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Li C, Xia Y, Li M, Zhang T. ARTP mutagenesis of phospholipase D-producing strain Streptomyces hiroshimensis SK43.001, and its enzymatic properties. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12587. [PMID: 36619468 PMCID: PMC9816975 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is a group of enzymes that act on phospholipid molecules, which is widely used in the fields of food and medicine. PLD is extracted from animals and plants with low transesterification activity and high price. Therefore, it is benefit to screen an efficient PLD producing strain from microorganisms. A highly productive strain of PLD with transphosphatidylation activity, named Streptomyces hiroshimensis SK43.001, was screened from soil in our laboratory and mutated using atmospheric room temperature plasma (ARTP). A mutant strain SK43.001-11 with the highest enzyme activity and superior genetic stability was obtained, and its fermentation enzyme activity was 5.3 U/mL, which was 82% increased comparing to wild strain. The purification of PLD showed that the specific enzyme activity increased to 49.48 U/mg, which was 54.37-fold higher than that of the crude enzyme, with a recovery of 32.31%. In addition, enzymatic properties of PLD have revealed that the optimal pH and temperature were 7.0 and 60 °C, respectively. Metal ion Mg2+ and surfactant Triton X-100 made the enzymatic activity increased by 16% and 100%, respectively. The reaction kinetic parameters showed that the mutant PLD had higher affinity for the substrate of egg PC and better catalytic efficiency with K m, V max and K cat of 30.20 mmol/L, 99.70 μmol/min and 76.33 s-1, respectively. This study may provide important inspiration for obtaining high enzyme activity strains with PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China,Corresponding author.
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2
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Wang J, Zhu H, Shang H, Guo B, Zhang M, Wang F, Zhang L, Xu J, Wang H. Development of a thiostrepton-free system for stable production of PLD in Streptomyces lividans SBT5. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:263. [PMID: 36529749 PMCID: PMC9761944 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase D (PLD) is highly valuable in the food and medicine industries, where it is used to convert low-cost phosphatidylcholine into high-value phospholipids (PLs). Despite being overexpressed in Streptomyces, PLD production requires expensive thiostrepton feeding during fermentation, limiting its industrialization. To address this issue, we propose a new thiostrepton-free system. RESULTS We developed a system using a combinatorial strategy containing the constitutive promoter kasOp* and PLD G215S mutation fused to a signal peptide sigcin of Streptoverticillium cinnamoneum pld. To find a candidate vector, we first expressed PLD using the integrative vector pSET152 and then built three autonomously replicating vectors by substituting Streptomyces replicons to increase PLD expression. According to our findings, replicon 3 with stability gene (sta) inserted had an ideal result. The retention rate of the plasmid pOJ260-rep3-pld* was 99% after five passages under non-resistance conditions. In addition, the strain SK-3 harboring plasmid pOJ260-rep3-pld* produced 62 U/mL (3.48 mg/g) of PLD, which further improved to 86.8 U/mL (7.51 mg/g) at 32 °C in the optimized medium, which is the highest activity achieved in the PLD secretory expression to date. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that a thiostrepton-free PLD production system has been reported in Streptomyces. The new system produced stable PLD secretion and lays the groundwork for the production of PLs from fermentation stock. Meanwhile, in the Streptomyces expression system, we present a highly promising solution for producing other complex proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntan Wang
- grid.418515.cInstitute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, 87 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Haihua Zhu
- grid.418515.cInstitute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, 87 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Huiyi Shang
- grid.418515.cInstitute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, 87 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Bishan Guo
- grid.418515.cInstitute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, 87 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Mengxue Zhang
- grid.418515.cInstitute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, 87 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Fayun Wang
- grid.418515.cInstitute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, 87 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Lipan Zhang
- grid.418515.cInstitute of Business Scientific, Henan Academy of Sciences, 87 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Jun Xu
- grid.108266.b0000 0004 1803 0494College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Hui Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
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3
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Zhang P, Gong JS, Qin J, Li H, Hou HJ, Zhang XM, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Phospholipids (PLs) know-how: exploring and exploiting phospholipase D for its industrial dissemination. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1257-1278. [PMID: 33985392 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1921690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their numerous nutritional and bioactive functions, phospholipids (PLs), which are major components of biological membranes in all living organisms, have been widely applied as nutraceuticals, food supplements, and cosmetic ingredients. To date, PLs are extracted solely from soybean or egg yolk, despite the diverse market demands and high cost, owing to a tedious and inefficient manufacturing process. A microbial-based manufacturing process, specifically phospholipase D (PLD)-based biocatalysis and biotransformation process for PLs, has the potential to address several challenges associated with the soybean- or egg yolk-based supply chain. However, poor enzyme properties and inefficient microbial expression systems for PLD limit their wide industrial dissemination. Therefore, sourcing new enzyme variants with improved properties and developing advanced PLD expression systems are important. In the present review, we systematically summarize recent achievements and trends in the discovery, their structural properties, catalytic mechanisms, expression strategies for enhancing PLD production, and its multiple applications in the context of PLs. This review is expected to assist researchers to understand current advances in this field and provide insights for further molecular engineering efforts toward PLD-mediated bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Juan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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4
