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Yildirim Keskin A, Şentürk S, Teke ZB. Ramadan as religious ritual: Experiences of Muslim people with Type 2 Diabetes in Türkiye regarding Ramadan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 215:111802. [PMID: 39094742 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the experiences of Muslim people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) about Ramadan in Türkiye. This phenomenological study was conducted with 30 Muslim people with Type 2 DM. The data were collected by holding in-depth individual interviews with a semi-structured interview form and analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-stage analysis and the MAXQDA-20 program. As a result, three main themes with 12 categories were determined as follows: (i) "the month of Ramadan and the meaning of fasting", (ii) "the effects of fasting", and (iii) "coping with difficulties". The participants stated that the month of Ramadan is one of the pillars of Islam and that it includes worshiping, finding peace, completing oneself in the religious sense, purifying oneself from sins, resting physically and spiritually, and appreciating the meaning of hunger, thirst, and blessings. However, some people reported that there was social pressure when they did not fast. Health professionals should provide people with DM with regular and safe training specific to Ramadan, establish support groups, and cooperate with religious officials (imams) to meet their religious demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alev Yildirim Keskin
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Akşehir Kadir Yallagöz Health School, Selçuk University, Akşehir-Konya, Turkiye.
| | - Sibel Şentürk
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing, Bucak Health School, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Bucak-Burdur, Turkiye.
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Akkuş Y, Kiliç SP. Feelings, Difficulties and Attitudes in relation to Fasting: A Qualitative Study on Spiritual Coping Among Turkish Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:4382-4398. [PMID: 36495355 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to reveal the feelings, difficulties, attitudes, and spiritual coping status of Turkish patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus toward fasting during Ramadan. The sample of this descriptive qualitative study consists of 14 patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. We determined two main themes and relevant sub-themes. The first was "the feelings and difficulties experienced due to diabetes mellitus" with the sub-themes of "negative emotions" and "difficulties in fasting." The second theme was identified as "religious and spiritual coping" with the sub-themes of "believing the disease comes from God," "having difficulty in adhering to disease-specific practices while fasting," and "feeling that fasting facilitates coping and provides relief." In conclusion, it was determined that the patients continued to fast despite the difficulties and that fasting facilitated coping and provided relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Akkuş
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Science, Kafkas University, 36100, Kars, Turkey.
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Bouchareb S, Chrifou R, Bourik Z, Nijpels G, Hassanein M, Westerman MJ, Elders PJM. “I am my own doctor”: A qualitative study of the perspectives and decision-making process of Muslims with diabetes on Ramadan fasting. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263088. [PMID: 35245315 PMCID: PMC8896728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many Muslims with diabetes choose to fast against medical advice during Ramadan, potentially increasing their risk of acute complications. Patients are often reluctant to disclose fasting to their health care providers, and their needs regarding Ramadan are not met in consultations. For healthcare professionals to provide patient-centred care, it is important to gain more insight into patients’ decision-making process. This study therefore aims to explore how Muslims with diabetes decide whether to fast during Ramadan. Methods A qualitative study was conducted consisting of 15 focus groups with Muslims with diabetes within a constructivist paradigm. Convenience sampling was used. All focus groups were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s reflexive thematic analysis. Results Four themes were found to be important in the decision on whether to fast: (1) values and beliefs concerning Ramadan, (2) experiences and emotions concerning Ramadan, (3) the perception of illness, and (4) advice from health care professionals, imams and family. Many participants indicated fasting against medical advice and trusting their subjective assessments on whether they could fast. Moreover, three main stages in the decision-making process for eventually refraining from fasting were identified: (1) the stage where positive experiences with fasting dominate, (2) the stage where one encounters challenges but their determination to fast prevails and (3) the stage where one decides to refrain from fasting after experiencing too many physical difficulties with fasting. Conclusions Muslims with diabetes experience autonomy in their decisions on Ramadan fasting. The decision to refrain from fasting often resulted from a difficult and dynamic decision-making process and was often made after participants reached their physical limits. These findings highlight the importance of not only shared decision-making to empower patients to make well-informed decisions on Ramadan fasting but also pre-Ramadan diabetes education to help people with diabetes have a safe Ramadan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham Bouchareb
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SB); (PE)
| | - Rabab Chrifou
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Unit Health Promotion, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zohra Bourik
- Department of Ethics, Law and Humanities, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giel Nijpels
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Marjan J. Westerman
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Petra J. M. Elders
- Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SB); (PE)
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Amin MEK, Abdelmageed A, Farhat MJ. Communicating with Clinicians on Fasting during Ramadan: The Patients' Perspective. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:922-940. [PMID: 31485879 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Caring for millions of Muslim patients who decide to fast during Ramadan can be challenging for clinicians. Using a theory-guided approach, this study explores Muslim patients' perspectives on factors influencing communication with clinicians in relation to fasting during Ramadan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of patients in Egypt (9) and the USA (8). Participants were purposefully sampled to assure variance in age, gender, education, decision to fast and ethnicity. Data emerging from narratives were mapped to constructs within the Linguistic Model of Patient Participation in Care (LMOPPC). Using framework analysis, iterative sampling and analysis continued until saturation. Drawing on LMOPPC, participants' narratives were mapped and clustered into patient participation and quality of care; predisposing factors (perceptions about fasting and its significance including sense of spiritual benefit when fasting and sense of guilt when not fasting, prior experiences including prior conversations with clinicians on fasting and experience of fasting while sick, patients' personality and locus of control, belief in the legitimacy of participation, motivations and perception of need to communicate with clinicians about fasting, provider verbal and nonverbal responses, and provider-patient rapport); and enabling factors (knowledge about the topic and repertoire of communicative skills, presence of companions during appointment, and timing of appointments). The LMOPPC framework provided insight into patients' perspectives on barriers and facilitators for communication with clinicians about fasting during Ramadan. It is important for stakeholders to consider those issues when implementing interventions aiming to adopt a concordant approach in providing care for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Abdelmageed
