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Montoya-Sanhueza G, Bennett NC, Šumbera R. Functional and morphological divergence in the forelimb musculoskeletal system of scratch-digging subterranean mammals (Rodentia: Bathyergidae). J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38760952 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Whether the forelimb-digging apparatus of tooth-digging subterranean mammals has similar levels of specialization as compared to scratch-diggers is still unknown. We assessed the scapular morphology and forelimb musculature of all four solitary African mole rats (Bathyergidae): two scratch-diggers, Bathyergus suillus and Bathyergus janetta, and two chisel-tooth diggers, Heliophobius argenteocinereus and Georychus capensis. Remarkable differences were detected: Bathyergus have more robust neck, shoulder, and forearm muscles as compared to the other genera. Some muscles in Bathyergus were also fused and often showing wider attachment areas to bones, which correlate well with its more robust and larger scapula, and its wider and medially oriented olecranon. This suggests that shoulder, elbow, and wrist work in synergy in Bathyergus for generating greater out-forces and that the scapula and proximal ulna play fundamental roles as pivots to maximize and accommodate specialized muscles for better (i) glenohumeral and scapular stabilization, (ii) powerful shoulder flexion, (iii) extension of the elbow and (iv) flexion of the manus and digits. Moreover, although all bathyergids showed a similar set of muscles, Heliophobius lacked the m. tensor fasciae antebrachii (aiding with elbow extension and humeral retraction), and Heliophobius and Georychus lacked the m. articularis humeri (aiding with humeral adduction), indicating deeper morphogenetic differences among digging groups and suggesting a relatively less specialized scratch-digging ability. Nevertheless, Heliophobius and Bathyergus shared some similar adaptations allowing scratch-digging. Our results provide new information about the morphological divergence within this family associated with the specialization to distinct functions and digging behaviors, thus contributing to understand the mosaic of adaptations emerging in phylogenetically and ecologically closer subterranean taxa. This and previous anatomical studies on the Bathyergidae will provide researchers with a substantial basis on the form and function of the musculoskeletal system for future kinematic investigations of digging behavior, as well as to define potential indicators of scratch-digging ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Montoya-Sanhueza
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Radim Šumbera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Kamali Y, Almasi R, Moradi HR, Fathollahi S. Intraspecific anatomical variations of the extensor tendons of the carpus and digits with a reexamination of their insertion sites in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris): a cadaveric study. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:197. [PMID: 37814315 PMCID: PMC10561507 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03750-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to investigate the frequency of variations of the extensor tendons of the carpus and digits in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) with a reexamination of their insertions as well as the morphometric measurements of the tendons and the brachioradialis muscle. In total, we investigated 68 paired thoracic limbs of the domestic dog (16 females and 18 males) which were fixed in a 10% formalin solution. RESULTS The extensor carpi radialis (ECR) tendons showed striking variations in both splitting and insertion sites. In 4.4% of dissections, ECR had three tendons. Of these tendons, the extra tendon either attached independently on the fourth metacarpal bone (one right) or joined its counterpart tendon at the distal end (cross-connections) (one bilateral). It is worth mentioning that one of the ECR tendons split into two or three slips which inserted on the first, second, third, or fourth metacarpal bone in 11 (16.2%) of the specimens. In addition, we found a long tendinous slip originating from the ECR tendons to digit II or III in 7.4% of the distal limbs. The most common type of contribution to digit III was a third tendon of the extensor digiti I et II (ED III) joining the extensor digitorum lateralis (EDL III) with a frequency of 17.6%. In other types of variations, the contribution to digit III was incomplete. A part of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) deep to the superficial part of the flexor retinaculum seemed to continue up to the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) tendon. CONCLUSIONS The rare intraspecific variations of the extensor tendons of the manus described in the current research are valuable from both clinical and phylogenetic perspectives. Nonetheless, their functional importance needs more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Kamali
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Reyhaneh Almasi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Moradi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Fathollahi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Tarquini J, Mosto MC, Ercoli MD. Functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the forelimb myology of two South American carnivorans, the ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) and crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21587. [PMID: 37183491 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the forelimb myology of two neotropical procyonids (Nasua nasua and Procyon cancrivorus) was performed to assess how observed differences in their myological configuration would be related to their diverse ecological behaviors and phylogeny. Although both species are associated with the arboreal substrate, N. nasua is a more agile climber that usually digs; whereas P. cancrivorus spends most of its time on the ground foraging, climbing on the trees as shelter and is a good swimmer. Here, myological descriptions, muscle maps, phylogenetic optimizations, and muscle mass data of the forelimb of these two procyonids are presented. The main functional muscular groups are discussed in a comparative framework with other carnivorans that present a wide ecological diversity. Also, muscular characters were mapped onto a phylogeny to explore their evolution and to obtain ancestral state reconstructions. Results indicate clear myological differences among the two neotropical procyonids associated with their ecological preferences. One of the most remarkable anatomical differences is the arrangement and relative mass of the extrinsic musculature, mainly the musculus rhomboideus and the delto-pectoral complexes. In Nasua