1
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Kramarenko AS, Sharapa DI, Pidko EA, Studt F. Ab Initio Kinetics of Electrochemical Reactions Using the Computational Fc 0/Fc + Electrode. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:9063-9070. [PMID: 39362650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art electron-transfer modeling primarily focuses on the kinetics of charge transfer between an electroactive species and an inert electrode. Experimental studies have revealed that the existing Butler-Volmer model fails to satisfactorily replicate experimental voltammetry results for both solution-based and surface-bound redox couples. Consequently, experimentalists lack an accurate tool for predicting electron-transfer kinetics. In response to this challenge, we developed a density functional theory-based approach for accurately predicting current peak potentials by using the Marcus-Hush model. Through extensive cyclic voltammetry simulations, we conducted a thorough exploration that offers valuable insights for conducting well-informed studies in the field of electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr S Kramarenko
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry I Sharapa
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Evgeny A Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CN, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Song Z, Tian M, Zhu J, Chen J, Feng W, Ben L, Yu H, Huang X, Armand M, Zhou Z, Zhang H. Super SEI-Forming Anion for Enhanced Interfacial Stability in Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2410954. [PMID: 39380408 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202410954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
The extremely high chemical reactivity of lithium metal (Li°) electrodes and its enormous volume change during repetitive cycles cause continuous interfacial degradations in prevailing organic electrolytes, thus deteriorating the cycling performances of rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, departing from traditional wisdom on the design of electrolyte components, a super SEI-forming anion (SSA), as an efficient percussor for building stable interphases on Li° electrode, is proposed. Comprehensive investigations related to the unique anion chemistry of SSA reveal that the sulfonate and polyfluoroalkyl functionalities synergistically contribute to uniform spatial distributions of designer interfacial species, greatly improving the surface coverage property and conformal ability of the resulting interphases. Consequently, the incorporation of SSA leads to significant improvements in the cyclability of Li° electrode (exceeding 575 mAh cm-2 before failure) and the corresponding rechargeable Li°||LiFePO4 cells [a five-time increase in lifespan as compared to the benchmark cell with the popular SEI-forming anion bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI)]. The present work offers a paradigm shift to tame the notorious interfacial issues via upgraded anion chemistry, which can promote the practical development of rechargeable LMBs and other kinds of metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Institute of Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Institute of Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Wenfang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Liubin Ben
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Institute of Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Institute of Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuejie Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Institute of Physics, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Michel Armand
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Àlava Technology Park, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 01510, Spain
| | - Zhibin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
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3
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Chen QC, Kress S, Molinelli R, Wuttig A. Interfacial Tuning of Electrocatalytic Ag Surfaces for Fragment-Based Electrophile Coupling. Nat Catal 2024; 7:120-131. [PMID: 38434422 PMCID: PMC10906991 DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-01073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Construction of C‒C bonds in medicinal chemistry frequently draws on the reductive coupling of organic halides with ketones or aldehydes. Catalytic C(sp3)‒C(sp3) bond formation, however, is constrained by the competitive side reactivity of radical intermediates following sp3 organic halide activation. Here, an alternative paradigm deploys catalytic Ag surfaces for reductive fragment-based electrophile coupling compatible with sp3 organic halides. We use in-situ spectroscopy, electrochemical analyses, and simulation to uncover the catalytic interfacial structure and guide reaction development. Specifically, Mg(OAc)2 outcompetes the interaction between Ag and the aldehyde, thereby tuning the Ag surface for selective product formation. Data are consistent with an increased population of Mg-bound aldehyde facilitating the addition of a carbon-centered radical (product of Ag-electrocatalyzed organic halide reduction) to the carbonyl. Electron transfer from Ag to the resultant alkoxy radical yields the desired alcohol. Molecular interfacial tuning at reusable catalytic electrodes will accelerate development of sustainable organic synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Sarah Kress
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Rocco Molinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Anna Wuttig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
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4
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Reduction Data Obtained from Cyclic Voltammetry of Benzophenones and Copper-2-Hydroxyphenone Complexes. DATA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/data7120183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides detailed redox data on nine differently substituted benzophenones and ten square planar copper(II) complexes containing 2-hydroxyphenones obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments. The information provided is related to the published full research articles “An electrochemical and computational chemistry study of substituted benzophenones” (Electrochim. Acta2021, 373, 137894) and “Electrochemical behaviour of copper(II) complexes containing 2-hydroxyphenones” (Electrochim. Acta2022, 424, 140629), where the CVs and electrochemical data at mainly one scan rate, namely at 0.100 Vs−1, are reported. CVs and the related peak current and voltage values, not reported in the related research article, are provided in this article for nine differently substituted benzophenones and ten differently substituted copper-2-hydroxyphenone complexes at various scan rates over more than two orders of magnitude. The redox data presented are the first reported complete set of electrochemical data of nine 2-hydroxyphenones and ten copper(II) complexes containing 2-hydroxyphenone ligands.
