1
|
Boomer KB, Conyers LM, Wang Y, Chiu YCJ. Measuring Phases of Employment Decision-Making and the Need for Vocational Services as a Social Determinant of the Health of Employed People Living with HIV. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15074. [PMID: 36429789 PMCID: PMC9690119 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Secure employment has been recognized as a social determinant of health for people living with HIV (PLHIV), but limited research has been conducted to understand the employment needs and vocational decision-making process of those who are employed. The purpose of this study is to examine the applicability of the client-focused considering-work model to assess the employment outcomes and employment decision-making phases of a sample of employed PLHIV. (2) Methods: This study analyzed data of 244 employed PLHIV who completed National Working Positive Coalition's Employment Needs Survey which included a 20-item Considering Work Scale-Employed version (CWS-Employed) and a single-item Classification of Employment Status Scale (CESS). Factor analysis was used to evaluate the CWS-Employed. Chi-square tests of homogeneity of proportions were conducted to assess the domain-specific needs of individuals in each phase of employment decision-making. (3) Results: Our findings revealed high rates of insecure employment and diverse vocational service needs among research participants. Additionally, the CWS-Employed accurately predicted 71% of the self-reported classification of phases of employment decision-making. (4) Conclusions: When investigating the role of employment as a social determinant of health, more research is needed to better understand the vocational needs and outcomes of PLHIV who are working. Improving the measurement of the phases of employment decision-making is needed to better identify appropriate vocational interventions that can lead to improved employment and related health outcomes for this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KB Boomer
- Department of Mathematics, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Liza M. Conyers
- Department of Counselor Education, Counseling Psychology, and Rehabilitation Services, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yili Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yung-Chen Jen Chiu
- Department of Educational Foundations and Counseling, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clinical Guidance to Optimize Work Participation After Injury or Illness: The Role of Physical Therapists. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021; 51:CPG1-CPG102. [PMID: 34338006 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2021.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Work rehabilitation refers to the process of assisting workers to remain at work or return to work (RTW) in a safe and productive manner, while limiting the negative impact of restricted work, unemployment, and work disability. The primary purpose of this clinical practice guideline (CPG) is to systematically review available scientific evidence and provide a set of evidence-based recommendations for effective physical therapy evaluation, treatment, and management of individuals experiencing limitations in the ability to participate in work following injury or illness. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(8):CPG1-CPG102. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.0303.
Collapse
|
3
|
Britt E, Sawatzky R, Swibaker K. Motivational Interviewing to Promote Employment. JOURNAL OF EMPLOYMENT COUNSELING 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/joec.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Britt
- Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conyers LM. A client-focused considering work model for people with emerging or episodic illnesses. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/jvr-180942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liza M. Conyers
- Department of Educational Psychology, Counseling, and Special Education, 302 CEDAR Building, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA E-mail: E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blas AJT, Beltran KMB, Martinez PGV, Yao DPG. Enabling Work: Occupational Therapy Interventions for Persons with Occupational Injuries and Diseases: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2018; 28:201-214. [PMID: 28887796 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-017-9732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This review aims to map the scope of published research on occupational therapy (OT) interventions and pertinent work and work-related outcomes for persons with occupational injuries and diseases. Methods The scoping review adapted Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Six electronic databases were searched. Ancestral search was also done on five systematic reviews. The search was conducted from September 2015 to October 2015. Interventions and outcomes were coded using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Set for Vocational Rehabilitation to plot trends. Results Forty-six articles were included in the review. The top five intervention approaches included: acquiring skills (12.27%), health services, systems, and policies (10.43%), products and technology for employment (9.20%), handling stress and other psychological demands (7.98%), and apprenticeship (6.74%). The top five outcomes targeted included: remunerative employment (15.71%); sensation of pain (10.99%); emotional functions (5.76%); handling stress and other psychological demands (5.76%); economic self-sufficiency (4.71%); muscle endurance functions (4.71%); exercise tolerance functions (4.71%); undertaking multiple tasks (4.19%); acquiring, keeping, and terminating a job (4.19%); and looking after one's health (4.19%). Conclusion The trend in interventions show the use of activities and environment facilitators which are attuned to the conceptual nature of OT. Furthermore, the trend in outcomes show that there is substantial evidence that supports the use of OT to target work. This review may provide a platform for collaboration with other professionals and also help identify research directions to strengthen the evidence base for OT in work-related practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Jane T Blas
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Medical Professions, University of the Philippines Manila, UP Manila Compound, Pedro Gil St., Malate, 1004, Manila, NCR, Philippines.
