is growing recognition of the importance of the more complex orthotopic and metastatic tumour models for understanding both target biology in the correct tissue context, and the impact of the tumour microenvironment and the immune system in responses to treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the value that orthotopic and metastatic models bring to the study of tumour biology and drug development while pointing out those models that are most likely to be encountered in the literature. Important developments in orthotopic models, such as the increasing use of early passage patient material (PDXs, organoids) and humanised mouse models are discussed, as these approaches have the potential to increase the predictive value of preclinical studies, and ultimately improve the success rate of anticancer drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Stribbling
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Callum Beach
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Fast Biopharma, Aston Rowant, Oxfordshire, OX49 5SW, UK.
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Lewis MT, Caldas C. The Power and Promise of Patient-Derived Xenografts of Human Breast Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041329. [PMID: 38052483 PMCID: PMC10982691 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, a group of researchers engaged in the development of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of human breast cancer provided a comprehensive review of the state of the field. In that review, they summarized the clinical problem that PDXs might address, the technical approaches to their generation (including a discussion of host animals and transplant conditions tested), and presented transplantation success (take) rates across groups and across transplantation conditions. At the time, there were just over 500 unique PDX models created by these investigators representing all three clinically defined subtypes (ER+, HER2+, and TNBC). Today, many of these PDX resources have at least doubled in size, and several more PDX development groups now exist, such that there may be well upward of 1000 PDX models of human breast cancer in existence worldwide. They also presented a series of open questions for the field. Many of these questions have been addressed. However, several remain open, or only partially addressed. Herein, we revisit these questions, and recount the progress that has been made in a number of areas with respect to generation, characterization, and use of PDXs in translational research, and re-present questions that remain open. These open questions, and others, are now being addressed not only by individual investigators, but also large, well-funded consortia including the PDXNet program of the National Cancer Institute in the United States, and the EuroPDX Consortium, an organization of PDX developers across Europe. Finally, we discuss the new opportunities in PDX-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lewis
- Baylor College of Medicine, The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
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Ferreira T, Azevedo T, Silva J, Faustino-Rocha AI, Oliveira PA. Current views on in vivo models for breast cancer research and related drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:189-207. [PMID: 38095187 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2293152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal models play a crucial role in breast cancer research, in particular mice and rats, who develop mammary tumors that closely resemble their human counterparts. These models allow the study of mechanisms behind breast carcinogenesis, as well as the efficacy and safety of new, and potentially more effective and advantageous therapeutic approaches. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each model is crucial to select the most appropriate one for the research purpose. AREA COVERED This review provides a concise overview of the animal models available for breast cancer research, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each one for searching new and more effective approaches to treatments for this type of cancer. EXPERT OPINION Rodent models provide valuable information on the genetic alterations of the disease, the tumor microenvironment, and allow the evaluation of the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. However, in vivo models have limitations, and one of them is the fact that they do not fully mimic human diseases. Choosing the most suitable model for the study purpose is crucial for the development of new therapeutic agents that provide better care for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago Azevedo
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jessica Silva
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, Comprehensive Health Research Center, Évora, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Kotelnikova PA, Shipunova VO, Deyev SM. Targeted PLGA-Chitosan Nanoparticles for NIR-Triggered Phototherapy and Imaging of HER2-Positive Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:9. [PMID: 38276487 PMCID: PMC10819332 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted medicine uses the distinctive features of cancer cells to find and destroy tumors. We present human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted PLGA-chitosan nanoparticles for cancer therapy and visualization. Loading with two near-infrared (NIR) dyes provides imaging in the NIR transparency window and phototherapy triggered by 808 nm light. Nile Blue (NB) is a biocompatible solvatochromic NIR dye that serves as an imaging agent. Laser irradiation of IR-780 dye leads to a temperature rise and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Resonance