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Oude Geerdink E, Huysmans MA, van Kempen H, van Weeghel J, Motazedi E, Anema JR. Individual Placement and Support and Participatory Workplace Intervention on the Work Participation of People with Disabilities: A Randomised Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2024:10.1007/s10926-024-10219-6. [PMID: 38954248 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-024-10219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed the effectiveness of Individual Placement and Support (IPS), Participatory Workplace Intervention (PWI), and IPS + PWI on work participation and health of people with work disabilities. METHODS A randomised controlled 2 × 2 factorial trial with 120 clients and an 18-month follow-up was performed. Differences between IPS and no-IPS and between PWI and no-PWI were assessed using log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS In the IPS group, restricted mean survival time (RMST) for sustainable paid employment was 352 days, compared to 394 in the no-IPS group (HR = 1.47, 95% CI = 0.81-2.63). In the PWI group the RMST was 378 days, compared to 367 in the no-PWI group (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.48-1.64). For the secondary outcome 'starting any paid employment, a trial placement, or education' RMST was significantly lower for the IPS group (222 days) than for the no-IPS group (335 days; HR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.01-3.42). Mental health was significantly lower (worse) in the PWI group (difference -4.07, 95% CI = -7.93 to -0.22) than in the no-PWI group. For all other secondary outcomes, no statistically significant differences were found. CONCLUSION No statistically significant differences were observed in the duration until starting sustainable employment between IPS and no-IPS, and between PWI and no-PWI. The duration until starting any paid employment, a trial placement, or education was shorter in the IPS group than in the no-IPS group, but further research should explore whether this also increases sustainable employment in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oude Geerdink
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, Postbus 7057, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M A Huysmans
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, Postbus 7057, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H van Kempen
- Research and Statistics, City of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J van Weeghel
- Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - E Motazedi
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, Postbus 7057, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J R Anema
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, Postbus 7057, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Oude Geerdink E, Huysmans MA, van Kempen H, Maarleveld JM, van Weeghel J, Anema JR. Process Evaluation of Individual Placement and Support and Participatory Workplace Intervention to Increase the Sustainable Work Participation of People with Work Disabilities. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2024:10.1007/s10926-024-10214-x. [PMID: 38918334 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-024-10214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is a process evaluation of the use of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) and Participatory Workplace Intervention (PWI) to increase the work participation of people with work disabilities. We ran the evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial (RCT), to investigate whether and to what extent IPS and PWI were executed according to protocol. METHODS The study population consisted of clients with work disabilities, and their job coaches who were employed by the municipality of a large city in the Netherlands. Data were collected between September 2019 and November 2022 using registration forms, accompanied by researchers' notes and logbooks. RESULTS For IPS the dose delivered was reasonable and the IPS fidelity measurement score was fair. The job search focused on paid work for almost all clients and was based on their wishes as indicated in the protocol, but integration of employment services with (health) care was often lacking. A minority of the clients who were assigned to PWI received the intervention, often because the client did not start work within the follow-up period and a workplace was a requirement to apply the intervention. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that IPS was executed reasonably and with a fair fidelity, which indicated implementation was sufficient to find an effect on work participation in the RCT. PWI was barely realized in practice and no conclusions regarding the fidelity could be drawn. We therefore conclude that we cannot expect PWI to have any effect on work participation in the RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oude Geerdink
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorstraat 7, Postbus 7057, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M A Huysmans
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorstraat 7, Postbus 7057, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H van Kempen
- Research and Statistics, City of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M Maarleveld
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorstraat 7, Postbus 7057, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J van Weeghel
- Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - J R Anema
