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Mirhosseini S, Hosseini Nezhad FS, Haji Mohammad Rahim A, Basirinezhad MH, Bakhshiarab A, Saeedi M, Ebrahimi H. Care burden and the predictive role of spiritual well-being and religious coping: A cross sectional study among Iranian family caregivers of patients with stroke. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2155. [PMID: 38841117 PMCID: PMC11150275 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The burden of care after a stroke is gaining recognition as a significant healthcare issue. Factors like religion and spirituality, encompassing religious coping and spiritual health, prove to be influential in anticipating the challenges faced by caregivers. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between care burden, spiritual health, and religious coping among caregivers of stroke patients. Methods This cross-sectional research was conducted with the participation of 129 caregivers of stroke patients. The data was collected using the Ellison and Paloutzian spiritual well-being instruments, Pargament Religious Coping (RCOPE) brief version, and the Zarit burden interview (ZBI). Through a census, participants were recruited for the investigation. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (multivariate linear regression analysis). Results The study results indicate a strong and statistically significant relationship between the burden of caring and spiritual health (p < 0.001, β = 0.33). Furthermore, specific variables were identified as indicators of an increased burden of care, including positive religious coping (p = 0.04, β = 0.63), the familial relationship between the caregiver and patient, specifically as a child (p = 0.001, β = 29.26), and a sister (p < 0.001, β = 35.93). Conclusion It is advisable to consider adopting and implementing appropriate support measures for coping strategies rooted in religion and spirituality. So, it is recommended to enhance the provision of comprehensive support, including psychological and religious interventions. This can be achieved through the collaborative efforts of support groups comprising psychiatric nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists, and religious experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmohammad Mirhosseini
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and MidwiferyShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
| | | | - Ali Haji Mohammad Rahim
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and MidwiferyShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Basirinezhad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
| | - Amirheidar Bakhshiarab
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and MidwiferyShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
| | - Maryam Saeedi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of MedicineShahroud University of Medical SciencesIran
| | - Hossein Ebrahimi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences ResearchShahroud University of Medical SciencesShahroudIran
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Galehdar N, Heydari H. Explaining the challenges of Iranian caregivers in provision of home health care to spinal cord injury patients: a qualitative study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:142. [PMID: 38419004 PMCID: PMC10903105 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) is increasing across the globe. The caregivers of patients with spinal cord injuries experience many problems during providing care to these patients. Identifying the problems experienced by caregivers can facilitate the process of care provision to these patients. So, the aim of this study was to explore the challenges of caregivers in provision of home health care to SCI patients. METHODS This study was conducted by qualitative description approach in Iran from Apr 2021 to Dec 2022. The participants included the caregivers of SCI patients recruited by purposive sampling. The data were collected by face-to-face interviews and analyzed using the method proposed by Lundman and Graneheim. RESULTS Two themes emerged from the data analysis, including burnout (with the categories of physical challenge and psychological challenges) and coping strategies (with the categories of social support and professional support). CONCLUSION Resolving the obstacles and problems faced by home caregivers can improve the circumstances of care provision so that they can be relieved of their own physical and psychological conundrums and deliver suitable home care to SCI patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Galehdar
- Social Determinates of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Heshmatolah Heydari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
- French Institute of Research and High Education (IFRES-INT), Paris, France.