nasua, these suggested a greater stability in their shoulder girdle for climbing and digging and probably would provide stronger neck and head movements when they use them for foraging on the ground. Conversely, P. cancrivorus has a different extrinsic muscular configuration, which would allow an increment on the stride length and faster movements of the forelimb associated with more frequent terrestrial gaits. Also, significant differences are observed in the distal musculature, associated with strong movements of forepaws when climbing and digging in N. nasua; whereas, P. cancrivorus configuration suggested precise forearm and digits movements, related to manipulation of food items when they are catching prey or feeding. Most of the codified features of P. cancrivorus would reflect retention of plesiomorphies acquired in the common ancestor of caniforms or arctoids, whereas N. nasua shows derived traits, particularly in the proximal forelimb region. The present work increases the information available on the myology of these particular taxa and extant generalized arctoid models in general. The analyses presented here will be useful both for other comparative myological studies (morpho-functional and phylogenetic) and for muscular reconstruction in extinct procyonids, as well as other carnivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tarquini
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción (CICYTTP, CONICET-Prov. ER-UADER), Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - M Clelia Mosto
- División Zoología Vertebrados, CONICET, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos D Ercoli
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA, UNJu-CONICET), Jujuy, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto de Geología y Minería UNJu-CONICET, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
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Vélez-García JF, Miglino MA. Evolutionary comparative analysis of the extrinsic thoracic limb muscles in three procyonids (Procyon cancrivorus Cuvier, 1798, Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766, and Potos flavus Schreber, 1774) based on their attachments and innervation. Anat Sci Int 2023; 98:273-292. [PMID: 36463570 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-022-00696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The procyonids (Procyon cancrivorus, Nasua nasua and Potos flavus) are Neotropical carnivorans with the ability to climb trees; however, each one has different locomotor preferences. Thereby, P. flavus is highly arboreal, P. cancrivorus is mainly terrestrial with abilities to swim, and N. nasua is also fossorial. These activities not only require movements of the hands but stabilize the thoracic limb, an action performed by the extrinsic muscles. Besides, former descriptions performed in procyonid species have obsolete terms for these muscles, generating confusion about the comparison among species. Thereby, muscle innervation has also been used to support the evolutionary derivation of the muscles. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the attachments and innervations of these muscles in three procyonids. There were intra- and interspecific anatomical variations in the attachments of all extrinsic thoracic limb muscles. However, based on the innervation, several evolutionary derivations in procyonids could be found, such as: the cleidobrachialis muscle derived from the deltoideus muscle; the atlantoscapularis muscle of P. flavus derived from the serratus ventralis cervicis muscle; the pectoralis transversus muscle derived from the pectoralis profundus and superficiales muscles; and the pectoralis abdominalis muscle derived from the cutaneus trunci muscle. Some functions could be associated with locomotor habits, among them a highly developed pectoralis abdominalis in Nasua for its fossorial habits and the atlantoscapularis in Potos for its arboreal and prehensile habits. Thus, the extrinsic muscles in procyonids have evolved for locomotor preferences, but mainly due to their phylogenetic relationship within the family Procyonidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernando Vélez-García
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta Cl 42 1-02, 730006299, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia. .,Anatomy of the Domestic and Wild Animals Posgraduate Program, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87-Cidade Universitária Armando de Sales Oliveira, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Angélica Miglino
- Anatomy of the Domestic and Wild Animals Posgraduate Program, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87-Cidade Universitária Armando de Sales Oliveira, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dunn RH, Beresheim A, Gubatina A, Bitterman K, Butaric L, Bejes K, Kennedy S, Markham S, Miller D, Mrvoljak M, Roge‐Jones L, Stumpner J, Walter C, Meachen JA. Muscular anatomy of the forelimb of tiger (Panthera tigris). J Anat 2022; 241:119-144. [PMID: 35107175 PMCID: PMC9178396 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissection reports of large cats (family Felidae) have been published since the late 19th century. These reports generally describe the findings in words, show drawings of the dissection, and usually include some masses of muscles, but often neglect to provide muscle maps showing the precise location of bony origins and insertions. Although these early reports can be highly useful, the absence of visual depictions of muscle attachment sites makes it difficult to compare muscle origins and insertions in living taxa and especially to reconstruct muscle attachments in fossil taxa. Recently, more muscle maps have been published in the primary literature, but those for large cats are still limited. Here, we describe the muscular anatomy of the forelimb of the tiger (Panthera tigris), and compare muscle origins, insertions, and relative muscle masses to other felids to identify differences that may reflect functional adaptations. Our results reiterate the conservative nature of felid anatomy across body sizes and behavioral categories. We find that pantherines have relatively smaller shoulder muscle masses, and relatively larger muscles of the caudal brachium, pronators, and supinators than felines. The muscular anatomy of the tiger shows several modifications that may reflect an adaptation to terrestrial locomotion and a preference for large prey. These include in general a relatively large m. supraspinatus (shoulder flexion), an expanded origin for m. triceps brachii caput longum, and relatively large m. triceps brachii caput laterale (elbow extension), as well as relatively large mm. brachioradialis, abductor digiti I longus, and abductor digiti V. Muscle groups that are well developed in scansorial taxa are not well developed in the tiger, including muscles of the cranial compartment of the brachium and antebrachium, and m. anconeus. Overall, the musculature of the tiger strongly resembles that of the lion (Panthera leo), another large-bodied terrestrial large-prey specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Dunn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Amy Beresheim
