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Retnoningrum DS, Yoshida H, Pajatiwi I, Muliadi R, Utami RA, Artarini A, Ismaya WT. Introducing Intermolecular Interaction to Strengthen the Stability of MnSOD Dimer. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04347-7. [PMID: 36701098 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase from Staphylococcus equorum (MnSODSeq) maintains its activity upon treatments like a wide range of pH, addition of detergent and denaturing agent, exposure to ultraviolet light, and heating up to 50 °C. The enzyme dimer dissociates at 52-55 °C, while its monomer unfolds at 63-67 °C. MnSOD dimeric form is indispensable for the enzyme activity; therefore, strengthening the interactions between the monomers is the most preferred strategy to improve the enzyme stability. However, to date, modification of MnSODSeq at the dimer interface has been unfruitful despite excluding the inner and outer sphere regions that are important to the enzyme activity. Here, a new strategy was developed and K38R-A121E/Y double substitutions were proposed. These mutants displayed similar enzyme activity to the wild type. K38R-A121E dimer was thermally more stable and its monomer stability was similar to the wild type. The thermal stability of K38R-A121Y dimer was similar to the wild type but its monomer was thermally less stable. In addition, the structure of the previously reported L169W mutant was also elucidated. The L169W mutant structure showed that intramolecular modification can decrease flexibility of the MnSODSeq monomer and leads to a less stable enzyme with similar activity to the wild type. Thus, while the enzyme activity depends on arrangement of residues in the dimer interface, the stability appears to depend more on its monomeric architecture. Furthermore, in the L169W structure in complex with azide, which is a specific inhibitor for MnSOD, one of the azide molecules was present in the dimer interface region that previously has been identified to involve in the enzymatic reaction. Nevertheless, the present results show that an MnSODSeq mutant with better thermal stability has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie S Retnoningrum
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pharmaceutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Department of Basic Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kita-Gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Ismiana Pajatiwi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pharmaceutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Muliadi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pharmaceutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ratna A Utami
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pharmaceutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Anita Artarini
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Pharmaceutics Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Wangsa T Ismaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V Blok PP-7, Cikarang, 17750, West Java, Indonesia
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Mulyanti D, Soewandhi SN, Riani C. Insertion of prpoD_rpoS fragment enhances expression of recombinant protein by dps auto-inducible promoter in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5833-5845. [PMID: 34342815 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, recombinant therapeutic proteins have been widely produced and consumed. For the safety and effectiveness of the protein production, an auto-inducible expression vector is required to replace inducer interference, which is uneconomic and could be harmful. In this research, an auto-inducible expression plasmid, pCAD2_sod (a pBR322 derivate plasmid), which was under dps (RpoS-dependent gene) promoter control, was modified to provide RpoS at earlier phase. Hence, accumulates more target protein and resulting a new plasmid, pCAD2+_sod. pCAD2_sod had been constructed to automatically induces the expression of recombinant superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Staphylococcus equorum (rMnSODSeq) in the stationary growth phase of Escherichia coli. This work aimed to obtain pCAD2+_sod and determine the expression level of rMnSODSeq on mRNA and protein level. METHOD AND RESULTS A synthetic rpoS coding region under rpoD promoter control (prpoD_rpoS) was inserted to pCAD2_sod and generated pCAD2+_sod. The rMnSODSeq (24.3 kDa) produced from pCAD2+_sod was ~ 1.5 fold higher at 37 °C and more intense at 43 °C compared to that from pCAD2_sod, likewise shifted to earlier phase (after 1 h of incubation), as shown in the SDS-PAGE. The dismutase activity was also retained after zymography assay. The mRNA level from pCAD2+_sod was determined by qPCR and gave quantification cycle (Cq) values of cDNA lowest among others. It made the relative quantification (RQ) of the mRNA expression towards rho reference gene were high. CONCLUSIONS The prpoD_rpoS insertion shifts and increases the rMnSODSeq production from stationary to exponential phase. The pCAD2+_sod plasmid is potential for further recombinant protein productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mulyanti
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacy, Bandung Islamic University, Ranggagading 8, Bandung, 40116, Indonesia
| | | | - Catur Riani
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
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3
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The role of S126 in the Staphylococcus equorum MnSOD activity and stability. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107731. [PMID: 33794368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dimeric form of manganese superoxide dismutase is instrumental for activity because each of the monomers provides amino acid residues participating in the enzymatic reaction. Hence, preventing dissociation of the dimer would maintain the enzymatic activity in detrimental conditions e.g. high temperature. To prevent dissociation of the dimer, a disulphide (S-S) bond was introduced at the dimer interface. In the wild type structure, S126 interacts with S126 of the other monomer. In the presented work, a mutant was designed with an S126C substitution. The crystal structure of the S126C mutant showed that only 50-70% of monomers formed the S-S bond. This observed imperfect S-S bonding was likely caused by photolytic S-S bond breakage mediated by the neighbouring tryptophan residue. In the wild type, S126 is located facing W163 and forms a water-mediated hydrogen bond with E164; W163 and E164 are crucial in the enzyme's activity. The replacement of S126 by a cysteine residue lowered the activity of the enzyme by ~70%. S126 has never been considered to play a role in the enzyme's activity or stability, thus the finding showed the importance of this residue.