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Zafari M, Sadeghipour Roudsari M, Yarmohammadi S, Jahangirimehr A, Marashi T. Investigating the relationship between spiritual well-being, resilience, and depression: a cross-sectional study of the elderly. Psychogeriatrics 2023; 23:442-449. [PMID: 36892004 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health of the elderly is one of the health problems in most societies. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being (SWB), resilience, and depression among the elderly. METHODS This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 384 elderly selected by convenience-sampling method. Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT), SWB, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were used to collect the data. Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. A path analysis was also run to test the direct and indirect effects of SWB and resilience on the depression variable. RESULTS The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between SWB and resilience (r = 0.458, P < 0.001), a statistically significant negative correlation between SWB and depression (r = -0.471, P < 0.001) and between resilience and depression (r = -0.371, P < 0.001). Path analysis showed that SWB and resilience directly affected depression while SWB indirectly affected depression. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated there was an inverse relationship between SWB and resilience with depression. Religious programs and appropriate educational programs can help improve SWB and promote resilience in the elderly, which will reduce their depression symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Zafari
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sadeghipour Roudsari
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Tayebeh Marashi
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Okhli A, Hojjati H, Sadeghloo A, Molaei A, Shahrabady S. The Relationship Between Observing Religious Beliefs and Suffering in Hemodialysis Patients. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:2018-2028. [PMID: 31317466 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic renal failure is an advanced and irreversible renal dysfunction. It is also one of the common health problems in the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between observing religious beliefs and suffering in hemodialysis patients. This descriptive-correlational study was performed on 130 hemodialysis patients attending the hospitals of Gonbad Kavous city, Iran. Data collection tools included the temple observing religious beliefs questionnaire and Scholz's experience and perception of suffering questionnaire. The data after collected were entered into SPSS software version 16 to be analyzed using descriptive statistics. This study showed high level of belief in religious practices with the mean and standard deviation of 72.16 ± 11.36 and the level of suffering with 37.28 ± 6.94. Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a significant difference between observing religious beliefs and suffering (r = - 0.18, P = 0.03), so that with the increase in belief in religious practice, the level of patients' suffering decreased. Nurses are required to take the necessary interventions to improve the spiritual and religious dimension of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Okhli
- Department of Nursing, Gonbad kavoos branch, Islamic Azad University, Gonbad kavoos, Iran
| | - Hamid Hojjati
- Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran.
| | - Adeleh Sadeghloo
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
| | - Ameneh Molaei
- Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
| | - Saemeh Shahrabady
- Department of Nursing, Bandar Gaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
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Keihanian F, Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati L, Yousefzadeh-Chabok S, Homaie Rad E. Burden in caregivers of spinal cord injury patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:587-596. [PMID: 35157242 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-01888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caregivers of individuals with spinal cord injury encounter high levels of physical, psychosocial, and financial burden by providing lifelong assistance. In the present study, we aimed to assess the overall burden score of caregivers in spinal cord injury by pooling different standard scores together as a review. METHOD Search on databases of PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Studies that assessed the burden of care using the caregiver burden inventories of CBI (caregiver burden inventory), CBS (caregiver burden scale), CG (caregiver), CSI (Caregiver Strain Index), and short- and long-form Zarit questionnaires were included in our study. The results were analyzed using the meta-analysis method and a random effect pooled estimator. All analyses were performed using STATA SE software version 14. RESULT A total of 23 articles out of 399 retrieved studies were added to this review study. The overall score of caregiver burden in individuals with SCI was calculated 48.68 (95% CI 42.574-54.788). The I2 heterogeneity was 11.7%, suggesting a low level of heterogeneity among the included studies. There was no systematic difference between various questionnaires added to meta-analysis (P = 0.526). In addition, the caregiver burden did not differ in less and highly developed countries (P = 0.405). CONCLUSION Since SCI places a considerable burden on caregivers, scoring the burden of care can help policymakers plan for essential interventions and allocate more facilities for these patients and their caregivers.