energy transfer between two dyes allows visualization of tumors in a wide range of visible and IR wavelengths. The combination of two NIR dyes enables the use of nanoparticles for diagnostics only or theranostics. Modification of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-chitosan nanoparticles with trastuzumab provides an efficient nanoparticle uptake by tumor cells and promotes more than sixfold specificity towards HER2-positive cells, leading to a synergistic anticancer effect. We demonstrate optical imaging of the HER2-positive mouse mammary tumor and tumor-specific accumulation of PLGA-IR-780-NB nanoparticles in vivo after intravenous administration. We managed to achieve almost complete suppression of the proliferative activity of cells in vitro by irradiation with an 808 nm laser with a power of 0.27 W for 1 min at a concentration at which nanoparticles are nontoxic to cells in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina A. Kotelnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria O. Shipunova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Per., 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Nanobiomedicine Division, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Bionanophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe Shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Theranostics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Wang W, Li Y, Lin K, Wang X, Tu Y, Zhuo Z. Progress in building clinically relevant patient-derived tumor xenograft models for cancer research. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:381-398. [PMID: 37679891 PMCID: PMC10614132 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models, a method involving the surgical extraction of tumor tissues from cancer patients and subsequent transplantation into immunodeficient mice, have emerged as a pivotal approach in translational research, particularly in advancing precision medicine. As the first stage of PDX development, the patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models implant tumor tissue in mice in the corresponding anatomical locations of the patient. The PDOX models have several advantages, including high fidelity to the original tumor, heightened drug sensitivity, and an elevated rate of successful transplantation. However, the PDOX models present significant challenges, requiring advanced surgical techniques and resource-intensive imaging technologies, which limit its application. And then, the humanized mouse models, as well as the zebrafish models, were developed. Humanized mouse models contain a human immune environment resembling the tumor and immune system interplay. The humanized mouse models are a hot topic in PDX model research. Regarding zebrafish patient-derived tumor xenografts (zPDX) and patient-derived organoids (PDO) as promising models for studying cancer and drug discovery, zPDX models are used to transplant tumors into zebrafish as novel personalized medical animal models with the advantage of reducing patient waiting time. PDO models provide a cost-effective approach for drug testing that replicates the in vivo environment and preserves important tumor-related information for patients. The present review highlights the functional characteristics of each new phase of PDX and provides insights into the challenges and prospective developments in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Wang
- Department of Clinical MedicineShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Yongshu Li
- College of Life SciencesHubei Normal UniversityHuangshiChina
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology InnovationNational Institute of MetrologyShenzhenChina
| | - Kaida Lin
- Department of Clinical MedicineShantou University Medical CollegeShantouChina
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- Department of PharmacyShenzhen Longhua District Central HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Yanyang Tu
- Research Center, Huizhou Central People's HospitalGuangdong Medical UniversityHuizhou CityChina
| | - Zhenjian Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Chemical Biology and BiotechnologyPeking University Shenzhen Graduate SchoolShenzhenChina
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9
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Shakiba E, Bazi A, Ghasemi H, Eshaghi‐Gorji R, Mehdipour SA, Nikfar B, Rashidi M, Mirzaei S. Hesperidin suppressed metastasis, angiogenesis and tumour growth in Balb/c mice model of breast cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2756-2769. [PMID: 37581480 PMCID: PMC10494297 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the unfavourable response of breast cancer (BC) to treatment, we assessed the therapeutic potential hesperidin in mice bearing 4T1 BC tumours. Anti-tumour effects were assessed by measuring pathologic complete response (pCR), survival analysis, immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, VEGF, MMP9, MMP2 and Ki-67, serum measurement of IFNγ and IL-4, and gene expression analysis of CD105, VEGFa, VEGFR2 and COX2. Survival of tumour-bearing mice was the highest in mice receiving a combination of hesperidin and doxorubicin (Dox) (80%) compared to the normal saline (43%), hesperidin 5 (54%), 10 (55.5%), 10 (60.5%) and 40 (66%) mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg Dox-treated (73%) groups (p < 0.0001 for all). Compared to the normal saline group, there was a significant elevation in IFNγ level in the animals receiving 20 (p = 0.0026) and 40 (p < 0.001) mg/kg hesperidin, 10 mg/kg Dox (p < 0.001), and combined hesperidin (20 mg/kg) and Dox (10 mg/kg) (p < 0.001). A significant reduction in the gene expression of CD 105 (p = 0.0106), VEGFa (p < 0.0001), VEGFR2 (p < 0.0001), and Cox2 (p = 0.034) and a significant higher pCR score (p = 0.006) were noticed in mice treated with 10 mg/kg Dox + 20 mg/kg hesperidin compared to those treated with 10 mg/kg Dox alone. Immunohistochemical staining showed significant reductions in Ki-67 (p < 0.001) and VEGF (p < 0.001) and a significant elevation in E-cadherin (p = 0.005) in the 10 mg/kg Dox + 20 mg/kg treatment group than in 10 mg/kg Dox alone group. Hesperidin can be considered as a potentially suitable anti-cancer agent for BC that can synergize with other chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shakiba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Ali Bazi
