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Weir J, Fary R, Gibson M, Mitchell T, Johnston V, Wyatt M, Guthrie R, Myers B, Beales D. Wellbeing After Finalization of a Workers' Compensation Claim: A Systematic Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2024:10.1007/s10926-023-10168-6. [PMID: 38286892 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-023-10168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A workers' compensation claim may have significant negative impacts on an injured worker's wellbeing. Wellbeing provides a good global measure of potential effects of a claim on an individual, and is important for contemporary economic modelling. The purpose of this study was to synthesize knowledge about the wellbeing of injured workers after the finalization of a workers' compensation claim and identify gaps in the current literature. METHODS A systematic scoping review was conducted. RESULTS 71 full-text articles were screened for inclusion, with 32 articles eligible for this review. None of the included articles evaluated overall wellbeing. Included articles did evaluate a variety of constructs inherent in wellbeing. Injured workers were generally disadvantaged in some manner following claim finalization. The literature recommends a focus on reducing negative impacts on injured workers after finalization of a compensation claim, with a need for regulatory bodies to review policy in this area. CONCLUSION There appears to be potential for ongoing burden for individuals, employers, and society after finalization of a workers' compensation claim. A gap in knowledge exists regarding the specific evaluation of wellbeing of injured workers following finalization of a workers' compensation claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Weir
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Robyn Fary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark Gibson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Mitchell
- Pain Options, 7 Hardy Street, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Venerina Johnston
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, Australia
| | - Mary Wyatt
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert Guthrie
- Faculty of Business and Law, School of Management and Marketing, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Darren Beales
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Pichené-Houard A, Sirveaux F, Clerc-Urmès I, Paris N, Michel B, Jacquot A, Martinet N, Claudon L, Paysant J, Wild P. Predictive factors of return-to-work trajectory after work-related rotator cuff syndrome: A prospective study of 96 workers. Am J Ind Med 2023; 66:759-774. [PMID: 37460254 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sustained return to work after surgery for work-related rotator cuff syndrome (WRRCS) remains quite difficult. The main purpose of the present study was to identify predictive factors of a return-to-work (RTW) trajectory. METHODS A total of 96 workers with WRRCS were identified by 4 surgeons. They were followed prospectively before and after the surgery, until 1 year after RTW, or for 20 months after surgery when they did not. Participants completed a series of standardized questionnaires related to working conditions, health, and beliefs, and performed functional tests at the inclusion time. During the follow-up period, they were regularly asked about their working conditions (present or not at work), activity (normal or lightened physical duties) and schedules (full- or part-time job). Statistical analysis was based on single- and multiple-factor models of prediction of the workers' trajectory. RESULTS Three trajectories of RTW were distinguished, considering RTW and absenteeism that occurred during the follow-up: stable, unstable, and non-RTW. The median age of the sample was 49.5 [45.0-54.0], with 67.7% of workers employed in highly physically demanding jobs. In the multiple factor model, three factors were highly predictive of the trajectory: perceived health before surgery, having had a repaired ruptured-rotator-cuff tendinopathy, and the level of physical demand of the job. CONCLUSION Three easy-to-collect predictive factors of RTW trajectory have been identified. They may be useful for healthcare professionals and care givers to identify vulnerable workers' risk of occupational dropout after arthroscopic surgery for rotator cuff tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pichené-Houard
- Département Homme au Travail, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - François Sirveaux
- Pôle lorrain de chirurgie de l'appareil locomoteur, Centre Chirurgical Emile Gallé, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Clerc-Urmès
- Département Homme au Travail, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | | | - Blaise Michel
- Clinique Louis Pasteur, service de chirurgie orthopédique, Essey-lès- Nancy, France
| | - Adrien Jacquot
- Clinique Louis Pasteur, service de chirurgie orthopédique, Essey-lès- Nancy, France
| | - Noël Martinet
- Institut Régional de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation de Nancy, Centre Louis Pierquin, UGECAM du Nord-Est, Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Claudon
- Département Homme au Travail, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Jean Paysant
- Institut Régional de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation de Nancy, Centre Louis Pierquin, UGECAM du Nord-Est, Nancy, France
| | - Pascal Wild