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorstraat 7, Postbus 7057, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Blank D, Brieger P, Hamann J. [Return to Work after Mental Disorders - A Scoping Review]. PSYCHIATRISCHE PRAXIS 2020; 48:119-126. [PMID: 33271622 DOI: 10.1055/a-1310-2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Workers on sick-leave due to a mental disorder have enormous problems to return to work. The main objective of this review is to examine different return-to-work (RTW) interventions. METHODS We conduct a systematic literature research. RESULTS 88 articles were screened and 29 studies included. The included RTW-interventions build on different approaches: 1) individual, 2) workplace, 3) mental health services. The majority of the interventions showed positive effects on the return-to-work process. CONCLUSION Even if not all interventions could be readily transferred to the German context, the findings indicate ways improving the transition from the mental health system to the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Blank
- kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum gGmbH, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der LMU München, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der LMU München
| | - Peter Brieger
- kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum gGmbH, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der LMU München, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der LMU München
| | - Johannes Hamann
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
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Sylvain C, Durand MJ, Velasquez Sanchez A, Lessard N, Maillette P. Development and Implementation of a Mental Health Work Rehabilitation Program: Results of a Developmental Evaluation. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2019; 29:303-314. [PMID: 29796981 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-018-9783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Long-term work disability due to common mental disorders (CMDs) is a growing problem. Yet optimal interventions remain unclear and little is known about implementation challenges in everyday practice. This study aimed to support and evaluate, in real time, the development and implementation of a work rehabilitation program (WRP) designed to promote post-CMD return-to-work (RTW). Methods A 2-year developmental evaluation was performed using a participatory approach. At program outset, the researchers held five work meetings to revise the program's logic model and discuss its underlying change theory with clinicians. Data collection tools used throughout the study period were structured charts of activities conducted with workers (n = 41); in-depth interviews with program clinicians and managers (n = 9); and participant observation during work meetings. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Qualitative data underwent thematic analysis using a processual approach. Results Three types of activity were developed and implemented: individual and group interventions targeting workers, and joint activities targeting partners (physicians, employers, others). While worker-targeted activities were generally implemented as planned, joint activities were sporadic. Analysis of the implementation process revealed five challenges faced by clinicians. Determinants included clinicians, host organization, sociopolitical context and resources provided by the evaluation. Conclusion The program studied is original in that it is based on the best available scientific knowledge, yet adapted to contextual particularities. The identified implementation challenges highlight the need for greater importance to be placed on the external, non-program context to ensure sustainable implementation in everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Sylvain
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Canada.
- Centre for Action in Work Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation (CAPRIT), Hôpital Charles-Le Moyne Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil Campus, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada.
| | - Marie-José Durand
- School of Rehabilitation, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Canada
- Centre for Action in Work Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation (CAPRIT), Hôpital Charles-Le Moyne Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil Campus, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
| | - Astrid Velasquez Sanchez
- Centre for Action in Work Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation (CAPRIT), Hôpital Charles-Le Moyne Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil Campus, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lessard
- Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux de Laval, 1755, boulevard René-Laennec, Laval, QC, H7M 3L9, Canada
| | - Pascale Maillette
- Centre for Action in Work Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation (CAPRIT), Hôpital Charles-Le Moyne Research Centre, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil Campus, 150 Place Charles-Le Moyne, Longueuil, QC, J4K 0A8, Canada
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Fitch MI, Nicoll I. Returning to work after cancer: Survivors', caregivers', and employers' perspectives. Psychooncology 2019; 28:792-798. [PMID: 30720242 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Return to Work Initiative was launched to build a comprehensive understanding of issues, needs, current resources, and available supports for Canadian cancer survivors returning to work as the basis for developing a national action plan. METHODS This Initiative drew on perspectives of stakeholders through a survey and consultations with cancer survivors and caregivers to learn about challenges regarding return to work and interviews and focus groups with workplace representatives and employers to determine issues encountered in the workplace. Common perspectives across stakeholder groups were identified. RESULTS Cancer survivors (n = 410) described reduction in income, positive and negative experiences returning to work, and work-related issues regarding side effects. Caregivers (n = 60) described loss of concentration and productivity, stress, and lack of support from coworkers. Employer representatives (n = 68) revealed challenges for managers knowing how best to support cancer survivors as there are few of them of which they are aware. All stakeholders agreed that returning to work for cancer survivors is challenging. Multiple strategies are needed to achieve success: in-depth understanding of the issues, consideration of accommodation, communication among stakeholders, education, resources, and financial support. CONCLUSIONS The work provided a foundation for making decisions about how to proceed to improve return to work for Canadian cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret I Fitch