- Department of HematologyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
- Faculty of Allied Medical SciencesZabol University of Medical SciencesZabolIran
| | - Hamed Ghasemi
- Student Research CommitteeMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Reza Eshaghi‐Gorji
- Student Research CommitteeMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | | | - Banafsheh Nikfar
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department of PharmacologyMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research CenterMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
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Serrano A, Weber T, Berthelet J, El-Saafin F, Gadipally S, Charafe-Jauffret E, Ginestier C, Mariadason JM, Oakes SR, Britt K, Naik SH, Merino D. Experimental and spontaneous metastasis assays can result in divergence in clonal architecture. Commun Biol 2023; 6:821. [PMID: 37550477 PMCID: PMC10406815 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumoural heterogeneity is associated with poor outcomes in breast cancer. To understand how malignant clones survive and grow in metastatic niches, in vivo models using cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) have become the gold standard. Injections of cancer cells in orthotopic sites (spontaneous metastasis assays) or into the vasculature (experimental metastasis assays) have been used interchangeably to study the metastatic cascade from early events or post-intravasation, respectively. However, less is known about how these different routes of injection impact heterogeneity. Herein we directly compared the clonality of spontaneous and experimental metastatic assays using the human cell line MDA-MB-231 and a PDX model. Genetic barcoding was used to study the fitness of the subclones in primary and metastatic sites. Using spontaneous assays, we found that intraductal injections resulted in less diverse tumours compared to other routes of injections. Using experimental metastasis assays via tail vein injection of barcoded MDA-MB-231 cells, we also observed an asymmetry in metastatic heterogeneity between lung and liver that was not observed using spontaneous metastasis assays. These results demonstrate that these assays can result in divergent clonal outputs in terms of metastatic heterogeneity and provide a better understanding of the biases inherent to each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Serrano
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tom Weber
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jean Berthelet
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Farrah El-Saafin
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Sreeja Gadipally
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le cancer, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - Christophe Ginestier
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe labellisée LIGUE contre le cancer, Marseille, 13009, France
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Samantha R Oakes
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Kara Britt
- Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention Lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Shalin H Naik
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Delphine Merino
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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11
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Berube LL, Nickel KOP, Iida M, Ramisetty S, Kulkarni P, Salgia R, Wheeler DL, Kimple RJ. Radiation Sensitivity: The Rise of Predictive Patient-Derived Cancer Models. Semin Radiat Oncol 2023; 33:279-286. [PMID: 37331782 PMCID: PMC10287034 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer models have been used for decades to improve our understanding of cancer and test anticancer treatments. Advances in radiation delivery have made these models more attractive for studying radiation sensitizers and understanding an individual patient's radiation sensitivity. Advances in the use of patient-derived cancer models lead to a more clinically relevant outcome, although many questions remain regarding the optimal use of patient-derived xenografts and patient-derived spheroid cultures. The use of patient-derived cancer models as personalized predictive avatars through mouse and zebrafish models is discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of patient-derived spheroids are reviewed. In addition, the use of large repositories of patient-derived models to develop predictive algorithms to guide treatment selection is discussed. Finally, we review methods for establishing patient-derived models and identify key factors that influence their use as both avatars and models of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana L Berube
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Kwang-Ok P Nickel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Mari Iida
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Sravani Ramisetty
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Deric L Wheeler
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI.