- Département Homme au Travail, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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Hoefsmit N, Pennings B, Houkes I. Empowering self-direction in return to work of employees with low and high levels of education: A qualitative comparative study. Work 2022; 74:859-869. [PMID: 36442176 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Dutch legislation encourages active participation of employees in their return-to-work (RTW) process. Empowering leadership may support employees’ self-direction in this process (i.e. by allowing and enabling their involvement in decision-making). OBJECTIVE: Building upon a previous study, we aimed to study (1) how representatives of a university, i.e. an employer for employees with high levels of education (EH), manage RTW, (2) the similarities and differences between the RTW management of employers (or representatives thereof) of employees with low (EL) and high levels of education, and (3) the degree to which the employers’ roles resemble empowering leadership. METHODS: Qualitative methodology was applied. A thematic analysis of interview transcripts (rq1) was followed by a comparison of themes (rq2) and pattern matching (rq3). RESULTS: (1) EH tend to engage in dialogue and accommodate their employees as much as possible. (2) EL and EH showed several similarities, such as aiming to meet legal requirements on RTW management. Compared to EL, EH tend to focus more on facilitating employees. (3) Empowering leadership seems to be more common among EH. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to employees with low levels of education, those with high levels of education may be granted more opportunity to self-direct their RTW. The study results provide starting points for employers for employees with both low and high levels of education who aim to enable employees’ self-direction in RTW, and help them to develop empowering leadership styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hoefsmit
- Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Pennings
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Houkes
- Department of Social Medicine, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Tran T, Keesing S, Harris C, Ciccarelli M. Managing work‐related lateral elbow tendinopathy: Australian hand therapist's experiences with workplace‐based interventions. Aust Occup Ther J 2022; 70:233-245. [PMID: 36367158 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) is one of the most prevalent work-related musculoskeletal conditions. Current treatments for LET focus mainly on the physiological symptoms of pain, grip strength, and function. Recently, a novel workplace-based hand therapy educational intervention, Working Hands-ED, was developed based on the Person-Environment-Occupation- Performance model, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework and the Australian Clinical Framework for the Delivery of Health Services. Combining a hand therapist's specialised knowledge and skills in upper limb rehabilitation with an approach that considers injured workers' occupations and work environments may provide a more holistic approach to managing work-related LET. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have investigated the experiences of hand therapists who perform workplace-based educational interventions for the management of LET. METHOD An exploratory, descriptive qualitative design using semi-structured interviews was used with hand therapists who delivered the novel hand therapy intervention Working Hands-ED. FINDINGS Ten occupational therapists working in hand therapy were interviewed. Three main themes and eight subthemes were identified from interview data: Person-centred approach, opportunity for therapists to provide enhanced service, and improved stakeholder engagement in the return-to-work process. Logistical challenges such as the costs and time spent away from the clinical setting were identified. CONCLUSION All hand therapists reported delivering Working Hands-ED when managing work-related LET was a positive experience for them. They believed that the novel intervention could provide a more holistic approach to care that added value to their service delivery; however, there were some logistical factors to consider including the additional time and costs associated with the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Tran
- Curtin School of Allied Health Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
- Hand Works Occupational Therapy Perth Western Australia Australia
| | | | - Courtenay Harris
- Curtin School of Allied Health Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Marina Ciccarelli
- Curtin School of Allied Health Curtin University Perth Western Australia Australia
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Gerg MJ, Hazak KM, Carrie BR, Melendez N, Jewell VD. Non-physical factors that impact return to work in individuals with upper extremity injuries: A scoping review. Work 2022; 73:93-106. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-211059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Upper extremity injuries may prevent adults from returning to work, impacting productivity, and engagement in meaningful employment. OBJECTIVE: The scoping review identified various non-physical factors that impact return to work (RTW) after an upper extremity injury. METHODS: Database searches included: CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The authors further hand searched the journals Work and The Journal of Hand Therapy. Inclusion criteria included articles published in English, published from 2000–2020, and addressed the following topics: upper extremity injury, the client’s psychosocial perceptions of the injury, and return to work. RESULTS: After title and abstract review, 9 studies were identified for full-text review that examined various patterns related to non-physical factors that impact RTW. Three themes emerged from the full-text reviews including client self-efficacy, social determinants of health, and the need for holistic intervention approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners involved in the rehabilitation of working age clients with upper extremity injuries should remain cognizant of the non-physical factors that can impact return to work and incorporate holistic approaches like monitoring and addressing self-efficacy, psychosocial well-being, and social determinants of health into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Gerg
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Education Human and Health Sciences, Bay Path University, Longmeadow, MA, USA
| | - Kristin M. Hazak
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Services, Arizona Burn Center, Valleywise Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Brittany R. Carrie
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Naomi Melendez