- Cancer Journey Advisory Group, Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, University of Toronto Lawrence S Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Canadian Association of Nurses in Oncology, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Irene Nicoll
- Cancer Journey Advisory Group, Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, University of Toronto Lawrence S Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Canadian Association of Nurses in Oncology, Toronto, Ontario
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Lammerts L, van Dongen JM, Schaafsma FG, van Mechelen W, Anema JR. A participatory supportive return to work program for workers without an employment contract, sick-listed due to a common mental disorder: an economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:162. [PMID: 28152999 PMCID: PMC5290622 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental disorders are associated with high costs for productivity loss, sickness absence and unemployment. A participatory supportive return to work (RTW) program was developed in order to improve RTW among workers without an employment contract, sick-listed due to a common mental disorder. The program contained a participatory approach, integrated care and direct placement in a competitive job. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of this new program, compared to usual care. In addition, its return on investment was evaluated. METHODS An economic evaluation was conducted alongside a 12-month randomized controlled trial. A total of 186 participants was randomly allocated to the new program (n = 94) or to usual care (n = 92). Effect measures were the duration until sustainable RTW in competitive employment and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. Costs included intervention costs, medical costs and absenteeism costs. Registered data of the Dutch Social Security Agency were used to assess the duration until sustainable RTW, intervention costs and absenteeism costs. QALYs and medical costs were assessed using three- or six-monthly questionnaires. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputations. Cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-utility analysis were conducted from the societal perspective. A return on investment analysis was conducted from the social insurer's perspective. Various sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results. RESULTS The new program had no significant effect on the duration until sustainable RTW and QALYs gained. Intervention costs and medical costs were significantly higher in the intervention group. From the societal perspective, the maximum probability of cost-effectiveness for duration until sustainable RTW was 0.64 at a willingness to pay of about €10 000/day, and 0.27 for QALYs gained, regardless of the willingness to pay. From the social insurer's perspective, the probability of financial return was 0.18. CONCLUSIONS From the societal perspective, the new program was neither cost-effective in improving sustainable RTW nor in gaining QALYs. From the social insurer's perspective, the program did not result in a positive financial return. Therefore, the present study provided no evidence to support its implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was listed at the Dutch Trial Register (NTR) under NTR3563 on August 7, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Lammerts
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, NL-1081 BT The Netherlands
- Research Center for Insurance Medicine AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M. van Dongen
- Department of Health Sciences, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke G. Schaafsma
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, NL-1081 BT The Netherlands
- Research Center for Insurance Medicine AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, NL-1081 BT The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Anema
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, NL-1081 BT The Netherlands
- Research Center for Insurance Medicine AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Egmond MP, Duijts SFA, Scholten APJ, van der Beek AJ, Anema JR. Offering a tailored return to work program to cancer survivors with job loss: a process evaluation. BMC Public Health 2016; 15:940. [PMID: 27600542 PMCID: PMC5013616 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe, 1.7 million persons of working age are diagnosed with cancer each year. During or after treatment, cancer survivors (CSs) are vulnerable for job loss, and many CSs struggle with return to work (RTW). When offering RTW interventions to CSs, it is important to conduct a process evaluation to assess such factors as the population reached and implementation problems. Recently, we developed an innovative RTW program, tailored specifically to the needs of CSs with job loss in the Netherlands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the likelihood of theory and implementation failure, as well as to evaluate procedures for recruitment, execution and implementation of the tailored RTW program for CSs with job loss. METHODS Six components were evaluated in the RTW program: Recruitment, Reach, Dosage, Implementation, Satisfaction, and Experienced Barriers. Data were provided by logbooks and questionnaires from participating CSs, occupational health care (OHC) professionals, and re-integration