- College of Pharmacy, Natural and Health Sciences, Manchester University, 10627 Diebold Rd., Fort Wayne, IN, 46845, USA
| | - Marwa J Farhat
- College of Pharmacy, Natural and Health Sciences, Manchester University, 10627 Diebold Rd., Fort Wayne, IN, 46845, USA
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Alshehri AM, Barner JC, Wong SL, Ibrahim KR, Qureshi S. Perceptions among Muslims regarding fasting, medication use and provider engagement during Ramadan in the United States. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 36:945-957. [PMID: 33711183 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muslims with chronic diseases tend to fast during Ramadan, although Islam allows them not to fast. Therefore, understanding their perceptions and how they manage their health, especially as a minority population, is very important. OBJECTIVE To examine Muslims' (1) perceptions of fasting exemptions, (2) medication usage behaviour, (3) perceptions of relationships with healthcare providers and (4) factors impacting health management during Ramadan. METHOD This was a qualitative study employing four focus groups (two groups of women and two groups of men). Adult Muslims (aged 18 years or more) with chronic diseases were invited to participate. Participants were asked open-ended questions about their fasting ability, medication usage behaviours, healthcare access and collaboration with providers during Ramadan. Trained researchers conducted the focus groups interviews in both English and Arabic. Each focus group was recorded, and three investigators independently transcribed the data and extracted themes and categories. Coding terminology issues were resolved through discussion. RESULTS Twenty-five Muslims with chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, renal failure and anaemia) participated. The most prominent themes/subthemes were as follows: (1) fasting exemption (e.g., uncontrolled medical conditions), (2) fasting nonexemption (e.g., controlled medical conditions), (3) nonoral medication use during Ramadan, (4) healthcare provider involvement during Ramadan, and (5) factors impacting health management during Ramadan. CONCLUSION Muslim patients perceive fasting as an important religious practice, so they tend to self-modify their medication-taking behaviours. Educating pharmacists and other healthcare providers about Muslim culture, especially their strong desire to fast, may lead to Muslims better managing their medications and viewing pharmacists and other healthcare providers as knowledgeable healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Alshehri
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkarj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamie C Barner
- Division of Health Outcomes, University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Shui Ling Wong
- Pharmaceutical Services Programme, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kemi R Ibrahim
- Division of Health Outcomes, University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Sana Qureshi
- Pharmacy, Baylor Scott & White Health, Lakeway, Texas, USA
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Amin MEK, Abdelmageed A. Clinicians' Perspectives on Caring for Muslim Patients Considering Fasting During Ramadan. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2020; 59:1370-1387. [PMID: 31104298 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explores clinicians' perspectives on factors affecting care provided to Muslim patients who decide to fast during Ramadan. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of clinicians in Egypt (11) and the USA (10). Framework analysis was conducted through mapping data to constructs within social cognitive theory. Data were mapped into clinician's belief in ability to care for those patients, belief in group's ability to provide care, anticipated consequences of providing such care, knowledge, learning by observing other clinicians, cultural norms and perceived acceptability and prevalence of care provision, environmental barriers and opportunities, and communication approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Abdelmageed
- College of Pharmacy, Natural and Health Sciences, Manchester University, 10627 Diebold Rd., Fort Wayne, IN, 46845, USA
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Alsunni AA, Albaker WI, Almansour AH, Alenazi AS, Alaftan MS, Badar A. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Ramadan Fasting and Related Determinants in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at a Saudi Diabetes Clinic. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:151-159. [PMID: 32021361 PMCID: PMC6982441 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s241496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was carried out in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice about fasting during Ramadan and to identify the sociodemographic determinants of the knowledge, attitude and practice. METHODS A total of 107 T2DM patients were interviewed at a diabetes clinic in the Eastern Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire containing knowledge, attitude and practice questions about fasting during Ramadan was used to collect data. Data about age, gender, city of residence, nationality, level of education, and history of diabetes in family were also collected. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out using IBM-SPSS Version 21. RESULTS The mean total score for knowledge, attitude and practice was 16.5 ±3.72 (out of 27). The individual scores for knowledge, attitude and practice were: 9.67±2.53 (out of 16), 4.10±1.28 (out of 6), and 2.77±1.08 (out of 5), respectively. Gender (OR: 4.08, 95% CI: 1.05,15.79 and p<0.041), education (OR: 0.068, 95% CI: 0.008,0.594, p<0.015) and family history (OR: 5.086, 95% CI: 1.095, 23.630 p<0.038) were identified as independent determinants of the total score. CONCLUSION Gender, Family history of diabetes and Education are determinants of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding fasting during Ramadan in the T2DM patients. A significant knowledge practice gap exists that necessitates further strengthening of the Pre-Ramadan education program for T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdulrahman Alsunni
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Ahmed Abdulrahman Alsunni Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Email
| | - Waleed Ibrahim Albaker
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Hassan Almansour
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Saud Alenazi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Alaftan
- Department of Radiology, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Badar
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Beshyah S, Badi A, El-Ghul A, Gabroun A, Dougman K, Eledrisi M. The Year in “Ramadan Fasting and Health” (2018): A Narrative Review. IBNOSINA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmbs.ijmbs_77_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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