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A. T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Vanessa D. Jewell
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Buchanan H, Van Niekerk L, Grimmer K. Work transition after hand injury: A scoping review. J Hand Ther 2022; 35:11-23. [PMID: 33250399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic scoping review. INTRODUCTION Many factors are potentially associated with successful work-related transitions following hand injury. There is no current, comprehensive review of the literature to guide clinical practice. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To comprehensively identify the current body of research evidence supporting return to work (RTW) after hand injury and identify gaps. METHODS A systematic search identified relevant, peer-reviewed, full text, English language primary qualitative or quantitative literature published since 2006. All authors independently determined whether studies should be included, assigned them to a hierarchy of evidence and extracted data. Decisions were defended and disagreements resolved in team meetings. Literature was summarized into key themes using common intent and constructs. RESULTS Of 259 potentially-relevant articles, 38 were relevant. Study designs included prospective observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective (n=9 each), mixed methods (n=3), qualitative (n=4), and opinion pieces (n=4). There were no experimental studies. The most commonly-reported key themes were prognostic factors for RTW (25 papers) and assessment tools (18 papers). Remaining themes of impact of injury on the individual, patient perspectives, other stakeholder perspectives, healthcare provider education, and treatment were reported in fewer than 10 papers each. There was little commonality in how research was conducted or reported. Gaps included lack of information on effective interventions, which prognostic factors should be routinely measured, and which assessment and outcome items to routinely use in practice. CONCLUSION Despite the impact of hand injury on capacity to RTW, there is limited evidence to inform successful work-related transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Buchanan
- Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Lana Van Niekerk
- Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Grimmer
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Health-care providers' perspectives on factors influencing return-to-work after surgery for nontraumatic conditions of the upper extremity. J Hand Ther 2021; 33:87-95.e1. [PMID: 30857893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This study is a descriptive survey. INTRODUCTION Health care providers (HCPs) are key stakeholders who facilitate workers' return to work (RTW) following upper extremity surgery. Hand therapists play a major role in this process, yet we do not know if and/or how their perspectives differ from other HCPs. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This study examined HCPs' opinion on factors that influence RTW after surgery for nontraumatic upper extremity conditions and whether HCPs from different disciplines differed in their opinion. METHODS HCPs (occupational therapists, physiotherapists, hand therapists, exercise physiologists, psychologists, surgeons, and general practitioners) completed a survey rating 50 factors on a worker's ability to RTW. Each factor was scored using a 5-point Likert scale from "not" to "extremely" influential, which was later dichotomised. Agreement was indicated at 75%. The level of disagreement between disciplines was examined. RESULTS Respondents (n = 787) identified 20 factors being influential on RTW. They are (in order from highest to lowest) poor pain coping (the highest, >85% of respondents), postoperative psychological state, RTW self-efficacy, employer/supervisor's support, employer's unwillingness for job modification, recovery expectations, job satisfaction, suitable duties availability, whether the job can be modified, and mood disorder diagnosis. There was agreement that two factors do not influence RTW, gender, and preemployment medical assessment. There was disagreement (P < .05) between HCP disciplines on six factors (obesity, comorbidities, doctors' RTW recommendation, diagnosis, fitness, income). There were no consistent patterns with respect to which professions disagreed across all six factors. Hand therapists differed from the other disciplines for three of the factors including diagnosis, comorbidities, and doctor's recommendation for RTW. DISCUSSION The factors that stakeholders agreed as having the greatest influence were mainly related to the worker (pain and psychological factors) and the workplace and are amenable to RTW interventions. CONCLUSION Interventions facilitating RTW and future research should consider the factors identified by HCPs in this study.
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Physicians' Perspectives on Person-Related Factors Associated With Work Participation and Methods Used to Obtain Information About These Factors. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 61:499-504. [PMID: 31167222 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Person-related factors influencing work participation of employees with health problems are important. However, the best method to obtain information about them, according to occupational physicians (OPs) and insurance physicians (IPs), is unknown. METHODS Questionnaires in which OPs and IPs rated the importance of and described methods to obtain information about 10 person-related factors: expectations regarding recovery or return to work, optimism/pessimism, self-efficacy, motivation, feelings of control, perceived health, coping strategies, fear-avoidance beliefs, perceived work-relatedness, and catastrophizing. RESULTS OPs and IPs perceived all person-related factors, except for optimism/pessimism and perceived health as important for work participation. Information about the factors could best be obtained with use of a topic list during consultations. CONCLUSIONS OPs and IPs should take person-related factors into account during consultations and it is best to use a topic list when discussing them.