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12
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Zeng M, Ruan Z, Tang J, Liu M, Hu C, Fan P, Dai X. Generation, evolution, interfering factors, applications, and challenges of patient-derived xenograft models in immunodeficient mice. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:120. [PMID: 37344821 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing appropriate preclinical models is essential for cancer research. Evidence suggests that cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. This follows the growing use of cancer models in cancer research to avoid these differences between xenograft tumor models and patient tumors. In recent years, a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor model has been actively generated and applied, which preserves both cell-cell interactions and the microenvironment of tumors by directly transplanting cancer tissue from tumors into immunodeficient mice. In addition to this, the advent of alternative hosts, such as zebrafish hosts, or in vitro models (organoids and microfluidics), has also facilitated the advancement of cancer research. However, they still have a long way to go before they become reliable models. The development of immunodeficient mice has enabled PDX to become more mature and radiate new vitality. As one of the most reliable and standard preclinical models, the PDX model in immunodeficient mice (PDX-IM) exerts important effects in drug screening, biomarker development, personalized medicine, co-clinical trials, and immunotherapy. Here, we focus on the development procedures and application of PDX-IM in detail, summarize the implications that the evolution of immunodeficient mice has brought to PDX-IM, and cover the key issues in developing PDX-IM in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zijing Ruan
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiaxi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Maozhu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chengji Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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13
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Sarkar J, Aoki H, Wu R, Aoki M, Hylemon P, Zhou H, Takabe K. Conjugated Bile Acids Accelerate Progression of Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis via S1PR2 Signaling in Cholestasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:1630-1641. [PMID: 36396870 PMCID: PMC9911402 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) has an extremely high mortality rate, where obstructive jaundice due to cholestasis is a classic symptom. Conjugated bile acids (CBAs) such as taurocholic acid (TCA) have been reported to activate both the ERK1/2 and AKT signaling pathways via S1P receptor 2 (S1PR2) and promote growth of cholangiocarcinoma. Thus, we hypothesize that CBAs, which accumulate in cholestasis, accelerate PC progression via S1PR2. METHODS Murine Panc02-luc and human AsPC-1, MIA PaCa2, and BxPC-3 cells were treated with TCA, S1PR2 agonist CYM5520, S1PR2 antagonist JTE-013, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and functional S1P receptor antagonist (except S1PR2) FTY720. Bile duct ligation (BDL) was performed on liver implantation or intraperitoneal injection of Panc02-luc cells. RESULTS Panc02-luc and AsPC-1 cells predominantly expressed S1PR2, and their growth and migration were stimulated by TCA or CYM5520 in dose-dependent manner, which was blocked by JTE-013. This finding was not seen in PC cell lines expressing other S1P receptors than S1PR2. Panc02-luc growth stimulation by S1P was not blocked by FTY720. BDL significantly increased PC liver metastasis compared with sham. PC peritoneal carcinomatosis was significantly worsened by BDL, confirmed by number of nodules, tumor weight, bioluminescence, Ki-67 stain, ascites, and worse survival compared with sham. CYM5520 significantly worsened PC carcinomatosis, whereas treatment with anti-S1P antibody or FTY720 also worsened progression. CONCLUSIONS CBAs accelerated growth of S1PR2 predominant PC both in vitro and in vivo. This finding implicates S1PR2 as a potential therapeutic target in metastatic S1PR2 predominant pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Sarkar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hiroaki Aoki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Masayo Aoki
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Phillip Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and, McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacob School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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14
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Does Primary Tumor Resection Induce Accelerated Metastasis in Breast Cancer? A Review. J Surg Res 2023; 283:1005-1017. [PMID: 36914990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over a century of cumulative experimental results and clinical data have suggested that surgical procedures of primary tumors promote tumor progression and metastasis in breast cancer and other cancer patients, suggesting a potential interplay linking primary tumors and distant lesions that lead to metastasis development triggered by primary tumor removal. Such evidence may generate a departure in terms of our attitude toward the surgery. However, the reliability and prognostic benefits of tumor surgery, especially for chemotherapy-resistant patients, are indisputable. Thus, it is important to explore the mechanism underlying this surgery-induced cancer progression to guide individual clinical treatment and improve tumor control. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review in PubMed in October 2021 to determine the article outline. Non-English and repetitive articles were excluded. The year, topic, key findings, and opinions of each article were gathered. RESULTS This review not only comprehensively summarizes the potential mechanisms of primary tumors interacting with the growth of metastases but also discusses whether and how surgical resection of primary lesions can trigger tumor metastasis and development. At the same time, this article also provides our understanding of clinical findings and future directions on this topic. In addition, the combination of surgery and some potentially beneficial therapeutic interventions for postoperative tumor metastasis control was also mentioned. CONCLUSIONS There are viewpoints supporting an acceleration of metastasis after surgery for breast cancer and fundamental research on relevant therapies, although controversial. Further attention should be focused on the gap between current preclinical data and the complicated clinical therapeutic combination during surgery in metastatic breast cancer patients.
