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Maraldi EO, Taves A, Moll J, Hartle L, Moreira-de-Oliveira ME, Bortolini T, Fischer R. Nonordinary Experiences, Well-being and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and Recommendations for Future Research. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:410-444. [PMID: 37507577 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-023-01875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Throughout history, people have reported nonordinary experiences (NOEs) such as feelings of oneness with the universe and hearing voices. Although these experiences form the basis of several spiritual and religious traditions, experiencing NOEs may create stress and uncertainty among those who experience such events. To provide a more systematic overview of the research linking NOEs with mental health, we present a systematic review of studies focusing on NOEs, well-being and mental health indicators. In a search of ProQuest and PsycInfo, we identified 725 references, of which 157 reported empirical data and were included in our review. Overall, the studies reviewed suggest that the relationship between NOEs and mental health is complex, varying according to a series of psychological and social factors. In particular, they suggest that appraisal processes play a fundamental role in the mental health outcomes of these experiences. However, we also highlight important methodological challenges such as the conceptual overlap between NOEs and well-being or psychopathological constructs, the conflation between experiences and appraisal processes in the assessment procedure, and the need for clearer assessment of the duration, controllability, impact on daily functioning and general context of the experiences. We provide a qualitative summary of empirical evidence and main themes of research and make recommendations for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton O Maraldi
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, 22281-100, Brazil.
- Department of Religious Studies, Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ann Taves
- Department of Religious Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Moll
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Larissa Hartle
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Maria E Moreira-de-Oliveira
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Tiago Bortolini
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Ronald Fischer
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics Unit, D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, 22281-100, Brazil
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Marznaki ZH, Khalilizad M, Moradi A, Mamun MA. Impact of spirituality on elderly people's quality of life and life satisfaction after acute myocardial infarction: Iranian hospital-based study. BJPsych Open 2023; 10:e4. [PMID: 38059462 PMCID: PMC10755561 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As people age, survival after a heart attack can affect their quality of life and lead to a decrease in life satisfaction. After a myocardial infarction, elderly patients may experience physical, psychological, emotional and social changes that affect their thoughts and behaviour in relation to spirituality. AIMS To investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being and other sociodemographic and medical history-related factors on quality of life and life satisfaction among elderly people after myocardial infarction. METHOD In a census-based cross-sectional study conducted at the Imam Reza Hospital in Amol, Iran, from May 2020 to May 2021, data on sociodemographics, medical history, subjective well-being, life satisfaction and quality of life were collected from 502 participants who were referred at the heart clinic. RESULTS The findings showed that spiritual well-being dimensions (religious well-being, [self-assessment of one's relationship with God], and existential well-being, [self-assessment of one's sense of purpose in life and life satisfaction]) were not significantly associated with life satisfaction, but a high perception of both dimensions of spiritual well-being were associated with higher self-reported quality of life. A history of past-year hospital admission and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were significant predictors of life satisfaction, and educational level was a predictor of quality of life. CONCLUSIONS The study found no significant association between spiritual well-being and life satisfaction among elderly people following myocardial infarction. This finding might have been influenced by the physical and emotional challenges experienced by the participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further studies are needed to confirm this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Khalilizad
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Babol, Iran; and Mobility Impairment Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Azadeh Moradi
- Imam Reza Hospital at Amol City, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and Department of Public Health, University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Salehi N, Afrashteh MY, Majzoobi MR, Ziapour A, Janjani P, Karami S. Does coping with pain help the elderly with cardiovascular disease? The association of sense of coherence, spiritual well-being and self-compassion with quality of life through the mediating role of pain self-efficacy. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:393. [PMID: 37380975 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population ageing is considered one of the biggest challenges facing the world, and the status of the elderly in society and their quality of life (QOL) have proved to be a concern in professional and scientific research circles. As a result, the current study sought to investigate the role of pain self-efficacy (PSE) as a moderator in the relationship between sense of coherence (SOC), spiritual well-being, and self-compassion with QOL in Iranian elderly with cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHOD This was a correlational study of the path analysis type. The statistical population included all elderly people with CVD who were at least 60 years of age in Kermanshah Province, Iran, in 2022, of whom 298 (181 men and 117 women) were selected using convenience sampling and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants answered questionnaires from the World Health Organization on QOL, Paloutzian and Ellison's spiritual well-being, Nicholas's PSE, Antonovsky's SOC, and Raes et al.'s self-compassion. RESULTS The results of path analysis demonstrated that the hypothesized model of this study has a good fit in the studied sample. There were significant paths between SOC (β = 0.39), spiritual well-being (β = 0.13) and self-compassion (β = 0.44) with PSE. Although there were significant paths between SOC (β = 0.16) and self-compassion (β = 0.31) with QOL, there was no significant path between spiritual well-being and QOL (β = 0.06). Besides, there was a significant path between PSE and QOL (β = 0.35). Finally, PSE was found to mediate the relationship of SOC, spiritual well-being and self-compassion with QOL. CONCLUSION The results may provide psychotherapists and counselors working in this field of inquiry with advantageous information to choose or create a useful therapeutic method to work with the elderly with CVD. Meanwhile, other researchers are suggested to examine other variables which may serve a mediating role in the mentioned model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Salehi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Health Institute, Imam-Ali hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Majzoobi
- Developmental Psychology and Clinical Psychology of the Lifespan, , University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Health Institute, Imam-Ali hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parisa Janjani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Health Institute, Imam-Ali hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Sahar Karami
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Health Institute, Imam-Ali hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Experiences of implementing a coping mechanism for the elderly who face chronic diseases while living with the family: a phenomenology study. FRONTIERS OF NURSING 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fon-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Physical and psychological stress causes harm to the health status of the elderly with chronic diseases. This study aimed to understand coping mechanisms of the elderly with chronic conditions who live with their family.