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Li M, Zhou Y, Duan X, Zhou L, Zhang T. Characterization of a phospholipase D from Streptomyces cinnamoneum SK43.003 suitable for phosphatidylserine synthesis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1917-1928. [PMID: 34585426 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A phospholipase D high producing strain with transphosphatidylation activity that is suitable for phosphatidylserine synthesis was screened by our laboratory and named as Streptomyces cinnamoneum SK43.003. The enzyme structural and biochemical properties were investigated using the molecular biology method. A 1521-bp fragment of the phospholipase D gene from Streptomyces cinnamoneum SK43.003 was amplified by PCR and encoded for 506 amino acids. The primary structure contained two conserved HKD and GG/S motifs. The pld gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme exhibited the highest activity at a pH value of 6.0 andtemperature of 60°C. The enzyme was stable within a pH range of 4-7 for 24 h or at temperatures below 50°C. In addition, Triton X-100, Fe2+ , and Al3+ were beneficial to the enzyme activity, whereas Zn2+ and Cu2+ dramatically inhibited its activity. In a two-phase system, the enzyme could convert phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylserine with a 92% transformation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Licheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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5
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Zhang H, Li X, Liu Q, Sun J, Secundo F, Mao X. Construction of a Super-Folder Fluorescent Protein-Guided Secretory Expression System for the Production of Phospholipase D in Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6842-6849. [PMID: 34124889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are one of the main ingredients in food and nutraceutical, cosmetics, agriculture, and pharmaceutical products. Phospholipase D (PLD) is a crucial enzyme for the biocatalytic synthesis or modification of PLs. Here, to prepare PLD more efficiently, we constructed a PLD expression and secretion system in Bacillus subtilis and developed an environmentally friendly reaction system. A nonclassical secretory pathway where a super-folder green fluorescent protein plays as an N-terminal guide protein was introduced. This expression system can not only achieve rapid screening of high-level expression strains but can also achieve the secretion of the target proteins. Under optimal fermentation conditions, the enzyme activity of the culture medium was 0.35 U/mL, which was 2.05-fold that of the Sec secretion pathway strains. Meanwhile, the effects of several organic solvents in the biphasic reaction media were compared. The results showed that when using cyclopentyl methyl ether as the organic phase, the final conversion rate reached 96.9%. It has shown good application potential in the synthesis of phosphatidylserine, laid the foundation for the synthesis and application of other rare and high-value PLs, and provided a reference for the production of other biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuehan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR, v. Mario Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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6
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Li J, Chu Y, Yang R, Lin J, Shao L, Wang L. An alkali-tolerant phospholipase D from Sphingobacterium thalpophilum 2015: Gene cloning, overproduction and characterization. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:1-8. [PMID: 32981922 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase pl-S.t gene of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum 2015 was cloned and the gene sequence was submitted to NCBI with Accession Number KX674735.1. The phylogenetic analysis showed that this PL-S.t was clustered to phospholipase D (PLD). As far as we know, the PL-S.t with a molecular mass of 22.5 kDa is the lowest of the currently purified bacterial PLDs, which belongs to a non-HKD PLD enzyme. This PL-S.t was resistant to a wide range of alkali pHs (7.5-9.0) after 1 h incubation, retaining more than 90% of its maximum activity. The PL-S.t activity can be enhanced by Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+. This PL-S.t has only one cysteine residue and fewer negatively-charged amino acids (AAs). The hydrogen bonds network was found around the cystein108, which may be beneficial to the stability and activity of PL-S.t in Ni2+ solution. This study has laid the foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of the catalytic characteristics of low molecular weight alkalic PLD from S. thalpophilum 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics (SIIA)
| | - Ruilan Yang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology
| | - Jiafu Lin
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics (SIIA)
| | - Lin Shao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chengdu University of Technology
| | - Li Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University
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7