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15
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Kang J, Lee JY, Lee S, Kim D, Lim J, Jun HR, Jeon S, Kim YA, Park HS, Kim KP, Chun SM, Lee HJ, Yoo C. Establishing Patient-Derived Cancer Cell Cultures and Xenografts in Biliary Tract Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2023; 55:219-230. [PMID: 35410113 PMCID: PMC9873337 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2021.1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare and show a dismal prognosis with limited treatment options. To improve our understanding of these heterogeneous tumors and develop effective therapeutic agents, suitable preclinical models reflecting diverse tumor characteristics are needed. We established and characterized new patient-derived cancer cell cultures and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models using malignant ascites from five patients with BTC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five patient-derived cancer cell cultures and three PDX models derived from malignant ascites of five patients with BTC, AMCBTC-01, -02, -03, -04, and -05, were established. To characterize the models histogenetically and confirm whether characteristics of the primary tumor were maintained, targeted sequencing and histopathological comparison between primary tissue and xenograft tumors were performed. RESULTS From malignant ascites of five BTC patients, five patient-derived cancer cell cultures (100% success rate), and three PDXs (60% success rate) were established. The morphological characteristics of three primary xenograft tumors were compared with those of matched primary tumors, and they displayed a similar morphology. The mutated genes in samples (models, primary tumor tissue, or both) from more than one patient were TP53 (n=2), KRAS (n=2), and STK11 (n=2). Overall, the pattern of commonly mutated genes in BTC cell cultures was different from that in commercially available BTC cell lines. CONCLUSION We successfully established the patient-derived cancer cell cultures and xenograft models derived from malignant ascites in BTC patients. These models accompanied by different genetic characteristics from commercially available models will help better understand BTC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kang
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea,Center for Research and Development, Oncocross Ltd., Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea,Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sunmin Lee
- University of Ulsan Digestive Diseases Research Center, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Danbee Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jinyeong Lim
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ha Ra Jun
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Seyeon Jeon
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Young-Ae Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hye Seon Park
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Kyu-pyo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sung-Min Chun
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea,Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hee Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Changhoon Yoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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16
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Albores-Mendez EM, Casanas-Pimentel RG, Reyes-Chacon IR, Maldonado Cubas J, Lopez-Cruz J, Rincon-Huerta JA, Camacho-Ibarra A, San Martin-Martinez E. Cancer Progression Is not Different in Mice of Different Gender Inoculated With Cells of the Triple-Negative 4T1 Breast Cancer Model. World J Oncol 2022; 13:249-258. [PMID: 36406197 PMCID: PMC9635788 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer in men is a rare and poorly studied disease, and its treatment is based on women breast cancer studies. However, clinical outcome is not the same in men and women. Basic studies and clinical trials in animal models provide detailed information on cancer, origin, development, cell signaling pathways, sites of metastasis, and target molecules. It is necessary to explore the biology of breast cancer in male animal models that allow observing their similarity. METHODS The triple-negative 4T1 breast cancer model was developed in both male and female mice and studied weekly during 4 weeks. For that, twenty 8-week-old female and male BALB/c mice were used. Sixteen mice (eight males and eight females) were inoculated into the second left thoracic mammary pad with 20,000 4T1 cells, resuspended in 20 µL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). All samples were processed for immunodetection, characterized histopathologically and immunohistochemically. RESULTS In this work, we describe the development of a triple-negative 4T1 breast cancer model in male BALB/c mice. Breast tumors were characterized histopathologically at different time points and corresponded to a moderately differentiated invasive ductal carcinoma, estrogen receptor ER-/progesterone receptor PR-/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 HER2-/Ki67+, with histological grade II (moderately differentiated; a solid mass with occasional duct formation and moderate to severe nuclear pleomorphism), infiltrating the adipose and muscular tissue, and metastasis to lungs. From the results, we