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5
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Mathieu E, Kiraev SR, Kovacs D, Wells JAL, Tomar M, Andres J, Borbas KE. Sensitization Pathways in NIR-Emitting Yb(III) Complexes Bearing 0, +1, +2, or +3 Charges. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21056-21067. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mathieu
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Salauat R. Kiraev
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Kovacs
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jordann A. L. Wells
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Tomar
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julien Andres
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Section, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), BCH 3311, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K. Eszter Borbas
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Burnett S, Bourne C, Slawin AMZ, van Mourik T, Stasch A. Umpolung of an Aliphatic Ketone to a Magnesium Ketone‐1,2‐diide Complex with Vicinal Dianionic Charge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204472. [PMID: 35762819 PMCID: PMC9541192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The new β‐diketimine iPrDipnacnacH, HC(iPrCNDip)2H, Dip=2,6‐iPr2‐C6H3, was converted to the magnesium(I) complex [{(iPrDipnacnac)Mg}2] and reaction with 2‐adamantanone (OAd) afforded the ketone‐1,2‐diide complex [{(iPrDipnacnac)Mg}2(μ‐OAd)]. The complex contains the first stable dianion of an aliphatic ketone with an electropositive metal and shows an OAd2− unit with long C−O bond and pyramidal carbon centre. DFT studies reveal an anionic charge on both neighbouring C and O atoms. Reductions of aliphatic ketones with magnesium(I) complexes show that these likely proceed via highly reactive dianions and afforded a 1 : 1 mixture of an alkoxide and an enolate when an enolisable ketone was used, and rapid CH activations reactions, e.g., of stabilising ligand moieties, when non‐enolisable ketones were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Burnett
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Connor Bourne
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Tanja van Mourik
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
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7
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Li NN, Li M, Gao JN, Zhang Z, Xie JB. Revisiting the Mg/TMSCl/Dipolar Solvent System for Dearomatic Silylation of Aryl Carbonyl Compounds: Substrate Scope, Transformations, and Mechanistic Studies. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10876-10889. [PMID: 35905447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatic silylation of arene derivatives is an intriguing synthetic target, which represents an elegant extension of Birch reduction and produces silylated cyclohexene derivatives with great potential of further transformation. Herein, we report a systematic study on dearomatic silylation of aryl carbonyl compounds with Mg and the TMSCl/NMP adduct. The protocol displays a wide range of substrate scope, including alkyl aryl ketones, aromatic amides, benzonitriles, tert-butyl benzoates, and even 2,2'-bipyridines. Synthetic utility is demonstrated using the products as versatile substrate in various transformations. The detailed mechanism is presented with both control experimental analyses and theoretical calculations. An unusual five-coordinated silicon dianion intermediate is first proposed and described here. The selectivity is influenced by the relative rates of single electron reductions (the TMSCl/NMP adduct versus the substrate) and the steric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Meng Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jia-Ni Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jian-Bo Xie
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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8
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Burnett S, Bourne C, Slawin AMZ, van Mourik T, Stasch A. Umpolung of an Aliphatic Ketone to a Magnesium Ketone‐1,2‐diide Complex with Vicinal Dianionic Charge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Burnett
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Connor Bourne
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Tanja van Mourik
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Andreas Stasch
- University of St Andrews School of Chemistry North Haugh KY169ST St Andrews UNITED KINGDOM
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9
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Zeplichal M, Gies J, Bernd J, Winslaws DK, Chang T, Chen YS, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Terfort A. Fluorinated Azaacenes: Efficient Syntheses, Structures, and Electrochemical Properties. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.109960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Saharan R. Electro organic synthesis as green and sustainable approach for synthesis of chloro substituted benzyl alcohols. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Nan XL, Wang Y, Li XB, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Site-selective D 2O-mediated deuteration of diaryl alcohols via quantum dots photocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6768-6771. [PMID: 34132717 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the high synthetic value of deuteration in the pharmaceutical industry, we describe herein the conversion of a range of aromatic ketones to deuterium-labeled products in good to excellent yields. Efficient and site-selective deuteration of benzyl alcohols by D2O with visible light irradiation of quantum dots (QDs), together with gram-scale synthesis and photocatalyst recycling experiments indicated the potential of the developed method in practical organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Nan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. and School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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12