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Health Care Provider Communication and the Duration of Time Loss Among Injured Workers: A Prospective Cohort Study. Med Care 2019; 57:718-722. [PMID: 31295163 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to providing injured workers with biomedical treatment, health care providers (HCPs) can promote return to work (RTW) through various communications. OBJECTIVES To test the effect of several types of HCP communications on time loss following injury. RESEARCH DESIGN The authors analyzed survey and administrative claims data from a total of 730 injured workers in Victoria, Australia. Survey responses were collected around 5 months postinjury and provided data on HCP communication and confounders. Administrative claim records provided data on compensated time loss postsurvey. The authors conducted multivariate zero-inflated Poisson regressions to determine both the odds of having future time loss and its duration. MEASURES Types of HCP communications included providing an estimated RTW date, discussing types of activities the injured worker could do or ways to prevent a recurrence, and contacting other RTW stakeholders. Each was measured in isolation as well as modified by a low-stress experience with the HCP. Time loss was the count of cumulative compensated work absence in weeks, accrued postsurvey. RESULTS RTW dates reduced the odds of future time loss [odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.09-0.82] regardless of the stressfulness of the experience. Communications that predicted shorter durations of time loss only did so with low-stress experiences: RTW date [incidence rate ratio (IRR), 0.56; 95% CI, 0.50-0.63], stakeholder contact (IRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.87), and prevention discussions (IRR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.98). CONCLUSIONS HCPs may reduce time loss through several types of communication, particularly when stress is minimized. RTW dates had the largest and most robust effect.
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Characteristics of Compensation Claimants Reporting an Occupational Injury Associated With Disability Benefits in the Subsequent Year: A Follow-Up Study. J Occup Environ Med 2017; 60:279-285. [PMID: 29135838 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe characteristics of claimants reporting an occupational injury associated with disability benefits for income independently granted by the municipality the subsequent year. METHOD Multivariate logistic regression was used on self-reported data and register data. Primary outcome was long-term disability benefits. RESULTS We found that perceived low work ability, high emotional stress, perceived low health, and expected recognition increased the risk of disability benefits. Work ability was the most influential factor. Work ability of responders on benefits was 2.40 [2.23 to 2.58] (scale 1 to 10-low to high). Responders with recognized claims differed only little in characteristics regarding benefits. Responders with ongoing claims had highest risk (18.48%) of benefits despite few health differences. CONCLUSIONS Low perceived work ability was characteristic; health and social issues explained only little of the differences in long-term benefits according to decision of workers' compensation system.
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Peters SE, Johnston V, Ross M, Coppieters MW. Expert consensus on facilitators and barriers to return-to-work following surgery for non-traumatic upper extremity conditions: a Delphi study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2017; 42:127-136. [PMID: 27655647 DOI: 10.1177/1753193416669263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This Delphi study aimed to reach consensus on important facilitators and barriers for return-to-work following surgery for non-traumatic upper extremity conditions. In Round 1, experts ( n = 42) listed 134 factors, which were appraised in Rounds 2 and 3. Consensus (⩾85% agreement) was achieved for 13 facilitators (high motivation to return-to-work; high self-efficacy for return-to-work and recovery; availability of modified/alternative duties; flexible return-to-work arrangements; positive coping skills; limited heavy work exertion; supportive return-to-work policies; supportive supervisor/management; no catastrophic thinking; no fear avoidance to return-to-work; no fear avoidance to pain/activity; return to meaningful work duties; high job satisfaction) and six barriers (mood disorder diagnosis; pain/symptoms at more than one musculoskeletal site; heavy upper extremity exertions at work; lack of flexible return-to-work arrangements; lack of support from supervisor/management; high level of pain catastrophizing). Future prognostic studies are required to validate these biopsychosocial factors to further improve return-to-work outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Peters
- 1 Occupational Therapy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,2 Brisbane Hand and Upper Limb Research Institute, Brisbane Private Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - V Johnston
- 3 Physiotherapy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Ross
- 2 Brisbane Hand and Upper Limb Research Institute, Brisbane Private Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia.,5 Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M W Coppieters
- 3 Physiotherapy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,6 MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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