Methods
This study was conducted using a descriptive phenomenology method from the experience of 13 older adults with chronic disease. The study processes were interviewed, tape recorded, transcribed, and explored from the transcripts using Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological method. The steps of the descriptive phenomenology process are bracketing, intuiting, analyzing, and describing.
Results
The coping mechanisms used by the elderly with chronic diseases are (1) the behavioral focus coping ways by doing sports, and physical activities; (2) Focus on spirituality has been implemented by fasting, chanting, dhikr, and prayer; (3) The cognitive focus by working on hobbies or habitual activities and helping each other; (4) The social interaction focus was by interacting with friends, family, and neighbors.
Conclusions
This shows that elderly adults with disease conditions try to adapt various forms of coping mechanisms, which positively affects their psychological state. Families which have elderly with chronic diseases are expected to provide nurturing and psychological support to them so that the elderly can consistently apply coping mechanisms to overcome and tackle chronic diseases. Understanding the coping mechanism implementation of the elderly who have chronic diseases by their family can guide health specialists in designing psychological and spiritual approach interventions.
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Arias Rojas EM, Carreño Moreno SP, Chaparro Díaz OL. Incertidumbre ante la enfermedad crónica. Revisión integrativa. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE BIOÉTICA 2018. [DOI: 10.18359/rlbi.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Este estudio tiene como objetivo integrar la evidencia acerca de la incertidumbre ante la enfermedad en el paciente con enfermedad crónica y su cuidador familiar, guiados por la teoría de la incertidumbre ante la enfermedad. Para esto se realizó una síntesis integrativa de la literatura durante los años 2007 a 2017. Se usaron las bases de datos Medline, Science Direct, Ovid Nursing, Scielo, Scopus, CINAHL y Psycinfo en los idiomas inglés y español. Para realizar la síntesis integrativa se incluyeron 46 publicaciones, con 21 estudios de tipo cualitativo, 19 cuantitativo, 2 mixtos y 4 revisiones. Los estudios se realizaron en su mayoría en pacientes con cáncer, enfermedades neurodegenerativas, fallos orgánicos, falla cardiaca, EPOC y en cuidados paliativos de distintas enfermedades. Dentro de las principales conclusiones del estudio se plantea que la persona con enfermedad crónica y su cuidador familiar desarrollan incertidumbre ante la enfermedad crónica debido a falencias en la educación acerca de la enfermedad y el cuidado, así como el soporte social que reciben del equipo de salud y de sus redes de apoyo.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTObjectives:The objectives of the study were to examine the trajectory of spirituality among older adults, to investigate the roles of gender and religion on the developmental trajectory of spirituality, and to explore whether the linear growth of spirituality accelerated or decelerated at time points at which the participants reported high scores of social support and flexibility. DESIGN A five-year longitudinal study. SETTING The research used data from a longitudinal study, which follows a non-institutionalized older adults cohort of residents from France. The data used in this paper were collected at three time points (T1: 2007; T2: 2009; T3: 2012). PARTICIPANTS A total of 567 participants were included in the analysis (59.44% female; Mage = 75.90, SD = 5.12). MEASUREMENTS Multilevel growth curve analysis was used measuring spirituality, satisfaction with social support, and flexibility. RESULTS The results indicated the following: (1) stability of spirituality over time, (2) older women reported higher levels of spirituality than older men, and those who had a religion reported higher scores of spirituality than their counterparts who had no religion (these effects were strong and clinically meaningful), (3) older adults who reported higher levels of social support and flexibility also reported higher levels of spirituality, and (4) the slope of spirituality seemed to accelerate at time points at which participants also had higher levels of social support and flexibility (these effects were rather small but of theoretical interest). CONCLUSION The results of the present study help to improve the understanding of the potential benefit of encouraging the spiritual aspects of life.