did not observe differences in the time of tumor development, necrosis, color change of tumor tissue, and lung metastasis between male and female mice. Even though we did not find histological differences, response to treatment and molecular signaling may be different. CONCLUSIONS The histogenesis of male breast tumors was similar to that of female BALB/c mice. The histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of male tumors also match the features reported for stage IV human breast cancer of men and women. The murine male breast cancer model described here can be a significant tool to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in male breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis and may bring new approaches for clinical treatment of triple-negative breast cancer in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Exsal Manuel Albores-Mendez
- CE.MI.C.SA. - Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejercito y Fuerza Aerea, Batalla de Celaya 202, Lomas de Sotelo, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 11200, Mexico,Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Unidad Legaria, Calzada Legaria 694, Irrigacion, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 11500, Mexico
| | - Rocio Guadalupe Casanas-Pimentel
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Unidad Legaria, Calzada Legaria 694, Irrigacion, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 11500, Mexico
| | - Indira Raquel Reyes-Chacon
- Centro de Estudios Navales en Ciencias de la Salud, Coapa, Ex-Ejido de San Pablo Tepetlapa, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 04800, Mexico
| | - Juan Maldonado Cubas
- Universidad La Salle, Grupo de Investigacion en Procesamiento Digital de Senales Biomedicas, Vicerrectoria de Investigacion, Benjamin Franklin 45, Condesa, Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 06140, Mexico
| | - Jaime Lopez-Cruz
- CE.MI.C.SA. - Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejercito y Fuerza Aerea, Batalla de Celaya 202, Lomas de Sotelo, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 11200, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alberto Rincon-Huerta
- Centro de Estudios Navales en Ciencias de la Salud, Coapa, Ex-Ejido de San Pablo Tepetlapa, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 04800, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Camacho-Ibarra
- CE.MI.C.SA. - Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejercito y Fuerza Aerea, Batalla de Celaya 202, Lomas de Sotelo, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 11200, Mexico
| | - Eduardo San Martin-Martinez
- Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Unidad Legaria, Calzada Legaria 694, Irrigacion, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 11500, Mexico,Corresponding Author: Eduardo San Martin-Martinez, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologia Avanzada, Unidad Legaria, Calzada Legaria 694, Irrigacion, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 11500, Mexico.
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17
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Establishment of an orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model using microscope-guided orthotopic injection of LNCaP cells into the dorsal lobe of the mouse prostate. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:173. [PMID: 35168543 PMCID: PMC8848828 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Orthotopic LNCaP xenograft mouse models closely mimic the progression of androgen-dependent prostate cancer in humans; however, orthotopic injection of LNCaP cells into the mouse prostate remains a challenge. Methods Under the guidance of a stereoscopic microscope, the anatomy of the individual prostate lobes in male Balb/c athymic nude mice was investigated, and LNCaP cells were inoculated into the mouse dorsal prostate (DP) to generate orthotopic tumors that mimicked the pathophysiological process of prostate cancer in humans. Real-time ultrasound imaging was used to monitor orthotopic prostate tumorigenesis, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) was used to characterize tumor angiogenesis, and macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of tumors were described. Results The DP had a trigonal bipyramid-shape and were located at the base of the seminal vesicles. After orthotopic inoculation, gray scale ultrasound imaging showed progressive changes in tumor echotexture, shape and location, and tumors tended to protrude into the bladder. After 8 weeks, the tumor take rate was 65% (n = 13/20 mice). On CEUS, signal intensity increased rapidly, peaked, and decreased gradually. Observations of gross specimens showed orthotopic prostate tumors were well circumscribed, round, dark brown, and soft, with a smooth outer surface and a glossy appearance. Microscopically, tumor cells were arranged in acini encircled by fibrous septa with variably thickened walls, mimicking human adenocarcinoma. Conclusions This study describes a successful approach to establishing an orthotopic LNCaP xenograft Balb/c athymic nude mouse model. The model requires a thorough understanding of mouse prostate anatomy and proper technique. The model represents a valuable tool for the in vivo study of the biological processes involved in angiogenesis in prostate cancer and preclinical evaluations of novel anti-angiogenic therapies.