- Department of Cell and Molecular MedicineRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ariel Gubatina
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Kathleen Bitterman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Lauren Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Katelyn Bejes
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Sarah Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Sam Markham
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Dustin Miller
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Midhad Mrvoljak
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Lorraine Roge‐Jones
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Jessica Stumpner
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Cody Walter
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
| | - Julie A. Meachen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic MedicineDes Moines UniversityDes MoinesIowaUSA
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Butcher MT, Morgan DM, Spainhower KB, Thomas DR, Chadwell BA, Avey‐Arroyo JA, Kennedy SP, Cliffe RN. Myology of the pelvic limb of the brown-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus). J Anat 2022; 240:1048-1074. [PMID: 35037260 PMCID: PMC9119613 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree sloths rely on their limb flexors for bodyweight support and joint stability during suspensory locomotion and posture. This study aims to describe the myology of three-toed sloths and identify limb muscle traits that indicate modification for suspensorial habit. The pelvic limbs of the brown-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) were dissected, muscle belly mass was recorded, and the structural arrangements of the muscles were documented and compared with the available myological accounts for sloths. Overall, the limb musculature is simplified by containing muscles with generally long and parallel fascicles. A number of specific and informative muscle traits are additionally observed in the pelvic limb of B. variegatus: well-developed hip flexors and hip extensors each displaying several fused bellies; massive knee flexors; two heads of the m. adductor longus and m. gracilis; robust digital flexors and flexor tendons; m. tibialis cranialis muscle complex originating from the tibia and fibula and containing a modified m. extensor digitorum I longus; appreciable muscle mass devoted to ankle flexion and hindfoot supination; only m. extensor digitorum brevis acts to extend the digits. Collectively, the findings for tree sloths emphasize muscle mass and organization for suspensory support namely by the hip flexors, knee flexors, and limb adductors, for which the latter two groups may stabilize suspensory postures by exerting appreciable medially-directed force on the substrate. Specializations in the distal limb are also apparent for sustained purchase of the substrate by forceful digital flexion coupled with strong ankle flexion and supination of the hind feet, which is permitted by the reorganization of several digital extensors. Moreover, the reduction or loss of other digital flexor and ab-adductor muscles marks a dramatic simplification of the intrinsic foot musculature in B. variegatus, the extent to which varies across extant species of two- and three-toed tree sloths and likely is related to substrate preference/use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Butcher
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Forensic SciencesYoungstown State UniversityYoungstownOhioUSA
| | - Dakota M. Morgan
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Forensic SciencesYoungstown State UniversityYoungstownOhioUSA
| | - Kyle B. Spainhower
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Forensic SciencesYoungstown State UniversityYoungstownOhioUSA
| | - Dylan R. Thomas
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Forensic SciencesYoungstown State UniversityYoungstownOhioUSA
| | - Brad A. Chadwell
- Department of AnatomyIdaho College of Osteopathic MedicineMeridianIdahoUSA
| | | | - Sarah P. Kennedy
- Sloth Conservation FoundationPuerto Viejo de TalamancaLimonCosta Rica
| | - Rebecca N. Cliffe
- Sloth Conservation FoundationPuerto Viejo de TalamancaLimonCosta Rica
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Vélez-García JF, Marín-González L, Monroy-Cendales MJ, Miglino MA. Craniolateral forearm muscles of the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) and a comparative review with other carnivorans. IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4766e2022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798) is a species of the order Carnivora and family Procyonidae with a geographical distribution in Central and South America. Although crab-eating raccoons use scansorial locomotion, they also have aquatic habits, displaying greatly developed skills when handling their food. This species can frequently be found in wildlife care centers due to injuries caused by domestic dogs, humans, and car collisions. Having knowledge of the species’ gross anatomy and anatomical bases is imperative to perform the most appropriate medical and surgical procedures. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to analyze the interspecific and intraspecific differences of the craniolateral forearm muscles of Procyon cancrivorus. Gross dissections were performed in four specimens describing the origin, insertion, shape, innervation, and arterial supply of the craniolateral forearm muscles. There is a constant and well development of brachioradialis muscle comparatively to that described in strictly cursorial species; the extensor carpi radialis muscle has two bellies that are fused proximally; the extensor digitorum communis muscle can also extend the tendon to the digit I as an anatomical variant, and the extensor digiti I and II muscle also extends the tendon to digit III. All are innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve, and their arterial supply is mainly by the radial collateral, cubital transverse, and cranial interosseous arteries. The anatomical characteristics observed in this study complement the previous descriptions for Procyon cancrivorus, and the anatomical variants found in this species can also be in other carnivorans. Thus, the intraspecific anatomical variations of the digital extensor muscles in P. cancrivorus are phylogenetic traits that can occur as a common pattern or as anatomical variants in other species of the order Carnivora.