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Besharat MA, Ramesh S, Moghimi E. Spiritual health mediates the relationship between ego-strength and adjustment to heart disease. Health Psychol Open 2018; 5:2055102918782176. [PMID: 29977588 PMCID: PMC6024287 DOI: 10.1177/2055102918782176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of spiritual health in the relationship between ego-strength and adjustment to heart disease. In total, 327 patients with coronary artery disease (138 women, 189 men) completed the Ego-Strength Scale, Adjustment to Illness Scale, and Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Results showed that both ego-strength and spiritual health had a significantly positive correlation with adjustment to heart disease. Results also revealed that spiritual health mediated the relationship between ego-strength and adjustment to heart disease. More improvement in adjustment to heart disease requires more improvement in patients’ spiritual health as well as to ego-strength.
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Lima S, Gago M, Garrett C, Pereira MG. Predictors and Moderators of Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:1113-1121. [PMID: 27567826 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic degenerative disease leading to global cognitive and functional decline. Quality of Life (QOL) is an important variable in the effectiveness of intervention programs in dementia. OBJECTIVE This study analyzed the relationships between gender, psychological variables and QOL, the predictors of QOL, and the role of spirituality as a moderator between functionality and QOL. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted with 128 patients with mild AD. RESULTS Being a male, good social support, and high functionality were significant predictors of better QOL. Spirituality was a moderator in the relationship between functionality and QOL. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the importance of gender, psychological morbidity, social support, and functionality, with special emphasis on the role of spirituality, regarding intervention programs that promote QOL, in patients with mild AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lima
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Research Group of Family Health and Ilness for Research Center on Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,CESPU - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Portugal and Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Heath Sciences and Technologies (INFACTS/CESPU), Portugal
| | - Miguel Gago
- Serviço de Neurologia for Department of Neurology, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Academic Center Human Research Program, Hospital Senhora da Oliveira, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carolina Garrett
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.,Department of Neurology, Hospital S. João, Portugal
| | - M Graça Pereira
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Research Group of Family Health and Ilness for Research Center on Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Sternke EA, Abrahamson K, Bair MJ. Comorbid Chronic Pain and Depression: Patient Perspectives on Empathy. Pain Manag Nurs 2016; 17:363-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zimmer Z, Jagger C, Chiu CT, Ofstedal MB, Rojo F, Saito Y. Spirituality, religiosity, aging and health in global perspective: A review. SSM Popul Health 2016; 2:373-381. [PMID: 29349154 PMCID: PMC5758000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent population aging worldwide is focusing attention on modifiable factors that can improve later life health. There is evidence that religiosity and spirituality are among such factors. Older people tend to have high rates of involvement in religious and/or spiritual endeavors and it is possible that population aging will be associated with increasing prevalence of religious and spiritual activity worldwide. Despite increasing research on religiosity, spirituality and health among older persons, population aging worldwide suggests the need for a globally integrated approach. As a step toward this, we review a subset of the literature on the impact of religiosity and spirituality on health in later life. We find that much of this has looked at the relationship between religiosity/spirituality and longevity as well as physical and mental health. Mechanisms include social support, health behaviors, stress and psychosocial factors. We identify a number of gaps in current knowledge. Many previous studies have taken place in the U.S. and Europe. Much data is cross-sectional, limiting ability to make causal inference. Religiosity and spirituality can be difficult to define and distinguish and the two concepts are often considered together, though on balance religiosity has received more attention than spirituality. The latter may however be equally important. Although there is evidence that religiosity is associated with longer life and better physical and mental health, these outcomes have been investigated separately rather than together such as in measures of health expectancy. In conclusion, there is a need for a unified and nuanced approach to understanding how religiosity and spirituality impact on health and longevity within a context of global aging, in particular whether they result in longer healthy life rather than just longer life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Zimmer
- University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Mount Saint Vincent University, Canada
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Błażek M, Kaźmierczak M, Besta T. Sense of purpose in life and escape from self as the predictors of quality of life in clinical samples. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2015; 54:517-523. [PMID: 24526470 PMCID: PMC4322214 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-014-9833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a leading mental disorder from which suffer Europeans and especially women. In clinical groups with elevated risk of suicidal tendencies, both the negative factors and psychological variables that can protect a person should be analyzed. The aims of the current study were analysis of purpose in life function in perceived quality of life-self-efficacy and life satisfaction among people suffering from depression in comparison with control group and analysis of escape from self (EfS)-function as an indicator of suicidal thoughts occurrence, for suicide attempt and perceived quality of life (life satisfaction). Two studies were conducted on two clinical groups. The first study consists of females, 20 of them with depression and 40 without depression disorder as a control group. Measures used in this study are Purpose in Life Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The second study consists of 60 participants, including 20 who attempted suicide. Measures used in this study are SWLS Scale and an EfS measure. There is a significant meaning of the sense of purpose of life for well-being and self-efficacy. The ability to maintain the feeling of sense of one's existence seems to be a significant factor that protects from a decrease in life quality and keeps the feeling of being able to deal in difficult situations, as well as helps to accept depression symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Błażek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 4a, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria Kaźmierczak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 4a, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Besta
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Bazynskiego 4a, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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Quality of life (QOL), supportive care, and spirituality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients. Support Care Cancer 2012; 21:1137-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-012-1637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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