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18
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Oshi M, Gandhi S, Tokumaru Y, Yan L, Yamada A, Matsuyama R, Ishikawa T, Endo I, Takabe K. Conflicting roles of EGFR expression by subtypes in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5094-5110. [PMID: 34765314 PMCID: PMC8569361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the receptors that belong to the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (ErbBs). Several malignancies including breast cancer that express EGFR have poor prognosis. Our study examined the EGFR expression among 5176 breast cancer patients from GSE96058 and METABRIC cohorts and the contribution of tumor immune microenvironment in different subtypes. We found that among different breast cancer subtypes, EGFR expression in TNBC was the highest compared to other subtypes. EGFR high ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer had significantly higher survival compared to EGFR low ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. It was also associated with high level of intratumor heterogeneity and homologous recombination defects (HRD). This group was also enriched in immune-related gene sets. On the other hand, low EGFR tumor was enriched in cell proliferation-related gene sets. However, these findings were not observed in TNBC. Interestingly, there was a greater infiltration of anti-cancer immune cells in high EGFR ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancers, while, TNBC with higher EGFR expression had lower fraction of immune cells along with low level of cytolytic activity. Tumor cells have significantly higher EGFR expression compared to immune cells in single cell sequencing data. There was higher expression of immune checkpoint molecules in high EGFR ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer but lower expression in TNBC. High EGFR metastatic tumor was significantly associated with worse survival, but no association with infiltrating immune cells was observed. Our study shows that higher EGFR expression in ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer is associated with improved outcomes and an anti-cancer immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Oshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Shipra Gandhi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterElm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Akimitsu Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishikawa
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterElm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of MedicineFukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New YorkBuffalo, New York 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo 160-8402, Japan
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19
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Castillo‐Ecija H, Pascual‐Pasto G, Perez‐Jaume S, Resa‐Pares C, Vila‐Ubach M, Monterrubio C, Jimenez‐Cabaco A, Baulenas‐Farres M, Muñoz‐Aznar O, Salvador N, Cuadrado‐Vilanova M, Olaciregui NG, Balaguer‐Lluna L, Burgueño V, Vicario FJ, Manzanares A, Castañeda A, Santa‐Maria V, Cruz O, Celis V, Morales La Madrid A, Garraus M, Gorostegui M, Vancells M, Carrasco R, Krauel L, Torner F, Suñol M, Lavarino C, Mora J, Carcaboso AM. Prognostic value of patient-derived xenograft engraftment in pediatric sarcomas. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:338-349. [PMID: 33837665 PMCID: PMC8185364 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this work were to identify factors favoring patient-derived xenograft (PDX) engraftment and study the association between PDX engraftment and prognosis in pediatric patients with Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. We used immunodeficient mice to establish 30 subcutaneous PDX from patient tumor biopsies, with a successful engraftment rate of 44%. Age greater than 12 years and relapsed disease were patient factors associated with higher engraftment rate. Tumor type and biopsy location did not associate with engraftment. PDX models retained histology markers and most chromosomal aberrations of patient samples during successive passages in mice. Model treatment with irinotecan resulted in significant activity in 20 of the PDXs and replicated the response of rhabdomyosarcoma patients. Successive generations of PDXs responded similarly to irinotecan, demonstrating functional stability of these models. Importantly, out of 68 tumor samples from 51 patients with a median follow-up of 21.2 months, PDX engraftment from newly diagnosed patients was a prognostic factor significantly associated with poor outcome (p = 0.040). This association was not significant for relapsed patients. In the subgroup of patients with newly diagnosed Ewing sarcoma classified as standard risk, we found higher risk of relapse or refractory disease associated with those samples that produced stable PDX models (p = 0.0357). Overall, our study shows that PDX engraftment predicts worse outcome in newly diagnosed pediatric sarcoma patients.