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Mansuit R, Herrel A. The Evolution of Appendicular Muscles During the Fin-to-Limb Transition: Possible Insights Through Studies of Soft Tissues, a Perspective. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.702576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the appendages during the fin-to-limb transition has been extensively studied, yet the majority of studies focused on the skeleton and the fossil record. Whereas the evolution of the anatomy of the appendicular musculature has been studied, the changes in the muscular architecture during the fin-to-limb transition remain largely unstudied, yet may provide important new insights. The fin-to-limb transition is associated with the appearance of a new mode of locomotion and the associated shift from pectoral to pelvic dominance. Here, we propose ways to investigate this question and review data on muscle mass and muscle architecture of the pectoral and pelvic muscles in extant vertebrates. We explore whether changes in appendage type are associated with changes in the muscular architecture and the relative investment in different muscle groups. These preliminary data show a general increase in the muscle mass of the appendages relative to the body mass during the fin-to-limb transition. The locomotor shift suggested to occur during the fin-to-limb transition appears supported by our preliminary data since in “fish” the pectoral fins are heavier than the pelvic fins, whereas in tetrapods, the forelimb muscles are less developed than the hind limb muscles. Finally, a shift in the investment in different muscle groups with an increase of the contribution of the superficial groups in tetrapods compared to “fish” appears to take place. Our study highlights the potential of investigating quantitative features of the locomotor muscles, yet also demonstrates the lack of quantitative data allowing to test these ideas.
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Smith HF, Townsend KEB, Adrian B, Levy S, Marsh S, Hassur R, Manfredi K, Echols MS. Functional Adaptations in the Forelimb of the Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia). Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1852-1866. [PMID: 34080623 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is anatomically and physiologically adapted for life in the rocky terrain of alpine zones in Central and South Asia. Panthera uncia is scansorial, and typically hunts solitarily by using overhead ambush of prey, rather than the typical stalking pattern of other large pantherines. In this study, we conducted dissections, detailed documentation, and illustrated the forelimb anatomy of two adult P. uncia specimens (1M/1F). Qualitative and quantitative data revealed an intriguing combination of functional adaptations illustrating a balance between the diverse demands of head-first descent, pouncing, climbing across rocky terrain, restraint of large prey, rapid pursuit, and navigating deep snow. In many forelimb proportions, P. uncia is intermediate between the cursorial Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah) and the scansorial forest dwelling Panthera onca (jaguar). Enlarged scapular and pectoral musculature provide stability to the shoulder girdle during grappling with large prey, as well as support during jumping and climbing. A small, unarticulated bony clavicle may provide greater stability to the forelimb, while still allowing flexibility. In the brachium and antebrachium of P. uncia, there is a functional compromise between the powerful grip needed for grasping large prey and the stability necessary for rapid pursuit of prey over uneven, rocky terrain. A unique bifurcation in the tendon of m. biceps brachii may provide additional functional stability at the radiohumeral joint. Intrinsic muscles of the palmar manus are broad and fleshy, acting as an enlarged surface area to evenly distribute body weight while walking on soft snow. However, muscles that act to provide fine manual manipulation are reduced, as in other large prey specialists. Overall, P. uncia displays morphological adaptive parallels with scansorial, large prey specializing pantherines, such as P. onca, while also showing adaptations for running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - K E Beth Townsend
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Brent Adrian
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Samuel Levy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Shelby Marsh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Rebecca Hassur
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Kevin Manfredi
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - M Scott Echols
- S carlet Imaging, 6687 S 1530 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84121, USA
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Marshall SK, Superina M, Spainhower KB, Butcher MT. Forelimb myology of armadillos (Xenarthra: Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae): Anatomical correlates with fossorial ability. J Anat 2021; 238:551-575. [PMID: 33111984 PMCID: PMC7855086 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Descriptions of myology reflect adaptations of the post-cranium and are essential for understanding the functional morphology of animal limbs. Armadillos (Cingulata) are the most species-rich group of the basal superorder Xenarthra, which is evident by their various lifestyles (subterranean vs. terrestrial) and levels of fossoriality (fossorial vs. semi-fossorial). While there have been several studies on limb bone proportions in numerous armadillos, limb myology has been reported for a limited number of species. Many of these descriptions need updating, and detailed quantitative muscle data are available only for nine-banded armadillos. The main objective of this study is to assess the forelimb myology of the pichi (Zaedyus pichiy), screaming hairy (Chaetophractus vellerosus), large hairy (Chaetophractus villosus), and pink fairy (Chlamyphorus truncatus) armadillos with comparisons to previous observations to specify muscle traits that indicate scratch-digging specializations in cingulates. Several myological features are variable among the species studied, including the origin of m. trapezius pars cervicalis, presence of a distinct m. rhomboideus profundus and m. omotransversarius, and number of heads present for m. triceps brachii and m. flexor digitorum profundus, all of which can be associated with variability in their respective habitats and functional habits. These traits are consistently observed in the members of the Euphractinae, whereas they are slightly divergent (i.e., reduced complexity) in the pink fairy armadillo despite a similar distribution of muscle mass in the limb retractors, elbow extensors, and carpal/digital flexors across species. The ecomorphology observed here among cingulates also confirms their recent reorganization into separate families and subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Marshall