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Rafferty SM, Rutherford JE, Zhang L, Wang L, Nagib DA. Cross-Selective Aza-Pinacol Coupling via Atom Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5622-5628. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Rafferty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Joy E. Rutherford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lumin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - David A. Nagib
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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13
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Karunadasa KSP, Rathnayake D, Manoratne C, Pitawala A, Rajapakse G. A binder‐free composite of graphite and kaolinite as a stable working electrode for general electrochemical applications. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dananjali Rathnayake
- Postgraduate Institute of Science (PGIS) University of Peradeniya Peradeniya 20400 Sri Lanka
| | - Chinthan Manoratne
- Materials Technology Section Industrial Technology Institute Colombo 07, 00700 Sri Lanka
| | - Amarasooriya Pitawala
- Department of Geology Faculty of Science University of Peradeniya Peradeniya Sri Lanka
| | - Gamini Rajapakse
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Peradeniya Peradeniya Sri Lanka
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14
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Chiyindiko E, Conradie J. An electrochemical and computational chemistry study of substituted benzophenones. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Shon JH, Kim D, Rathnayake MD, Sittel S, Weaver J, Teets TS. Photoredox catalysis on unactivated substrates with strongly reducing iridium photosensitizers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4069-4078. [PMID: 34163678 PMCID: PMC8179447 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful strategy in synthetic organic chemistry, but substrates that are difficult to reduce either require complex reaction conditions or are not amenable at all to photoredox transformations. In this work, we show that strong bis-cyclometalated iridium photoreductants with electron-rich β-diketiminate (NacNac) ancillary ligands enable high-yielding photoredox transformations of challenging substrates with very simple reaction conditions that require only a single sacrificial reagent. Using blue or green visible-light activation we demonstrate a variety of reactions, which include hydrodehalogenation, cyclization, intramolecular radical addition, and prenylation via radical-mediated pathways, with optimized conditions that only require the photocatalyst and a sacrificial reductant/hydrogen atom donor. Many of these reactions involve organobromide and organochloride substrates which in the past have had limited utility in photoredox catalysis. This work paves the way for the continued expansion of the substrate scope in photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwa Shon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Dooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Manjula D Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University 107, Physical Science Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Steven Sittel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Jimmie Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University 107, Physical Science Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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16
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Abstract
![]()
SmI2 was introduced to organic chemistry as a single
electron transfer agent in 1977. After ca. 15 years of latency, the
scientific community has realized the high potential of this reagent,
and its chemistry has started blooming. This versatile reagent has
mediated a myriad of new bond formations, cyclizations, and other
reactions. Its popularity stems largely from the fact that three different
intermediates, radical anions, radicals, and anions, depending on
the ligand or additive used, could be obtained. Each of these intermediates
could in principle lead to a different product. While these options
vastly enrich the repertoire of SmI2, they necessitate
a thorough mechanistic understanding, especially concerning how appropriate
ligands direct the SmI2 to the desired intermediate. Our
first paper on this subject dealt with the reduction of an activated
double bond. The results were puzzling, especially the H/D isotope
effect, which depended on the order of the reagents addition. This
seminal paper was fundamental to an understanding of how the SmI2 works and enabled us to later explain various phenomena.