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Zhang Z, Chen M, Xu W, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Microbial phospholipase D: Identification, modification and application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Zhang H, Chu W, Sun J, Liu Z, Huang WC, Xue C, Mao X. Combining Cell Surface Display and DNA-Shuffling Technology for Directed Evolution of Streptomyces Phospholipase D and Synthesis of Phosphatidylserine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13119-13126. [PMID: 31686506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids have been widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and other fields because of their unique chemical structure and healthcare functions. Phospholipase D (PLD) is a key biocatalyst for the biotransformation of phospholipids. Here, an autodisplay expression system was constructed for rapid screening of mutants, and PLD variants were recombined using DNA shuffling technology and three beneficial mutations were obtained. The results of enzymatic performance and sequence information comparison indicated that C-terminal amino acids exerted a greater impact on the correct folding of PLDs, and N-terminal amino acids are more important for catalytic reaction. The best-performing recombinant enzyme in transphosphatidylation reactions was Recom-34, with a phosphatidylserine content accounting for 80.3% of total phospholipids and a 3.24-fold increased conversion rate compared to the parent enzyme. This study demonstrates great significance for screening ideal biocatalysts, facilitating soluble expression of inclusion body proteins, and identifying key amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , Shandong , China
| | - Wenqin Chu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , Shandong , China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , Shandong , China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , Shandong , China
| | - Wen-Can Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , Shandong , China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , Shandong , China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , Shandong , China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , Shandong , China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , Shandong , China
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9
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Hallock MJ, Greenwood AI, Wang Y, Morrissey JH, Tajkhorshid E, Rienstra CM, Pogorelov TV. Calcium-Induced Lipid Nanocluster Structures: Sculpturing of the Plasma Membrane. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6897-6905. [PMID: 30456950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane of the cell is a complex, tightly regulated, heterogeneous environment shaped by proteins, lipids, and small molecules. Ca2+ ions are important cellular messengers, spatially separated from anionic lipids. After cell injury, disease, or apoptotic events, anionic lipids are externalized to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and encounter Ca2+, resulting in dramatic changes in the plasma membrane structure and initiation of signaling cascades. Despite the high chemical and biological significance, the structures of lipid-Ca2+ nanoclusters are still not known. Previously, we demonstrated by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy that upon binding to Ca2+, individual phosphatidylserine lipids populate two distinct yet-to-be-characterized structural environments. Here, we concurrently employ extensive all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with our accelerated membrane mimetic and detailed NMR measurements to identify lipid-Ca2+ nanocluster conformations. We find that major structural characteristics of these nanoclusters, including interlipid pair distances and chemical shifts, agree with observable NMR parameters. Simulations reveal that lipid-ion nanoclusters are shaped by two characteristic, long-lived lipid structures induced by divalent Ca2+. Using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations of chemical shifts on MD-captured lipid-ion complexes, we show that computationally observed conformations are validated by experimental NMR data. Both NMR measurements of diluted specifically labeled lipids and MD simulations reveal that the basic structural unit that reshapes the membrane is a Ca2+-coordinated phosphatidylserine tetramer. Our combined computational and experimental approach presented here can be applied to other complex systems in which charged membrane-active molecular agents leave structural signatures on lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hallock
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Alexander I Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - James H Morrissey
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48103 , United States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Chad M Rienstra
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Taras V Pogorelov
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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10
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Identification of a novel phospholipase D with high transphosphatidylation activity and its application in synthesis of phosphatidylserine and DHA-phosphatidylserine. J Biotechnol 2017; 249:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Matsumoto Y, Kashiwabara N, Oyama T, Murayama K, Matsumoto H, Sakasegawa SI, Sugimori D. Molecular cloning, heterologous expression, and enzymatic characterization of lysoplasmalogen-specific phospholipase D from Thermocrispum sp. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:1113-1130. [PMID: 27833852 PMCID: PMC5095149 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysoplasmalogen (LyPls)‐specific phospholipase D (LyPls‐PLD) is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphoester bond of LyPls, releasing ethanolamine or choline, and 1‐(1‐alkenyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphate (lysoplasmenic acid). Little is known about LyPls‐PLD and metabolic pathways of plasmalogen (Pls). Reportedly, Pls levels in human serum/plasma correlate with several diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and arteriosclerosis as well as a variety of biological processes including apoptosis and cell signaling. We identified a LyPls‐PLD from Thermocrispum sp. strain RD004668, and the enzyme was purified, characterized, cloned, and expressed using pET24a(+)/Escherichia coli with a His tag. The enzyme's preferred substrate was choline LyPls (LyPlsCho), with only modest activity toward ethanolamine LyPls. Under optimum conditions (pH 8.0 and 50 °C), steady‐state kinetic analysis for LyPlsCho yielded Km and kcat values of 13.2 μm and 70.6 s−1, respectively. The ORF of LyPls‐PLD gene consisted of 1005 bp coding a 334‐amino‐acid (aa) protein. The deduced aa sequence of LyPls‐PLD showed high similarity to those of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPDs); however, the