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20
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Boix-Montesinos P, Soriano-Teruel PM, Armiñán A, Orzáez M, Vicent MJ. The past, present, and future of breast cancer models for nanomedicine development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:306-330. [PMID: 33798642 PMCID: PMC8191594 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Even given recent advances in nanomedicine development of breast cancer treatment in recent years and promising results in pre-clinical models, cancer nanomedicines often fail at the clinical trial stage. Limitations of conventional in vitro models include the lack of representation of the stromal population, the absence of a three-dimensional (3D) structure, and a poor representation of inter-tumor and intra-tumor heterogeneity. Herein, we review those cell culture strategies that aim to overcome these limitations, including cell co-cultures, advanced 3D cell cultures, patient-derived cells, bioprinting, and microfluidics systems. The in vivo evaluation of nanomedicines must consider critical parameters that include the enhanced permeability and retention effect, the host's immune status, and the site of tumor implantation. Here, we critically discuss the advantages and limitations of current in vivo models and report how the improved selection and application of breast cancer models can improve the clinical translation of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Boix-Montesinos
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paula M Soriano-Teruel
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Targeted Therapies on Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Armiñán
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mar Orzáez
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Targeted Therapies on Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
| | - María J Vicent
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Av. Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, E-46012 Valencia, Spain.
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21
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Oshi M, Tokumaru Y, Angarita FA, Yan L, Matsuyama R, Endo I, Takabe K. Degree of Early Estrogen Response Predict Survival after Endocrine Therapy in Primary and Metastatic ER-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3557. [PMID: 33260779 PMCID: PMC7760577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy is the gold-standard treatment for ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. Although its clear benefit, patient compliance is poor (50-80%) due to its long administration period and adverse effects. Therefore, a predictive biomarker that can predict whether endocrine therapy is truly beneficial may improve patient compliance. In this study, we use estrogen response early gene sets of gene set enrichment assay algorithm as the score. We hypothesize that the score could predict the response to endocrine therapy and survival of breast cancer patients. A total of 6549 breast cancer from multiple patient cohorts were analyzed. The score was highest in ER-positive/HER2-negative compared to the other subtypes. Earlier AJCC stage, as well as lower Nottingham pathological grade, were associated with a high score. Low score tumors enriched only allograft rejection gene set, and was significantly infiltrated with immune cells, and high cytolytic activity score. A low score was significantly associated with a worse response to endocrine therapy and worse survival in both primary and metastatic breast cancer patients. The hazard ratio was double that of ESR1 expression. In conclusion, the estrogen response early score predicts response to endocrine therapy and is associated with survival in primary and metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Oshi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (Y.T.); (F.A.A.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (Y.T.); (F.A.A.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Fernando A. Angarita
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (Y.T.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, NY 14263, USA;
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, NY 14263, USA; (M.O.); (Y.T.); (F.A.A.)
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.M.); (I.E.)
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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22
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Adityan S, Tran M, Bhavsar C, Wu SY. Nano-therapeutics for modulating the tumour microenvironment: Design, development, and clinical translation. J Control Release 2020; 327:512-532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Clinical relevance of tumor microenvironment: immune cells, vessels, and mouse models. Hum Cell 2020; 33:930-937. [PMID: 32507979 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in tumor progression, therapeutic response, and patient outcomes. TME includes immune cells, blood and lymphatic vessels, and so on. There are anti-cancer and pro-cancer immune cells. In general, infiltration of anti-cancer immune cells, such as cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), is associated with a favorable patient prognosis. In contrast, infiltration of pro-cancer immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), is associated with a worse prognosis. However, some immune cells, which play an ambivalent role in cancer immunity, have demonstrated contradictory impacts on patient prognosis. Blood and lymphatic vessels play crucial roles in TME not only as delivery and draining systems of fluid and molecules, but also allowing cancer cells access to systematic circulation to metastasize. Angiogenesis promotes cancer aggressiveness and is associated with a worse prognosis. Its targeted therapy shows a benefit in some cancers, however, because the target can vary by caner type, a benefit of anti-angiogenesis therapy is limited in the current standard of care. Lymphangiogenesis plays a role in lymph node metastasis, thus, it is associated with a poor prognosis in some cancers. To study TME, the mouse model is one of the most commonly used tools. The choice of appropriate mouse model depends on the hypothesis being tested and the scientific question being asked. Here, we review recent studies that investigated the clinical relevance of TME components and introduce mouse models to study TME.
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