For example, it was found that in a given reaction, when MeOH is used
as a proton source, a spiro compound is obtained, while a bicyclic
product is obtained when t-BuOH is used. Our contribution
culminated in formulating guidelines for the rational use of proton
donors in SmI2 reactions. The need to understand
the complexity of the effect of additives
on various processes is nicely demonstrated in photoinduced reactions.
For example, hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) enhances the reduction
of anthracene while hampering the reaction of benzyl chloride. The
mechanistic understanding gained enabled us also to broaden the scope
of photostimulated reactions from substrates reacting by a dissociative
electron transfer mechanism to normal reductions, which are difficult
to accomplish at the ground state. Harnessing the classical knowledge
of proton transfer mechanisms to our SmI2 research enabled
us to decipher an old conundrum: why does the combination of water
and amine have such an enhancing effect on the reactivity of SmI2, which is not typical of these two when used separately.
In our studies on the affinity of ligands to SmI2, we discovered
that, in contradistinction to the accepted dogma, SmI2 is
much more azaphilic than it is oxophilic. On the basis of the size
difference between Sm3+ and Sm2+, we developed
a simple diagnostic tool for the nature of the steps following the
electron transfer. The reduction of imines showed that substrate affinity
to SmI2 plays also a crucial role. In these reactions,
new features such as autocatalysis and catalysis by quantum dots were
discovered. Several studies of the ligand effect lead to a clear formulation
of when an inner sphere or outer sphere electron transfer should be
expected. In addition, several reactions where proton-coupled electron
transfer (PCET) is the dominant mechanism were identified. Finally,
the surprisingly old tool of NMR “shift reagents” was
rediscovered and used to directly derive essential information on
the binding constants of ligands and substrates to SmI2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmaryahu Hoz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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17
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Nocera G, Young A, Palumbo F, Emery KJ, Coulthard G, McGuire T, Tuttle T, Murphy JA. Electron Transfer Reactions: KO tBu (but not NaO tBu) Photoreduces Benzophenone under Activation by Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9751-9757. [PMID: 29996048 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-standing controversial reports of electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone have been investigated and resolved. The mismatch in the oxidation potential of KO tBu (+0.10 V vs SCE in DMF) and the first reduction potential of benzophenone (of many values cited in the literature, the least negative value is -1.31 V vs SCE in DMF), preclude direct electron transfer. Experimental and computational results now establish that a complex is formed between the two reagents, with the potassium ion providing the linkage, which markedly shifts the absorption spectrum to provide a tail in the visible light region. Photoactivation at room temperature by irradiation at defined wavelength (365 or 400 nm), or even by winter daylight, leads to the development of the blue color of the potassium salt of benzophenone ketyl, whereas no reaction is observed when the reaction mixture is maintained in darkness. So, no electron transfer occurs in the ground state. However, when photoexcited, electron transfer occurs within a complex formed from benzophenone and KO tBu. TDDFT studies match experimental findings and also define the electronic transition within the complex as n → π*, originating on the butoxide oxygen. Computation and experiment also align in showing that this reaction is selective for KO tBu; no such effect occurs with NaO tBu, providing the first case where such alkali metal ion selectivity is rationalized in detail. Chemical evidence is provided for the photoactivated electron transfer from KO tBu to benzophenone: tert-butoxyl radicals are formed and undergo fragmentation to form (acetone and) methyl radicals, some of which are trapped by benzophenone. Likewise, when KOC(Et)3 is used in place of KO tBu, then ethylation of benzophenone is seen. Further evidence of electron transfer was seen when the reaction was conducted in benzene, in the presence of p-iodotoluene; this triggered BHAS coupling to form 4-methylbiphenyl in 74% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Nocera
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Allan Young
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Fabrizio Palumbo
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Katie J Emery
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Graeme Coulthard
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - Thomas McGuire
- Medicinal Chemistry, Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca , 319 Milton Road , Cambridge CB4 0WG , U.K
| | - Tell Tuttle
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
| | - John A Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street , Glasgow , G1 1XL , U.K
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18
