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Meurens F, Carlin F, Federighi M, Filippitzi ME, Fournier M, Fravalo P, Ganière JP, Grisot L, Guillier L, Hilaire D, Kooh P, Le Bouquin-Leneveu S, Le Maréchal C, Mazuet C, Morvan H, Petit K, Vaillancourt JP, Woudstra C. Clostridium botulinum type C, D, C/D, and D/C: An update. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1099184. [PMID: 36687640 PMCID: PMC9849819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1099184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum is the main causative agent of botulism, a neurological disease encountered in humans as well as animals. Nine types of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been described so far. Amongst these "toxinotypes," the A, the B and E are the most frequently encountered in humans while the C, D, C/D and D/C are mostly affecting domestic and wild birds as well as cattle. In France for instance, many cases and outbreaks are reported in these animal species every year. However, underestimation is very likely at least for avifauna species where the detection of dead animals can be challenging. Knowledge about BoNTs C, D, C/D, and D/C and the diseases they cause in animals and humans is still scarce and unclear. Specifically, the potential role of animal botulism outbreaks in cattle and poultry as a source of human illness needs to be further assessed. In this narrative review, we present the current knowledge about toxinotypes C, D, C/D, and D/C in cattle and poultry with, amongst various other aspects, their epidemiological cycles. We also discuss the zoonotic potential of these toxinotypes and some possible ways of risk mitigation. An adapted and effective management of botulism outbreaks in livestock also requires a better understanding of these less common and known toxinotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, Nantes, France,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,*Correspondence: François Meurens,
| | | | | | - Maria-Eleni Filippitzi
- Laboratory of Animal Health Economics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Matthieu Fournier
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Univ Caen Normandie, CNRS, M2C, UMR 6143, Rouen, France
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Chaire Agroalimentaire du Cnam, Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, EPN7, Ploufragan, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Pauline Kooh
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Le Bouquin-Leneveu
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Caroline Le Maréchal
- Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, Ploufragan, France
| | - Christelle Mazuet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNR Bactéries anaérobies et Botulisme, Paris, France
| | | | - Karine Petit
- Risk Assessment Department, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Cédric Woudstra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Hada S, Lee JC, Lee EC, Ji S, Nam JS, Yun BJ, Na DH, Kim NA, Jeong SH. Dissociation mechanics and stability of type A botulinum neurotoxin complex by means of biophysical evaluation. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kutschenko A, Bigalke H, Wegner F, Wohlfarth K. The role of human serum albumin and neurotoxin associated proteins in the formulation of BoNT/A products. Toxicon 2019; 168:158-163. [PMID: 31323228 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is synthesized as a progenitor toxin complex (PTC) by Clostridium botulinum. This PTC comprises, in addition to the neurotoxin itself, neurotoxin associated proteins (NAPs) which are composed of three hemagglutinins and one non-toxic, non-hemagglutinin protein. After oral ingestion, these NAPs protect the neurotoxin from the low pH and proteases in the gastrointestinal tract and play a role in the entry via the intestinal barrier. Two of the three therapeutically used botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) products (onabotulinumtoxinA and abobotulinumtoxinA) contain different amounts of NAPs, while incobotulinumtoxinA, lacks these proteins. In addition, human serum albumin (HSA) that is supposed to stabilize BoNT/A is added at different concentrations. Up to now, the function of the NAPs and HSA after parenteral therapeutic application is not completely understood. To investigate the influence of NAPs and HSA on potency of BoNT/A, we used the ex vivo mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay. Increasing doses of HSA resulted dose-dependently in a more pronounced effect of BoNT/A. Though, a plateau was reached with concentrations of 0.8 mg/ml HSA and higher, the accessory addition of NAPs in a relevant amount (4 ng/ml) did not further enhance the effect of BoNT/A. In conclusion, in our ex vivo assay an adequate concentration of HSA prevented BoNT/A from loss of effect and supplementary NAPs did not alter this effect. A confirmation of these data in an in vivo assay is still lacking. However, it might be supposed that even in clinically applied BoNT/A products an increase of HSA accompanied by the avoidance of NAPs could potentially reduce the injected dose and, thus, the risk of unwanted side effects, the treatment costs as well as the risk of a secondary therapy failure due to BoNT/A neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kutschenko
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hans Bigalke
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Wohlfarth
- Department of Neurology, BG Hospital Bergmannstrost, Halle (Saale), Germany
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