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Guleria S, Jain R, Singh D, Kumar S. A thermostable Fe/Mn SOD of Geobacillus sp. PCH100 isolated from glacial soil of Indian trans-Himalaya exhibits activity in the presence of common inhibitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:576-585. [PMID: 33676984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases are the enzymes involved in dismutation of superoxide radicals into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The present work reports a thermostable Fe/Mn SOD of Geobacillus sp. strain PCH100 (GsSOD) isolated from glacial soil. Purified recombinant GsSOD is a dimeric protein of ~57 kDa that exhibited highest activity at a temperature of 10 °C and pH of 7.8. Maximum enzyme velocity and Michaelis constant of the GsSOD were 1098.90 units/mg and 0.62 μM, respectively. At 80 °C, thermal inactivation rate constant and half-life of GsSOD were 3.33 × 10-3 min-1 and 208 min, respectively. Interestingly, GsSOD tolerated a temperature of 100 °C and 130 °C up to 15 min and 5 min, respectively. Circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed thermostable nature of GsSOD. Apoenzyme of GsSOD regained enzymatic activity in the presence of Fe2+ and Mn2+ as metal ion cofactors. GsSOD was stable under varying concentrations of chemicals, namely ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, potassium cyanide, hydrogen peroxide, chloroform-ethanol, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate, Tween-20, Triton X-100, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride. The enzyme exhibited >70% activity in presence of 10 mM metal ions. Owing to its thermostable nature and resistance to chemical inhibitors, GsSOD is a potential enzyme for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Guleria
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dharam Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Retnoningrum DS, Yoshida H, Razani MD, Meidianto VF, Hartanto A, Artarini A, Ismaya WT. Unprecedented Role of the N73-F124 Pair in the Staphylococcus equorum MnSOD Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573408016999201027212952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bacterial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) occurs as a dimer,
which is responsible for its activity and stability. Therefore, increasing the dimeric strength would increase
the stability of the enzyme while maintaining its activity.
Objective:
An N73F substitution was introduced to strengthen interactions between the monomers at
the dimer interface. This substitution would introduce a π-stacking interaction between F73 of one
monomer to F124 from the other monomers.
Methods:
Site-directed mutagenesis was carried out to substitute N73 with phenylalanine. The activity
of the mutant was qualitative- and quantitatively checked while the stability was evaluated with a fluorescence-
based thermal-shift assay. Finally, the structure of the mutant was elucidated by means of Xray
crystallography.
Results:
The N73F mutant activity was only ~40% of the wild type. The N73F mutant showed one TM
at 60+1°C while the wild type has two (at 52-55°C and 63-67°C). The crystal structure of the mutant
showed the interactions between F73 from one monomer to F124 from the other monomer. The N73F
structure presents an enigma because of no change in the enzyme structure including the active site.
Furthermore, N73 and F124 position and interaction are conserved in human MnSOD but with a different
location in the amino acid sequence. N73 has a role in the enzyme activity, likely related to its interaction
with F124, which resides in the active site region but has not been considered to participate in
the reaction.
Conclusion:
The N73F substitution has revealed the unprecedented role of the N73-F124 pair in the
enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie S. Retnoningrum
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Muthia D. Razani
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Andrian Hartanto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Anita Artarini
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Wangsa T. Ismaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
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Characterisation of recombinant thermostable manganese-superoxide dismutase (NeMnSOD) from Nerium oleander. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3251-3270. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Retnoningrum DS, Santika IWM, Kesuma S, Ekowati SA, Riani C. Construction and Characterization of a Medium Copy Number Expression Vector Carrying Auto-Inducible dps Promoter to Overproduce a Bacterial Superoxide Dismutase in Escherichia coli. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:231-240. [PMID: 30721405 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-00151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Medium copy number expression vector and auto-inducible promoter could be a solution for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins in industrial scale regarding plasmid stability, cost, and product quality. This work aimed to construct a medium copy number pBR322-based expression vector carrying auto-inducible promoter, determine its ability to express heterologous gene, and study its segregational stability. Three stationary-phase promoters of Escherichia coli genes (gadA, dps and sbmC) were used to produce a superoxide dismutase from Staphylococcus equorum (rMnSODSeq) coding region from pBR322Δtet (pBR322-mini). Four plasmids were constructed with different promoters, i.e., T7 (pBMsod), gadA (pMCDsod), dps (pCADsod), and sbmC (pCDSsod) using pBR322-mini as backbone. Results showed that rMnSODSeq expression from pBMsod was significantly higher than that from pJExpress414sod (high copy number plasmid). Meanwhile, rMnSODSeq from pCADsod (auto-inducible promoter) was as high as from pBMsod (IPTG-inducible T7 promoter). rMnSODSeq expressed from pCADsod when bacterial cells entered stationary phase appeared as an active protein band of 23.5 kDa when analyzed by zymography and SDS-PAGE. pCADsod displayed the highest stability compared with pBMsod and pJEXpress414sod by plasmid retention assay. We demonstrate the use of an auto-inducible dps promoter to express high level of heterologous protein, an SOD of S. equorum, from a stable expression vector with medium copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Soefie Retnoningrum
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
| | - I Wayan Martadi Santika
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Suryanata Kesuma
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Syahdu Ayu Ekowati