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Chen HC, Cook AR, Asaoka S, Boschen JS, Windus TL, Miller JR. Escape of anions from geminate recombination in THF due to charge delocalization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:32272-32285. [PMID: 29192921 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05880b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Geminate recombination of 24 radical anions (M˙-) with solvated protons (RH2+) was studied in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with pulse radiolysis. The recombination has two steps: (1) diffusion of M˙- and RH2+ together to form intimate (contact and solvent separated) ion pairs, driven by Coulomb attraction; (2) annihilation of anions due to proton transfer (PT) from RH2+ to M˙-. The non-exponential time-dependence of the geminate diffusion was determined. For all molecules protonated on O or N atoms the subsequent PT step is too fast (<0.2 ns) to measure, except for the anion of TCNE which did not undergo proton transfer. PT to C atoms was as slow as 70 ns and was always slow enough to be observable. A possible effect of charge delocalization on the PT rates could not be clearly separated from other factors. For 21 of the 24 molecules studied here, a free ion yield (71.6 ± 6.2 nmol J-1) comprising ∼29% of the total, was formed. This yield of "Type I" free ions is independent of the PT rate because it arises entirely by escape from the initial distribution of ion pair distances without forming intimate ion pairs. Three anions of oligo(9,9-dihexyl)fluorenes, Fn˙- (n = 2-4) were able to escape from intimate ion-pairs to form additional yields of "Type II" free ions with escape rate constants near 3 × 106 s-1. These experiments find no evidence for an inverted region for proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Cheng Chen
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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19
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Wang X, Xing X, Huo Y, Zhao Y, Li Y. A systematic study of the co-solvent effect for an all-organic redox flow battery. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24422-24427. [PMID: 35539167 PMCID: PMC9082013 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02513d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzophenone and 1,4-di-tert-butyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzene are used as the anode and cathode active species respectively in an all-organic redox-flow battery. A number of organics as the co-solvents are applied in the electrolyte to improve the electrochemical performance of it. For all kinds of the mixed solvents, a lower content of acetonitrile leads to a higher solubility to 1,4-di-tert-butyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzene and a lower conductivity. The results of cyclic voltammetry tests demonstrate that the electrode reactions are controlled by diffusion. With the decrease of the content of acetonitrile, the dynamic viscosity of the electrolyte increases, which generally leads to the decrease of the diffusion coefficients of the active species. BP/DBB are used as active species in AORFB. The solubility of DBB is increased by co-solvents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (Tianjin University)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Xueqi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (Tianjin University)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Yongjie Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (Tianjin University)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (Tianjin University)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Yongdan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (Tianjin University)
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
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20
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Shon JH, Teets TS. Potent Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium Photoreductants with β-Diketiminate Ancillary Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:15295-15303. [PMID: 29172506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we outline a strategy to prepare a class of improved visible-light photosensitizers. Bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes with electron-rich β-diketiminate (NacNac) ancillary ligands are demonstrated to be potent excited-state electron donors. Evaluation of the photophysical and electrochemical properties establishes the excited-state redox potentials of the complexes, and Stern-Volmer quenching experiments inform on the kinetics of photoinduced electron transfer to the model substrates methyl viologen (MV2+) and benzophenone (BP). Compared to fac-Ir(ppy)3 (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine), widely regarded as a state-of-the-art photoreductant, the complexes we describe have excited-state redox potentials that are more potent by 300-400 mV and rates for photoinduced electron transfer that are accelerated by as much as a factor of 3. These complexes emerge as promising targets for application in photocatalytic reactions and other photochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwa Shon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston , 3585 Cullen Blvd., Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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21