- Department of Biological SciencesYoungstown State UniversityYoungstownOHUSA
| | - Mariella Superina
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de CuyoUNCuyo—CONICETMendozaArgentina
| | - Kyle B. Spainhower
- Department of Biological SciencesYoungstown State UniversityYoungstownOHUSA
| | - Michael T. Butcher
- Department of Biological SciencesYoungstown State UniversityYoungstownOHUSA
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Souza Junior P, Souza Pahim AB, Viotto‐Souza W, Pellenz J, Bernardes FCS, Abidu‐Figueiredo M, Santos ALQ. Evolutionary history or function? Which preponderates in the expression of the muscle mass of the thoracic limb in wild carnivorans? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1344-1356. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Souza Junior
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Uruguaiana RS Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Viotto‐Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy Presidente Antonio Carlos University (UNIPAC) Uberlândia RS Brazil
- Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) Uberlândia MG Brazil
| | - Jade Pellenz
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Uruguaiana RS Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Abidu‐Figueiredo
- Department of Animal Biology, Animal Anatomy Area Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) Seropédica RJ Brazil
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12
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Perdomo-Cárdenas V, Patiño-Holguín C, Vélez-García JF. Evolutionary and terminological analysis of the flexor digitorum superficialis, interflexorii and palmaris longus muscles in kinkajou (Potos flavus) and crab-eating racoon (Procyon cancrivorus). Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:520-533. [PMID: 33462842 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinkajou (Potos flavus) and crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) are carnivores belonging to the family Procyonidae, but both species are characterized by different types of locomotion. Differences can be found in the adaptations that these two species present in the forearm muscles, such as the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), palmaris longus (PL) and interflexorii (IF), which have been described confusingly in previous studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe these muscles in both species together with their innervations to carry out an evolutionary and terminological analysis among carnivorans. Both thoracic limbs were dissected from five P. flavus and three P. cancrivorus that had died of natural causes in Wildlife Care Centers. Two PL muscles (m. palmaris longus lateralis, PLL, and m. palmaris longus medialis, PLM) were found in P. flavus, and the IF were the only superficial flexors of the digits, whereas P. cancrivorus presented the IF and two bellies homologous to the two PLs of P. flavus, where the homologous belly of the PLM sent tendons to digits II-IV. Therefore, it was considered as the FDS due to its similarity to other carnivorans, and the lateral belly is the only PL present in P. cancrivorus. The topology, attachments and innervation of these muscles in P. flavus and P. cancrivorus allowed homologies to be established, hypothesizing their evolutionary derivation from the FDS. It also allowed the differences among PL, FDS and IF muscles to be described, concluding that most carnivorans do not have a PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Perdomo-Cárdenas
- Research group of Medicine and Surgery in Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Catalina Patiño-Holguín
- Research group in Veterinary Sciences (CIENVET), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia.,Hospital Veterinario Monarca, Toluca, México
| | - Juan Fernando Vélez-García
- Research group of Medicine and Surgery in Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.,Programa de Doutorado em Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres, Facultade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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13
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Brachiocephalic Muscular Arrangements in Cavioid Rodents (Caviomorpha): a Functional, Anatomical, and Evolutionary Study. J MAMM EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-020-09529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Ferguson AW. On the role of (and threat to) natural history museums in mammal conservation: an African small mammal perspective. JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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15
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Smith HF, Adrian B, Koshy R, Alwiel R, Grossman A. Adaptations to cursoriality and digit reduction in the forelimb of the African wild dog ( Lycaon pictus). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9866. [PMID: 33194359 PMCID: PMC7482643 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), an endangered canid native to southern and eastern Africa, is distinct among canids in being described as entirely tetradactyl and in its nomadic lifestyle and use of exhaustive predation to capture its prey instead of speed, strength, or stealth. These behavioral and morphological traits suggest a potentially unique set of adaptations. Methods Here, we dissected the forelimbs of an adult male L. pictus specimen and performed detailed descriptions and quantitative analyses of the musculoskeletal anatomy. Results Statistical comparisons of muscle masses and volumes revealed that L. pictus has relatively smaller wrist rotators (mm. pronator teres, pronator quadratus, supinator) than any other included carnivoran taxon, suggesting adaptive pressures for antebrachial stability over rotatory movement in the carpus of L. pictus. While a complete digit I is absent in L. pictus, a vestigial first metacarpal was discovered, resulting in changes to insertions of mm. extensor digiti I et II, abductor (et opponens) digiti I and flexor digiti I brevis. Mm. anconeus, brachialis and flexor carpi ulnaris caput ulnare all have more extensive origins in L. pictus than other canids suggesting an emphasis on posture and elbow stability. M. triceps brachii caput laterale has a larger origin in L. pictus and m. triceps brachii caput longum has an additional accessory head. Electromyographic studies have shown this muscle is active during the stance phase of trotting and galloping and is important for storing elastic energy during locomotion. We interpret these differences in size and attachments of muscles in L. pictus as adaptations for long distance running in this highly cursorial species, likely important for exhaustive predation. Absence of a full digit I in L. pictus may increase speed and stride length; however, the retention of a vestigial digit permits the attachment of reduced pollical muscles which may provide additional stability and proprioception to the carpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F Smith