| | - Kenneth Matthew B Beltran
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Medical Professions, University of the Philippines Manila, UP Manila Compound, Pedro Gil St., Malate, 1004, Manila, NCR, Philippines
| | - Pauline Gail V Martinez
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Medical Professions, University of the Philippines Manila, UP Manila Compound, Pedro Gil St., Malate, 1004, Manila, NCR, Philippines
| | - Daryl Patrick G Yao
- Occupational Therapy Section, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Philippine Orthopedic Center, Ma. Clara Cor. Banawe Sts., Brgy. Lourdes, 1114, Quezon City, NCR, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Young AE, Viikari-Juntura E, Boot CRL, Chan C, Gimeno Ruiz de Porras D, Linton SJ. Workplace Outcomes in Work-Disability Prevention Research: A Review with Recommendations for Future Research. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2016; 26:434-447. [PMID: 27787691 PMCID: PMC5104762 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-016-9675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Outcome assessment is a central issue in work disability prevention research. The goal of this paper was to (1) ascertain the most salient workplace outcomes; (2) evaluate the congruence between business and science perspectives; (3) illustrate new perspectives on assessing longitudinal outcomes; and (4) provide recommendations for advancing outcome evaluation in this area of research. Methods The authors participated in a year-long collaboration that culminated in a sponsored 3-day conference, "Improving Research of Employer Practices to Prevent Disability", held October 14-16, 2015, in Hopkinton, MA, USA. The collaboration included a topical review of the literature, group conference calls to identify key areas and challenges, drafting of initial documents, review of industry publications, and a conference presentation that included feedback from peer researchers and a question/answer session with a special panel of knowledge experts with direct employer experience. Results Numerous workplace work-disability prevention outcome measures were identified. Analysis indicated that their applicability varied depending on the type of work disability the worker was experiencing. For those who were working, but with health-related work limitations (Type 1), predominant outcomes were measures of productivity, presenteeism, and work-related limitations. For those who were off work due to a health condition (Type 2), predominant outcomes were measures of time off work, supervisor/employee interactions, and return-to-work (RTW) preparation. For those who had returned to work (Type 3), predominant outcomes were measures of presenteeism, time until RTW, percentage of work resumption, employment characteristics, stigma, work engagement, co-worker interactions, and sustained or durable RTW. For those who had withdrawn from the labor force (Type 4), predominant outcomes were cost and vocational status. Discussion Currently available measures provide a good basis to use more consistent outcomes in disability prevention in the future. The research area would also benefit from more involvement of employers as stakeholders, and multilevel conceptualizations of disability outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Young
- Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety, 71 Frankland Road, Hopkinton, MA, 01748, USA.
| | | | - Cécile R L Boot
- EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chetwyn Chan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Steven J Linton
- Center for Health and Medical Psychology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong W, Tang D, Luo X, Yu ITS, Liang Y, He Y. Prediction of return to work outcomes under an injured worker case management program. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2012; 22:230-240. [PMID: 22120023 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-011-9343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many factors affect worker return to work (RTW) after occupational injury, among which effective case management strategies play a particularly vital role in prompting workers for a successful RTW. Objectives This study aimed at predicting the RTW outcome and optimizing the intervention scheme of a case management program initiated in China. METHODS A retrospective cohort was formed with 523 injured workers treated at a rehabilitation center for work injuries in southern China. The social demographic information, medical data and intervention process were extracted from the medical records of the rehabilitation center. A Cox Regression Model was used to examine the predictors of RTW case management. RESULTS 261 patients (77.9%) out of the 335 valid subjects successfully returned to work after median absence duration of 36.0 days. A computer skills training program was a positive factor for RTW outcomes (hazard ratio 1.5, P < 0.001). Psychological counseling was possibly an important measure to improve RTW with a hazard ratio of 3.4 (95% CI 0.94-16, P > 0.05). Disability adjustment accommodations did not specifically benefit RTW. Education level, family's attitude to RTW, personal perceptions about social support for RTW, and injury severity were significantly associated with outcomes of RTW. CONCLUSIONS It was implied that RTW intervention should be focused on a specific skill reconstruction and training which was presumably related with labor market needs. However, tailored psychological counseling and disability adjustment activity should not be ignored in RTW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Kong