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Maity S, Flowers RA, Hoz S. Aza versus Oxophilicity of SmI
2
: A Break of a Paradigm. Chemistry 2017; 23:17070-17077. [PMID: 29024166 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepan Maity
- Department of Chemistry Lehigh University 6 E Packer Ave. Bethlehem Pennsylvania- 18015 USA
- Department of Chemistry Bar-Ilan University Geha Road Ramat Gan- 52900 Israel
| | - Robert A. Flowers
- Department of Chemistry Lehigh University 6 E Packer Ave. Bethlehem Pennsylvania- 18015 USA
| | - Shmaryahu Hoz
- Department of Chemistry Bar-Ilan University Geha Road Ramat Gan- 52900 Israel
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Salminen K, Kuosmanen P, Pusa M, Kulmala O, Håkansson M, Kulmala S. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence induced by sequential hot electron and hole injection into aqueous electrolyte solution. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 912:24-31. [PMID: 26920769 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hole injection into aqueous electrolyte solution is proposed to occur when oxide-coated aluminum electrode is anodically pulse-polarized by a voltage pulse train containing sufficiently high-voltage anodic pulses. The effects of anodic pulses are studied by using an aromatic Tb(III) chelate as a probe known to produce intensive hot electron-induced electrochemiluminescence (HECL) with plain cathodic pulses and preoxidized electrodes. The presently studied system allows injection of hot electrons and holes successively into aqueous electrolyte solutions and can be utilized in detecting electrochemiluminescent labels in fully aqueous solutions, and actually, the system is suggested to be quite close to a pulse radiolysis system providing hydrated electrons and hydroxyl radicals as the primary radicals in aqueous solution without the problems and hazards of ionizing radiation. The analytical power of the present excitation waveforms are that they allow detection of electrochemiluminescent labels at very low detection limits in bioaffinity assays such as in immunoassays or DNA probe assays. The two important properties of the present waveforms are: (i) they provide in situ oxidation of the electrode surface resulting in the desired oxide film thickness and (ii) they can provide one-electron oxidants for the system by hole injection either via F- and F(+)-center band of the oxide or by direct hole injection to valence band of water at highly anodic pulse amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Salminen
- Aalto University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Päivi Kuosmanen
- Aalto University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Matti Pusa
- Aalto University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Oskari Kulmala
- University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markus Håkansson
- Aalto University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sakari Kulmala
- Aalto University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
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23
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Rosselin M, Tuccio B, Pério P, Villamena FA, Fabre PL, Durand G. Electrochemical and Spin-Trapping Properties of para-substituted α-Phenyl-N-tert-butyl Nitrones. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Voltammetry Study of an Anti-HIV Compound by means of a Thin Organic Membrane. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/902872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic and square wave voltammetries have been used to study electrochemical behaviour of an anti-HIV agent (Guttiferone A) at the liquid-liquid interface. The thin organic membrane is formed by an organic solvent containing redox probe. Guttiferone A, a benzophenone (BP) with appropriate electrolyte. It is demonstrated that BP possesses three reduction systems due to the redox transformation of the three tautomeric forms that lead to the migration of proton between the hydroxyl group in position 4 and the carbonyl group in positions 2 and 10. The transfer of proton from the aqueous solution to the organic phase is crucial for the redox transformation of BP into the organic membrane. The voltammograms obtained are strongly influenced by the pH of the aqueous phase. The electrochemical mechanism consists of 2e−/2H+exchange to form the separate redox compound BPH2.
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25
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Reybier K, Nguyen THY, Ibrahim H, Perio P, Montrose A, Fabre PL, Nepveu F. Electrochemical behavior of indolone-N-oxides: Relationship to structure and antiplasmodial activity. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 88:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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El-Hallag IS, El-Daly SA. Photophysical and Electrochmical Studies of N,N-Bis (2,5-di-tert-butylphenyl) - 3,4,9,10 perylenebis (dicarboximide) (DBPI). B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.04.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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