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - Catur Riani
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
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Mayer J, Pippel J, Günther G, Müller C, Lauermann A, Knuuti T, Blankenfeldt W, Jahn D, Biedendieck R. Crystal structures and protein engineering of three different penicillin G acylases from Gram-positive bacteria with different thermostability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7537-7552. [PMID: 31227867 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase (PGA) catalyzes the hydrolysis of penicillin G to 6-aminopenicillanic acid and phenylacetic acid, which provides the precursor for most semisynthetic penicillins. Most applications rely on PGAs from Gram-negative bacteria. Here we describe the first three crystal structures for PGAs from Gram-positive Bacilli and their utilization in protein engineering experiments for the manipulation of their thermostability. PGAs from Bacillus megaterium (BmPGA, Tm = 56.0 °C), Bacillus thermotolerans (BtPGA, Tm = 64.5 °C), and Bacillus sp. FJAT-27231 (FJAT-PGA, Tm = 74.3 °C) were recombinantly produced with B. megaterium, secreted, purified to apparent heterogeneity, and crystallized. Structures with resolutions of 2.20 Å (BmPGA), 2.27 Å (BtPGA), and 1.36 Å (FJAT-PGA) were obtained. They revealed high overall similarity, reflecting the high identity of up to approx. 75%. Notably, the active center displays a deletion of more than ten residues with respect to PGAs from Gram-negatives. This enlarges the substrate binding site and may indicate a different substrate spectrum. Based on the structures, ten single-chain FJAT-PGAs carrying artificial linkers were produced. However, in all cases, complete linker cleavage was observed. While thermostability remained in the wild-type range, the enzymatic activity dropped between 30 and 60%. Furthermore, four hybrid PGAs carrying subunits from two different enzymes were successfully produced. Their thermostabilities mostly lay between the values of the two mother enzymes. For one PGA increased, enzyme activity was observed. Overall, the three novel PGA structures combined with initial protein engineering experiments provide the basis for establishment of new PGA-based biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mayer
- Institute of Microbiology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Pippel
- HZI - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Structure and Function of Proteins, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabriele Günther
- Institute of Microbiology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Microbiology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Lauermann
- Institute of Microbiology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Knuuti
- Institute of Microbiology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- HZI - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Structure and Function of Proteins, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Institute of Microbiology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Biedendieck
- Institute of Microbiology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Retnoningrum DS, Arumsari S, Desi ES, Tandra YS, Artarini A, Ismaya WT. Leu169Trp substitution in MnSOD from Staphylococcus equorum created an active new form of similar resistance to UVC irradiation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 118:13-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Retnoningrum DS, Yoshida H, Arumsari S, Kamitori S, Ismaya WT. The first crystal structure of manganese superoxide dismutase from the genus Staphylococcus. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:135-142. [PMID: 29497016 PMCID: PMC5947698 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant Staphylococcus equorum manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) with an Asp13Arg substitution displays activity over a wide range of pH, at high temperature and in the presence of chaotropic agents, and retains 50% of its activity after irradiation with UVC for up to 45 min. Interestingly, Bacillus subtilis MnSOD does not have the same stability, despite having a closely similar primary structure and thus presumably also tertiary structure. Here, the crystal structure of S. equorum MnSOD at 1.4 Å resolution is reported that may explain these differences. The crystal belonged to space group P3221, with unit-cell parameters a = 57.36, b = 57.36, c = 105.76 Å, and contained one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The symmetry operation indicates that the enzyme has a dimeric structure, as found in nature and in B. subtilis MnSOD. As expected, their overall structures are nearly identical. However, the loop connecting the helical and α/β domains of S. equorum MnSOD is shorter than that in B. subtilis MnSOD, and adopts a conformation that allows more direct water-mediated hydrogen-bond interactions between the amino-acid side chains of the first and last α-helices in the latter domain. Furthermore, S. equorum MnSOD has a slightly larger buried area compared with the dimer surface area than that in B. subtilis MnSOD, while the residues that form the interaction in the dimer-interface region are highly conserved. Thus, the stability of S. equorum MnSOD may not originate from the dimeric form alone. Furthermore, an additional water molecule was found in the active site. This allows an alternative geometry for the coordination of the Mn atom in the active site of the apo form. This is the first structure of MnSOD from the genus Staphylococcus and may provide a template for the structural study of other MnSODs from this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie S. Retnoningrum
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Division of Structural Biology, Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Sekar Arumsari
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesa No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Shigehiro Kamitori
- Division of Structural Biology, Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Wangsa T. Ismaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Jl. Industri Selatan V Blok PP No. 7, Kawasan Industri Jababeka II, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia
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Structure—activity relationship of a recombinant hybrid Manganese superoxide dismutase of Staphylococcus saprophyticus / S. equorum. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:222-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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