- Zhengjiang Provincial Institute for Dermatoses Prevention and Cure, Deqing County, 313200, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Escorpizo R, Reneman MF, Ekholm J, Fritz J, Krupa T, Marnetoft SU, Maroun CE, Guzman JR, Suzuki Y, Stucki G, Chan CCH. A conceptual definition of vocational rehabilitation based on the ICF: building a shared global model. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2011; 21:126-133. [PMID: 21328061 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-011-9292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a conceptual framework and classification system by the World Health Organization (WHO) to understand functioning. The objective of this discussion paper is to offer a conceptual definition for vocational rehabilitation (VR) based on the ICF. METHOD We presented the ICF as a model for application in VR and the rationale for the integration of the ICF. We also briefly reviewed other work disability models. RESULTS Five essential elements of foci were found towards a conceptual definition of VR: an engagement or re-engagement to work, along a work continuum, involved health conditions or events leading to work disability, patient-centered and evidence-based, and is multi-professional or multidisciplinary. CONCLUSIONS VR refers to a multi-professional approach that is provided to individuals of working age with health-related impairments, limitations, or restrictions with work functioning and whose primary aim is to optimize work participation. We propose that the ICF and VR interface be explored further using empirical and qualitative works and encouraging stakeholders' participation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kwok HKH, Szeto GPY, Cheng ASK, Siu H, Chan CCH. Occupational rehabilitation in Hong Kong: current status and future needs. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2011; 21 Suppl 1:S28-S34. [PMID: 21274739 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-011-9286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This paper reviews the development of occupational rehabilitation in Hong Kong, both in terms of the science as well as the service for injured workers. Besides, it also reviews the existing Employees' Compensation Ordinance for work injury to illustrate how the policy could influence the success and development of the discipline. METHODS Five experienced occupational rehabilitation providers, including 1 occupational medicine specialist, 3 occupational therapists, and 1 physiotherapist critically reviewed the past and current development of occupational rehabilitation in Hong Kong as well as the local contextual factors, which could influence its future development. RESULTS Since the enactment of the Employees' Compensation Ordinance in the 1950s, there have been progressive improvements in the field of occupational rehabilitation in Hong Kong. Services in the early years were mostly based on the biomedical model, where doctors and patients tended to focus on clinical symptoms and physical pathology when making clinical decisions. Since then, remarkable academic achievements have been made in the field locally, from the validation of clinical instruments for assessment of work capacity, assessment of employment readiness to the evaluation of efficacy of interventional programs for injured workers focusing on work related outcomes. However, there has been a relatively lack of progress in the development of related policies and implementation of related programs for occupational rehabilitation. There is no built in linkage between rehabilitation, compensation and prevention in the current system in Hong Kong, and there is no rehabilitation policy specific to those workers with occupational diseases and injuries. CONCLUSIONS There are still deficiencies in the development and provision of occupational rehabilitation services in Hong Kong. Incorporation of requirements for occupational rehabilitation at the legislation and policy levels should be seriously considered in the future. Besides, the development of the Occupational Medicine subspecialty in the public hospital system in Hong Kong is considered a facilitator to the future development of occupational rehabilitation in Hong Kong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K H Kwok
- Occupational Medicine Service, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chan CCH, Zhuo DH. Occupational rehabilitation in twenty-first century Asia Pacific: facilitating health and work: an introduction. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2011; 21 Suppl 1:S1-S4. [PMID: 21380925 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-011-9300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asia Pacific has more than 20 countries which are different in terms of size, population, gross domestic product (GDP), and technological development. This paper highlights certain common obstacles faced by the workers' compensation and occupational rehabilitation systems in the region. METHODS A review was conducted of the 9 papers contained in this supplementary issue of the Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. Important items discussed in each paper were extracted and collated. The suggestions for the way forward are also summarized. RESULTS In general, there is an obvious mismatch between the current theoretical and service models in occupational rehabilitation and the provision of the workers' compensation systems in the majority of Asia Pacific countries. Legislation and policy awareness of stakeholders, and coordination and synergy of services, in addition to competence building of professionals, were the common obstacles identified. CONCLUSION The Asia Pacific countries could fill the policy-and-service gaps by using available knowledge on occupational rehabilitation and return to work. Any effective model and services should be culturally relevant to be responsive to healthcare services, employers and the health and work needs of injured workers in Asia Pacific countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chetwyn C H Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang D, Yu ITS, Luo X, Liang Y, He Y. Case management after long-term absence from work in China: a case report. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2011; 21 Suppl 1:S55-S61. [PMID: 21190128 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-010-9280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Return-to-work (RTW) after occupational injuries is an important and challenging issue. Case managers are expected to play a vital role in successful RTW. In China, RTW intervention is in its early phase and requires further research and practice. OBJECTIVES This case report describes Mr. H's RTW process for illustrating the work of a case management team in China. Suggestions on developing and optimizing the process in China are given. METHODS After 9 years of absence from work due to severe burn injuries at work, Mr. H was referred for RTW interventions. Mr. H received social and occupational rehabilitation services of 3 months, and the following workplace visits and work trials. After the job placement, the case manager continued the liaison with the worker and employer. RESULTS Mr. H showed positive changes