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Liu JF, Xie WP, Lei YQ, Cao H, Chen Q. The relationship between religious beliefs and mental state, care burden, and quality of life in parents of infant patients with congenital heart disease. Cardiol Young 2021; 32:1-5. [PMID: 34645537 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951121004200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between religious beliefs and mental state, care burden, and quality of life in parents of infantile patients with CHD. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at a provincial hospital in Fujian, China. In this study, 114 parents of infant patients with CHD were successfully enrolled. Data were collected using the Duke University Religion Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview, and 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. RESULTS The organisational religious activity, non-organisational religious activity, and intrinsic religiosity of parents were significantly related to the care burden and quality of life, and the two dimensions of non-organisational religious activity and intrinsic religiosity of parents were significantly related to their anxiety symptoms. No association was found between parents' religious beliefs and their depressive symptoms. Among Buddhist parents, non-organisational religious activity and intrinsic religiosity reduced the care burden and improved quality of life. Among Christian parents, organisational religious activity and non-organisational religious activity were found to reduce the care burden, while organisational religious activity and intrinsic religiosity were found to improve quality of life. There was no correlation between the sub-dimensions of religious beliefs and a negative impact on the care process in Muslim parents. CONCLUSION Religious beliefs have a protective effect on the parents of infant patients with CHD. They help relieve parents' anxiety, reduce their care burden, and improve their quality of life. In addition, different religious beliefs have different dimensions of influence on caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Children's Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Peng Xie
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Children's Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qing Lei
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Children's Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hua Cao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Children's Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Children's Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Aloustani S, Hajibeglo A, Yazarlo M, Gharrehtapeh SR. The Effect of Religion Therapy on the Elderly Cognitive Status. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2021; 60:2066-2076. [PMID: 31485880 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The elderly is passing from a stage to another new stage of life, with cognitive changes and a reduction in the physiological functions of this age. With increasing age, spiritual needs and attitudes increase. So, this study was conducted aimed to investigate the effect of group spiritual therapy on the cognitive state of the elderly. This experimental study was conducted in two experimental and control groups on 50 elderly people in Golestan Province in 2012, by simple random sampling. Data collection tool was Mini-Mental State Examination. In the experimental group, eight group therapy sessions were performed for 45-60 min a week twice. The data were analyzed by software SPSS-16 using descriptive statistics (mean score and SD) and inferential statistics (paired t test, independent t test and covariance test). Independent t test before the intervention in both groups showed no significant difference (P = 0.52). But this test showed a significant difference after the intervention (P < 0.01). Also, ANCOVA test showed a significant difference in both groups (η = 0.26) (P < 0/01) . Regarding the effect of group spiritual therapy on the cognitive state of the elderly, it can be used as a complementary, low cost and effective method for improving the cognitive state of the elderly. For this reason, it is recommended because spiritual therapy creates the concept and meaning of life and increases the life expectancy and quality of life in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Aloustani
- Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran.
| | - Azam Hajibeglo
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahla Yazarlo
- Department of Nursing, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Iacob CI, Avram E, Burtaverde V. Psychometric properties of the Kingston Caregiver Stress Scale in Romanian caregivers of children and adults with disabilities. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 112:103921. [PMID: 33676087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Kingston Caregiver Stress Scale (KCSS) was designed to measure stress in caregivers of people with dementia, but empirical studies have used this instrument to measure stress in caregivers of children and adults with disabilities, without investigating its psychometric properties. AIMS This study analysed the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the KCSS in Romanian caregivers of children and adults with disabilities. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A total of 276 familial caregivers of children and adults with various disabilities completed measures of caregiver stress and related concepts. After 3 months, 72 participants were retested. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS A new bifactorial model with eight items was compared against the originally proposed trifactorial model and a previously proposed bifactorial model with 10 items. The bifactorial eight-item model had the best fit indices (χ2 = 41.4, df = 19, p = .002, CFI = .981, TLI = .971, RMSEA = .065 [90 % CI = .038, .092]), along with good test-retest reliability and convergent, divergent, and predictive validity of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The KCSS is a reliable instrument for assessing caregiver stress among caregivers of children and adults with disabilities. Implications, limitations, and future research suggestions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugen Avram
- Department of Psychology, University of Bucharest, Romania
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Vazifeh Doust M, Hojjati H, Farhangi H. Effect of Spiritual Care Based on Ghalbe Salim on Anxiety in Adolescent with Cancer. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2020; 59:2857-2865. [PMID: 31240515 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the chronic and rare diseases in children that is associated with psychological trauma that can cause fear and anxiety in patients. Considering that spirituality as a solid base may be a strong factor in controlling the tense conditions, this study aimed to investigate the effect of true heart spiritual care on cancer anxiety in Mashhad. This is a case-control study on 40 children referred to Dr. Sheikh Mashhad Children's Therapeutic Center in 2017. Sampling was done randomly in two groups of test and control. The experimental group received the training program in five sessions in 4 weeks. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and Marx children's anxiety scale and entered into spssv.20 software. There was no difference the score of anxiety before intervention in any of the dimensions of anxiety and the general dimension of anxiety in the case and control (P < 0.01). However, the mean of anxiety score in the SC group before and after intervention was significantly (75.25 ± 15.2) (44.55 ± 7.62), respectively. So that 50% of the posttest changes are due to the effect of the intervention. Regarding the effect of SC on reducing cancer anxiety, it is recommended that therapists, counselors and clinical psychologists use the spiritual care education method to reduce anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Vazifeh Doust
- Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
| | - Hamid Hojjati
- Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran.