substrate specificity differed completely from those of GDPDs and general phospholipase Ds (PLDs). Structural homology modeling showed that two putative catalytic residues (His46, His88) of LyPls‐PLD were highly conserved to GDPDs. Mutational and kinetic analyses suggested that Ala55, Asn56, and Phe211 in the active site of LyPls‐PLD may participate in the substrate recognition. These findings will help to elucidate differences among LyPls‐PLD, PLD, and GDPD with regard to function, substrate recognition mechanism, and biochemical roles. Data Accessibility Thermocrispum sp. strain RD004668 and its 16S rDNA sequence were deposited in the NITE Patent Microorganisms Depositary (NPMD; Chiba, Japan) as NITE BP‐01628 and in the DDBJ database under the accession number AB873024. The nucleotide sequences of the 16S rDNA of strain RD004668 and the LyPls‐PLD gene were deposited in the DDBJ database under the accession numbers AB873024 and AB874601, respectively. Enzyme EC number EC 3.1.4.4
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Matsumoto
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Fukushima University Japan
| | - Nana Kashiwabara
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Fukushima University Japan
| | - Takayuki Oyama
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Fukushima University Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | | | | | - Daisuke Sugimori
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Fukushima University Japan
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12
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Matsumoto Y, Sugimori D. Substrate recognition mechanism of Streptomyces phospholipase D and enzymatic measurement of plasmalogen. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:372-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Damnjanović J, Takahashi R, Suzuki A, Nakano H, Iwasaki Y. Improving thermostability of phosphatidylinositol-synthesizing Streptomyces phospholipase D. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:415-24. [PMID: 22718790 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aimed to produce thermostable phosphatidylinositol (PI)-synthesizing phospholipase D (PLD), we initiated site-directed combinatorial mutagenesis followed by high-throughput screening. Previous site-directed combinatorial mutagenesis of wild-type Streptomyces PLD produced a mutant, DYR (W187D/Y191Y/Y385R) with PI-synthesizing ability. Deriving PI as a product of transphosphatidylation between phosphatidylcholine and myo-inositol, with myo-inositol in excess at high-temperature reaction conditions can increase yield due to enhanced solubility of this substrate. Thus, we improved DYR's thermostability by introduction of random mutations into selected amino acid positions having high B-factor. Screening of the libraries under restricted conditions yielded single-point mutants, specifically D40H, T291Y and R329G. Combinations of these point mutations yielded double (D40H/T291Y, D40H/R329G and T291Y/R329G) and triple (D40H/T291Y/R329G) mutants. PI synthesis at elevated temperatures pointed at D40H/T291Y as the most efficient enzyme. Circular dichroism analysis revealed D40H/T291Y to have increased melting temperature and postponed onset of thermal unfolding compared with DYR. Thermal tolerance study at 65°C confirmed D40H/T291Y's thermostability as its half-inactivation time was 8.7 min longer compared with DYR. This mutant had significantly less root-mean-square deviation change compared with DYR and showed no change in root-mean-square fluctuation when temperature shifts from 40 to 60°C, as determined by molecular dynamics analysis. Acquired different degrees of thermostability were also observed for several other DYR mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Damnjanović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Abstract
The transphosphatidylation catalytic ability of phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) is a powerful biochemical tool for the acquisition of rare phospholipids (PLs), e.g., phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and phosphatidylserine (PS), and artificial phospholipids, which do not occur in nature. Specifically, actinomycete PLD recognizes not only the alcohols (i.e., glycerol or serine) corresponding to the polar head groups of natural PLs, but also secondary alcohols, aromatic alcohols, saccharides, N-heterocyclic alcohols, and vitamins as acceptors. Therefore, actinomycete PLD is a valuable enzyme in food, cosmetics, fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we describe a protocol for the screening for PLD-producing microorganisms, several PLD assays and methods of PLD production-purification and the strategy of cloning of the Streptomyces PLD gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Nakazawa Y, Sagane Y, Sakurai SI, Uchino M, Sato H, Toeda K, Takano K. Large-scale production of phospholipase D from Streptomyces racemochromogenes and its application to soybean lecithin modification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:1494-506. [PMID: 21938422 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes transphosphatidylation, causing inter-conversion of the polar head group of phospholipids and phospholipid hydrolysis. Previously, we cloned PLD103, a PLD with high transphosphatidylation activity, from Streptomyces racemochromogenes strain 10-3. Here, we report the construction of an expression system for the PLD103 gene using Streptomyces lividans as the host bacterium to achieve large-scale production. The phosphatidylcholine (PC) hydrolysis activity of S. lividans transformed with the expression plasmid containing the PLD103 gene was approximately 90-fold higher than that of the original strain. The recombinant PLD103 (rPLD103) found in the supernatant of the transformant culture medium was close to homogeneous. The rPLD103 was indistinguishable from the native enzyme in molecular mass and enzymatic properties. Additionally, rPLD103 had high transphosphatidylation activity on PC as a substrate in a simple aqueous one-phase reaction system and was able to modify the phospholipid content of soybean lecithin. Consequently, the expression system produces a stable supply of PLD, which can then be used in the production of phosphatidyl derivatives from lecithin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493, Japan.
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