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Brent Adrian
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Rahul Koshy
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan Alwiel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Aryeh Grossman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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16
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Valenciano A, Govender R. New insights into the giant mustelids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Langebaanweg fossil site (West Coast Fossil Park, South Africa, early Pliocene). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9221. [PMID: 32547866 PMCID: PMC7271888 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant mustelids are a paraphyletic group of mustelids found in the Neogene of Eurasia, Africa and North America. Most are known largely from dental remains, with their postcranial skeleton mostly unknown. Here, we describe new craniodental and postcranial remains of the large lutrine Sivaonyx hendeyi and the leopard-size gulonine Plesiogulo aff. monspessulanus from the early Pliocene site Langebaanweg, South Africa. The new material of the endemic S. hendeyi, includes upper incisors and premolars, and fragmentary humerus, ulna and a complete astragalus. Its postcrania shares more traits with the living Aonyx capensis than the late Miocene Sivaonyx beyi from Chad. Sivaonyx hendeyi could therefore be tentatively interpreted as a relatively more aquatic taxon than the Chadian species, comparable to A. capensis. The new specimens of Plesiogulo comprise two edentulous maxillae, including one of a juvenile individual with incomplete decidual dentition, and a fragmentary forelimb of an adult individual. The new dental measurements point to this form being amongst the largest specimens of the genus. Both P3-4 differs from the very large species Plesiogulo botori from late Miocene of Kenya and Ethiopia. This confirms the existence of two distinct large species of Plesiogulo in Africa during the Mio/Pliocene, P. botori in the Late Miocene of Eastern Africa (6.1–5.5 Ma) and Plesiogulo aff. monspessulanus at the beginning of the Pliocene in southern Africa (5.2 Ma). Lastly, we report for the first time the presence of both Sivaonyx and Plesiogulo in MPPM and LQSM at Langebaanweg, suggesting that the differences observed from the locality may be produced by sedimentation or sampling biases instead of temporal replacement within the carnivoran guild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Valenciano
- Department of Research and Exhibitions, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Romala Govender
- Department of Research and Exhibitions, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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18
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Tarquini J, Morgan CC, Toledo N, Soibelzon LH. Comparative osteology and functional morphology of the forelimb ofCyonasua(Mammalia, Procyonidae), the first South American carnivoran. J Morphol 2019; 280:446-470. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tarquini
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados; Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción (CICYTTP-CONICET-Entre Ríos-UADER), Matteri y España s/n.; E3105BWA, Diamante Entre Ríos Argentina
| | - Cecilia C. Morgan
- División Zoología de Vertebrados, Sección Mastozoología, CONICET; Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA, La Plata; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Néstor Toledo
- División Paleontología Vertebrados; Unidades de Investigación Anexo Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Leopoldo H. Soibelzon
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, CONICET; Museo de La Plata, FCNyM-UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA, La Plata; Buenos Aires Argentina
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19
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Kilbourne BM, Hutchinson JR. Morphological diversification of biomechanical traits: mustelid locomotor specializations and the macroevolution of long bone cross-sectional morphology. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:37. [PMID: 30700269 PMCID: PMC6354431 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological diversity of limb bone lengths, diameters, and proportions in mammals is known to vary strongly with locomotor habit. It remains less well known how different locomotor habits are correlated with cross-sectional traits of the limb skeleton, such as cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD) and whether these traits have evolved adaptively. CSA and SMA represent the bone's resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents bone structural strength related to shape. Sampling 28 species of mustelids, a carnivoran lineage with diverse locomotor habits, we tested for differences in humeral, radial, and ulnar cross-sectional traits among specialists for climbing, digging, and swimming, in addition to generalists. Given that the limbs of digging specialists function in the dense substance of soil, and that swimming specialists need to counteract buoyancy, we predicted that these mustelids with these specializations should have the greatest values of cross-sectional traits. RESULTS We analyzed cross-sectional traits (calculated via μCT scanning and rendered dimensionless) in 5% increments along a bone's length and found significant differences among locomotor habits, though differences in ulnar cross-sectional traits were fewer than those for the humerus and radius. Swimming specialists had the greatest values of cross-sectional traits, followed by digging specialists. Climbing specialists had the lowest values of cross-sectional traits. However, phylogenetic affinity underlies these results. Fitting models of trait evolution to CSA and SMA revealed that a multi-rate Brownian motion model and a multi-optima Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model are the best-fitting models of evolution for these traits. However, inspection of α-values uncovered that many of the OU models did not differ from a Brownian motion model. CONCLUSIONS Within Mustelidae, differences in limb function and locomotor habit influence cross-sectional traits in ways that produce patterns that may diverge from adaptive patterns exhibited by external traits (e.g., bone lengths) of the mammalian limb skeleton. These results suggest that not all the traits of a single organ evolve under a single evolutionary process and that models of trait evolution should be fit to a range of traits for a better understanding of the evolution of the mammalian locomotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Kilbourne