coaches and job hunting officers who delivered the RTW program. SPSS and Excel were used to conduct the analyses. RESULTS 85 CSs received the tailored RTW program. Their mean age was 47.9 years (SD 8.5). The majority were female (72 %), married (52 %), and of Dutch nationality (91 %). The program reached 88.2 % of the target population and 52 % of participants who started the program received the adequate dosage. The program implementation score was 45.9 %. Participants' mean overall program duration remained within the protocol boundaries. Re-integration coaches were more satisfied with the program than job hunting officers or OHC professionals. Likewise, participants were more satisfied with the program delivery by the re-integration coaches than with the delivery by the job hunting officers. Reported barriers within the RTW program were a lack of communication, high program intensity and short program duration, and, with regard to the job hunting officers, a lack of experience with cancer-related RTW problems. CONCLUSIONS Participants, OHC professionals, re-integration coaches and job hunting officers generally had positive experiences with the innovative tailored RTW program. Facilitating communication between the delivering parties, and engaging usual care during program delivery, could be key elements to improved program implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Dutch Trial Register, registration number NTR3562 , registered 07-08-2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. P. van Egmond
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7 – C581, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Center for Insurance Medicine, AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. F. A. Duijts
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7 – C581, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. P. J. Scholten
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7 – C581, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. J. van der Beek
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7 – C581, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Center for Insurance Medicine, AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. R. Anema
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7 – C581, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Center for Insurance Medicine, AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lammerts L, Schaafsma FG, van Mechelen W, Anema JR. Execution of a participatory supportive return to work program within the Dutch social security sector: a qualitative evaluation of stakeholders' perceptions. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:323. [PMID: 27074885 PMCID: PMC4831193 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A process evaluation of a participatory supportive return to work program, aimed at workers without a (permanent) employment contract who are sick-listed due to a common mental disorder, revealed that this program was executed less successfully than similar programs evaluated in earlier studies. The program consisted of a participatory approach, integrated care and direct placement in competitive employment. Aim of this study was to get a better understanding of the execution of the program by evaluating stakeholders’ perceptions. In the absence of an employer, the program was applied by the Dutch Social Security Agency, in collaboration with vocational rehabilitation agencies. Together with the sick-listed workers, these were the main stakeholders. Our research questions involved stakeholders’ perceptions of the function(s) of the program, and their perceptions of barriers and facilitators for a successful execution of the program within the Dutch social security sector. Methods Semi-structured interviews were held with five sick-listed workers, eight professionals of the Social Security Agency, and two case managers of vocational rehabilitation agencies. Interview topics were related to experiences with different components of the program. Selection of respondents was based on purposive sampling and continued until data saturation was reached. Content analysis was applied to identify patterns in the data. Two researchers developed a coding system, based on predefined topics and themes emerging from the data. Results Although perceived functions of some components of the program were as intended, all stakeholders stressed that the program often had not resulted in return to work. Perceived barriers for a successful execution were related to a poor collaboration between the Dutch Social Security Agency, vocational rehabilitation agencies and healthcare providers, the type of experienced (health) problems, time constraints, and limited job opportunities. Conclusions For future implementation of the program, it will be important to consider how a better integration of services by the Dutch Social Security Agency, vocational rehabilitation agencies and the mental healthcare sector can be improved in order to address treatment and vocational needs simultaneously, and to better match the sick-listed worker with the limited opportunities in the Dutch labor market. Trial registration NTR3563 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2997-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Lammerts
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, MB, 1007, Netherlands.,Research Center for Insurance Medicine, AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frederieke G Schaafsma
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, MB, 1007, Netherlands. .,Research Center for Insurance Medicine, AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, MB, 1007, Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Anema
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, Amsterdam, MB, 1007, Netherlands.,Research Center for Insurance Medicine, AMC-UMCG-UWV-VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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