| | - Hamid Farhangi
- Department of Pediatric Diseases, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Solaimanizadeh F, Mohammadinia N, Solaimanizadeh L. The Relationship Between Spiritual Health and Religious Coping with Death Anxiety in the Elderly. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2020; 59:1925-1932. [PMID: 31471742 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-019-00906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The elderly is a period of life when a person reaches the age of 65 years. This study aimed to determine the relationship between spiritual health and religious coping with the death anxiety in the elderly people. The study is a descriptive cross-sectional study: 180 Elderly according to similar studies. Data gathering tools are Paloutzain and Ellison SH questionnaire, religious coping questionnaire and death anxiety questionnaire. SPSS16 and descriptive and analytical tests were used; there was a relationship between religious health and religious coping with the anxiety (p < 0.05).The M(SD) religious health is 39.25 (11.67), existential health is 40.50 (11.29), total spiritual health is 79.75 (22.03), and also the M(SD) religious coping is 23.84 (5.02). Considering the relationship between RC and SH with DA in the elderly, it is necessary to make the necessary spiritual-religious arrangements to reduce DA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neda Mohammadinia
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Bam University of Medical Science, Bam, Iran
| | - Laleh Solaimanizadeh
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Bam University of Medical Science, Bam, Iran.
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Yolme ABS, Hojjati H, Akhoundzadeh G. The effect of Islamic semanticism on self-reporting and lifestyles of mothers of adolescents with thalassemia. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2020; 34:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2019-0192/ijamh-2019-0192.xml. [PMID: 32031975 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2019-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalassemia is the most common chronic hereditary disease in the world. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of logotherapy on the level of resilience of mothers of children with thalassemia major. METHODS The statistical population of this study included all mothers with children with thalassemia major in Gonbad-e-Qabus. After selecting eligible samples, each sample was given a number and the number was put into a non-transparent envelope. The samples were assured that numbering and placement in one of two groups were completely random and 60 mothers were selected using available sampling. The research tool used was the Kollahen Brief Self-reporting Questionnaire. For the experimental group, eight sessions of 90 min of logotherapy training were performed. For both groups, pre-test and post-test were performed. The confidentiality of the data of the research samples was assured. Data were gathered. Finally, the information was analyzed using SPSS software version 16. RESULTS The results showed that the mean of the resilience of the experimental group was 28/16 ± 8/63 in the pre-test to was 24/76 ± 6/4 in the post-test. The result of paired t-test analysis showed that after eliminating the effect of the pre-test, the mean scores of the post-test of the two groups were statistically significant (p < 0/01, t = 18/4). CONCLUSION This study shows that logotherapy for mothers with children with thalassemia is useful and it is effective in increasing the resilience of mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Hojjati
- Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
| | - Golbahar Akhoundzadeh
- Department of Nursing, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
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