in occupational and social adjustment after the case management interventions. This was reflected from the shift from the contemplation to action stage on the Lam Assessment of Stages of Employment Readiness. Despite he did not show significant changes on functional capacity and fear avoidance beliefs, Mr. H passed the job credential test and was offered a maintenance technician position at a new company. Both the worker and the employer were satisfied with the outcome of the case management. CONCLUSIONS The RTW interventions carried out by the case managers appeared to be effective within the Chinese system. The results suggested that professional training of case managers, RTW-related policies and technological standards, early integrated interventions should be further developed in China. Disability Adjustment Group Therapy and RTW Support Groups perhaps are useful approaches in workers' returning to work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Work Injury Rehabilitation Center, Guangzhou 510970, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang D, Chen G, Xu YW, Hui-Lo KYL, Luo XY, Chan CCH. An emerging occupational rehabilitation system in the People's Republic of China. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2011; 21 Suppl 1:S35-S43. [PMID: 21365300 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-011-9299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION China has become a major economic influence in Asia and globally. The country is in the position to further develop its workers' insurance and compensation system. This paper aims to introduce the existing workers' compensation policies, explain how these policies guide the operation of the occupational rehabilitation system for injured workers, and suggest ways to further develop an effective and sustainable system for the country. METHODS Major government policies and initiative documents and existing literature on occupational rehabilitation were critically reviewed. Shortfalls in our current system were identified and potential further development regimes were propose. RESULTS Since 2004, China has implemented its national policy on providing timely and comprehensive rehabilitation and return-to-work interventions for workers who are injured at work. The three-tier medical and occupational rehabilitation system appears effective for enabling injured workers to access these services. Such a system is regarded as the most optimal for the country in spearheading the development of quality occupational rehabilitation services, and at the same time incorporating the existing expertise in acute medical care and rehabilitation within the public medical and health system. Problems encountered in the system can be classified under the culture, system and competence building aspects. CONCLUSION The future workers' insurance and compensation system can probably put more emphasis on using bio-psychosocial and work disability prevention models in guiding its service development and delivery. Efforts need to be placed on building the competence of professionals in the system who provide services for injured workers. The empowerment of important stakeholders in the workers' insurance and compensation system and their inclusion in the planning of service delivery are crucial for developing a sustainable and effective system for China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Work Injury Rehabilitation Centre, Guangzhou, The People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Eggert S. Psychosocial Factors Affecting Employees’ Abilities to Return to Work. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:51-5. [DOI: 10.3928/08910162-20100118-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Pollard H, de Luca K. A descriptive report of management strategies used by chiropractors, as reviewed by a single independent chiropractic consultant in the Australian workers compensation system. CHIROPRACTIC & OSTEOPATHY 2009; 17:12. [PMID: 19922667 PMCID: PMC2785816 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1340-17-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background In New South Wales, Australia, an injured worker enters the workers compensation system with the case often managed by a pre-determined insurer. The goal of the treating practitioner is to facilitate the claimant to return to suitable duties and progress to their pre-injury status, job and quality of life. Currently, there is very little documentation on the management of injured workers by chiropractors in the Australian healthcare setting. This study aims to examine treatment protocols and recommendations given to chiropractic practitioners by one independent chiropractic reviewer in the state of New South Wales, and to discuss management strategies recommended for the injured worker. Methods A total of 146 consecutive Independent Chiropractic Consultant reports were collated into a database. Pain information and management recommendations made by the Independent Chiropractic Consultant were tabulated and analysed for trends. The data formulated from the reports is purely descriptive in nature. Results The Independent Chiropractic Consultant determined the current treatment plan to be "reasonable" (80.1%) or "unreasonable" (23.6%). The consultant recommended to "phase out" treatment in 74.6% of cases, with an average of six remaining treatments. In eight cases treatment was unreasonable with no further treatment; in five cases treatment was reasonable with no further treatment. In 78.6% of cases, injured workers were to be discharged from treatment and 21.4% were to be reassessed for the need of a further treatment plan. Additional recommendations for treatment included an active care program (95.2%), general fitness program (77.4%), flexibility/range of movement exercises (54.1%), referral to a chronic pain specialist (50.7%) and work hardening program (22.6%). Conclusion It is essential chiropractic practitioners perform 'reasonably necessary treatment' to reduce dependency on passive treatment, increase compliance to active care programs and reduce the progression to chronic pain states. It is recommended that common findings be integrated in further research, to improve the management of treatment for patients with an occupational injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Pollard
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Sydney, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|