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
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20
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de Souza Junior P, Santos LMRPD, Viotto-Souza W, de Carvalho NDC, Souza EC, Kasper CB, Abidu-Figueiredo M, Santos ALQ. Functional myology of the thoracic limb in Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus): a descriptive and comparative analysis. J Anat 2018; 233:783-806. [PMID: 30318591 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the muscles of the thoracic limb were evaluated in 22 specimens of Lycalopex gymnocercus. Descriptive and comparative analyses showed similarity with other canids in terms of topography and tendon insertions. Differences with the domestic dog were observed in the pectoralis profundus, triceps brachii and interflexorii muscles. Intraspecific variations were observed in the rhomboideus capitis, serratus ventralis cervicis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digiti I and II, lumbricales, flexor digiti I brevis, abductor digiti I brevis, and flexor digiti V muscles. The analyses of muscle architecture carried out in nine specimens showed that there was no difference in muscle percentage mass in the thoracic limb of males and females, but a young specimen showed significant lower percentage mass. The triceps brachii caput longus muscle showed the greatest mass, the subscapularis muscle showed the greatest physiological cross-sectional area value, and the extrinsic muscles, in general, presented the longest fascicles and higher architectural indexes. Muscle architecture data were compatible with those of a thoracic limb adapted to fast cursorial locomotion that prioritizes movements in a sagittal plane instead of rotation or adduction/abduction. There was a high association between functional percentage mass of the muscles in the thoracic limb and phylogeny in the Carnivora order. It may be inferred that carnivoran muscle mass is largely determined by phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo de Souza Junior
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson Viotto-Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Natan da Cruz de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Regional University of Campaign (URCAMP), Alegrete, RS, Brazil
| | - Erick Candiota Souza
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Benhur Kasper
- Birds and Mammals Laboratory (LABIMAVE), Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo
- Department of Animal and Human Anatomy, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
- Laboratory of Wild Animals Teaching and Research (LAPAS), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Taverne M, Fabre AC, Herbin M, Herrel A, Peigné S, Lacroux C, Lowie A, Pagès F, Theil JC, Böhmer C. Convergence in the functional properties of forelimb muscles in carnivorans: adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Taverne
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Peigné
- UMR 7207 – CR2P, CNRS/MNHN, Département Origines et Evolution, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Camille Lacroux
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Lowie
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Pagès
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Theil
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
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Legendre LJ, Botha-Brink J. Digging the compromise: investigating the link between limb bone histology and fossoriality in the aardvark ( Orycteropus afer). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5216. [PMID: 30018860 PMCID: PMC6045922 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone microstructure has long been known as a powerful tool to investigate lifestyle-related biomechanical constraints, and many studies have focused on identifying such constraints in the limb bones of aquatic or arboreal mammals in recent years. The limb bone microstructure of fossorial mammals, however, has not been extensively described. Furthermore, so far, studies on this subject have always focused on the bone histology of small burrowers, such as subterranean rodents or true moles. Physiological constraints associated with digging, however, are known to be strongly influenced by body size, and larger burrowers are likely to exhibit a histological profile more conspicuously influenced by fossorial activity. Here, we describe for the first time the limb bone histology of the aardvark (Orycteropus afer), the largest extant burrowing mammal. The general pattern is very similar for all six sampled limb bones (i.e., humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula). Most of the cortex at midshaft is comprised of compacted coarse cancellous bone (CCCB), an endosteal tissue formed in the metaphyses through the compaction of bony trabeculae. Conversely, the periosteal bone is highly resorbed in all sections, and is reduced to a thin outer layer, suggesting a pattern of strong cortical drift. This pattern contrasts with that of most large mammals, in which cortical bone is of mostly periosteal origin, and CCCB, being a very compliant bone tissue type, is usually resorbed or remodeled during ontogeny. The link between histology and muscle attachment sites, as well as the influence of the semi-arid environment and ant-eating habits of the aardvark on its bone microstructure, are discussed. We hypothesize that the unusual histological profile of the aardvark is likely the outcome of physiological constraints due to both extensive digging behavior and strong metabolic restrictions. Adaptations to fossoriality are thus the result of a physiological compromise between limited food availability, an environment with high temperature variability, and the need for biomechanical resistance during digging. These results highlight the difficulties of deciphering all factors potentially involved in bone formation in fossorial mammals. Even though the formation and maintaining of CCCB through ontogeny in the aardvark cannot be unambiguously linked with its fossorial habits, a high amount of CCCB has been observed in the limb bones of other large burrowing mammals. The inclusion of such large burrowers in future histological studies is thus likely to improve our understanding of the functional link between bone growth and fossorial lifestyle in an evolutionary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Legendre
- Karoo Palaeontology Department, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Botha-Brink
- Karoo Palaeontology Department, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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23
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Arnold P, Esteve-Altava B, Fischer MS. Musculoskeletal networks reveal topological disparity in mammalian neck evolution. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:251. [PMID: 29237396 PMCID: PMC5729486 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in locomotor and metabolic performance during mammalian evolution was accompanied by the limitation of the number of cervical vertebrae to only seven. In turn, nuchal muscles underwent a reorganization while forelimb muscles expanded into the neck region. As variation in the cervical spine is low, the variation in the arrangement of the neck muscles and their attachment sites (i.e., the variability of the neck's musculoskeletal organization) is thus proposed to be an important source of neck disparity across mammals. Anatomical network analysis provides a novel framework to study the organization of the anatomical arrangement, or connectivity pattern, of the bones and muscles that constitute the mammalian neck in an evolutionary context. RESULTS Neck organization in mammals is characterized by a combination of conserved and highly variable network properties. We uncovered a conserved regionalization of the musculoskeletal organization of the neck into upper, mid and lower cervical modules. In contrast, there is a varying degree of complexity or specialization and of the integration of the pectoral elements. The musculoskeletal organization of the monotreme neck is distinctively different from that of therian mammals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that the limited number of vertebrae in the mammalian neck does not result in a low musculoskeletal disparity when examined in an evolutionary context. However, this disparity evolved late in mammalian history in parallel with the radiation of certain lineages (e.g., cetartiodactyls, xenarthrans). Disparity is further facilitated by the enhanced incorporation of forelimb muscles into the neck and their variability in attachment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Arnold
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Borja Esteve-Altava
- Structure & Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Martin S. Fischer
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Functional and Systematic Implications of the Postcranial Anatomy of a Late Miocene Feline (Carnivora, Felidae) from Batallones-1 (Madrid, Spain). J MAMM EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-017-9414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Warburton NM, Marchal CR. Forelimb Myology of Carnivorous Marsupials (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae): Implications for the Ancestral Body Plan of the Australidelphia. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1589-1608. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Warburton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western 6150 Australia
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Western Australian Museum; Welshpool Western Australia
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26
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Functional Anatomy of the Forelimb of Plesiotypotherium achirense (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Mesotheriidae) and Evolutionary Insights at the Family Level. J MAMM EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Botton-Divet L, Cornette R, Fabre AC, Herrel A, Houssaye A. Morphological Analysis of Long Bones in Semi-aquatic Mustelids and their Terrestrial Relatives. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:1298-1309. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ercoli MD, Álvarez A. A novel series of forepaw muscles for mammals observed in the Patagonian weasel Lyncodon patagonicus. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Integrating locomotion, postures and morphology: The case of the tayra, Eira barbara (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ercoli MD, Álvarez A, Busker F, Morales MM, Julik E, Smith HF, Adrian B, Barton M, Bhagavatula K, Poole M, Shahsavan M, Wechsler R, Fisher RE. Myology of the Head, Neck, and Thoracic Region of the Lesser Grison (Galictis cuja) in Comparison with the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) and Other Carnivorans: Phylogenetic and Functional Implications. J MAMM EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Olson RA, Womble MD, Thomas DR, Glenn ZD, Butcher MT. Functional Morphology of the Forelimb of the Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus): Comparative Perspectives on the Myology of Dasypodidae. J MAMM EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-015-9299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fabre AC, Cornette R, Goswami A, Peigné S. Do constraints associated with the locomotor habitat drive the evolution of forelimb shape? A case study in musteloid carnivorans. J Anat 2015; 226:596-610. [PMID: 25994128 PMCID: PMC4450962 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergence in morphology can result from evolutionary adaptations in species living in environments with similar selective pressures. Here, we investigate whether the shape of the forelimb long bones has converged in environments imposing similar functional constraints, using musteloid carnivores as a model. The limbs of quadrupeds are subjected to many factors that may influence their shape. They need to support body mass without collapsing or breaking, yet at the same time resist the stresses and strains induced by locomotion. This likely imposes strong constraints on their morphology. Our geometric morphometric analyses show that locomotion, body mass and phylogeny all influence the shape of the forelimb. Furthermore, we find a remarkable convergence between: (i) aquatic and semi-fossorial species, both displaying a robust forelimb, with a shape that improves stability and load transfer in response to the physical resistance imposed by the locomotor environment; and (ii) aquatic and arboreal/semi-arboreal species, with both groups displaying a broad capitulum. This augments the degree of pronation/supination, an important feature for climbing as well as grasping and manipulation ability, behaviors common to aquatic and arboreal species. In summary, our results highlight how musteloids with different locomotor ecologies show differences in the anatomy of their forelimb bones. Yet, functional demands for limb movement through dense media also result in convergence in forelimb long-bone shape between diverse groups, for example, otters and badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael Cornette
- UMR CNRS/MNHN 7205, ‘Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité’, Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParis, France
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment and Department of Earth Sciences, University College LondonLondon, UK
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