1
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Leko K, Usenik A, Cindro N, Modrušan M, Požar J, Horvat G, Stilinović V, Hrenar T, Tomišić V. Enhancing the Cation-Binding Ability of Fluorescent Calixarene Derivatives: Structural, Thermodynamic, and Computational Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43074-43087. [PMID: 38024729 PMCID: PMC10652827 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel fluorescent calix[4]arene derivatives L1 and L2 were synthesized by introducing phenanthridine moieties at the lower calixarene rim, whereby phenanthridine groups served as fluorescent probes and for cation coordination. To enhance the cation-binding ability of the ligands, besides phenanthridines, tertiary-amide or ester functionalities were also introduced in the cation-binding site. Complexation of the prepared compounds with alkali metal cations in acetonitrile (MeCN), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was investigated at 25 °C experimentally (UV spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, microcalorimetry, and in the solid state by X-ray crystallography) and by means of computational techniques (classical molecular dynamics and DFT calculations). The thermodynamic parameters (equilibrium constants and derived standard reaction Gibbs energies, reaction enthalpies, and entropies) of the corresponding reactions were determined. The tertiary-amide-based compound L1 was found to have a much higher affinity toward cations compared to ester derivative L2, whereby the stabilities of the ML1+ and ML2+ complexes were quite solvent-dependent. The stability decreased in the solvent order: MeCN ≫ EtOH > MeOH > DMF > DMSO, which could be explained by taking into account the differences in the solvation of the ligands as well as free and complexed alkali metal cations in the solvents used. The obtained thermodynamic quantities were thoroughly discussed regarding the structural characteristics of the studied compounds, as well as the solvation abilities of the solvents examined. Molecular and crystal structures of acetonitrile and water solvates of L1 and its sodium complex were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results of computational studies provided additional insight into the L1 and L2 complexation properties and structures of the ligands and their cation complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikola Cindro
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matija Modrušan
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josip Požar
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Horvat
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stilinović
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomica Hrenar
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladislav Tomišić
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Xing H, Yang L, Wang L, Wang L, Meng Q, Li M, Lu D, Ye G, Liu H. Solvent effects on the interaction between alkali metal cations and 1,3-Diisopropoxycalix [4] arenecrown-6: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Independent Gradient Model Non-Covalent interactions analysis. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Požar J, Cvetnić M, Usenik A, Cindro N, Horvat G, Leko K, Modrušan M, Tomišić V. The Role of Triazole and Glucose Moieties in Alkali Metal Cation Complexation by Lower-Rim Tertiary-Amide Calix[4]arene Derivatives. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020470. [PMID: 35056784 PMCID: PMC8780480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The binding of alkali metal cations with two tertiary-amide lower-rim calix[4]arenes was studied in methanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acetonitrile in order to explore the role of triazole and glucose functionalities in the coordination reactions. The standard thermodynamic complexation parameters were determined microcalorimetrically and spectrophotometrically. On the basis of receptor dissolution enthalpies and the literature data, the enthalpies for transfer of reactants and products between the solvents were calculated. The solvent inclusion within a calixarene hydrophobic basket was explored by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy. Classical molecular dynamics of the calixarene ligands and their complexes were carried out as well. The affinity of receptors for cations in methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide was quite similar, irrespective of whether they contained glucose subunits or not. This indicated that sugar moieties did not participate or influence the cation binding. All studied reactions were enthalpically controlled. The peak affinity of receptors for sodium cation was noticed in all complexation media. The complex stabilities were the highest in acetonitrile, followed by methanol and N,N-dimethylformamide. The solubilities of receptors were greatly affected by the presence of sugar subunits. The medium effect on the affinities of calixarene derivatives towards cations was thoroughly discussed regarding the structural properties and solvation abilities of the investigated solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Požar
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (V.T.); Tel.: +385-1-46-06-133 (J.P.); +385-1-46-06-136 (V.T.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vladislav Tomišić
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (V.T.); Tel.: +385-1-46-06-133 (J.P.); +385-1-46-06-136 (V.T.)
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4
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Cindro N, Požar J, Barišić D, Bregović N, Pičuljan K, Tomaš R, Frkanec L, Tomišić V. Neutral glycoconjugated amide-based calix[4]arenes: complexation of alkali metal cations in water. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:904-912. [PMID: 29308493 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cation complexation in water presents a unique challenge in calixarene chemistry, mostly due to the fact that a vast majority of calixarene-based cation receptors is not soluble in water or their solubility has been achieved by introducing functionalities capable of (de)protonation. Such an approach inevitably involves the presence of counterions which compete with target cations for the calixarene binding site, and also rather often requires the use of ion-containing buffer solutions in order to control the pH. Herein we devised a new strategy towards the solution of this problem, based on introducing carbohydrate units at the lower or upper rim of calix[4]arenes which comprise efficient cation binding sites. In this context, we prepared neutral, water-soluble receptors with secondary or tertiary amide coordinating groups, and studied their complexation with alkali metal cations in aqueous and methanol (for the comparison purpose) solutions. Complexation thermodynamics was quantitatively characterized by UV spectrometry and isothermal titration calorimetry, revealing that one of the prepared tertiary amide derivatives is capable of remarkably efficient (log K ≈ 5) and selective binding of sodium cations among alkali metal cations in water. Given the ease of the synthetic procedure used, and thus the variety of accessible analogues, this study can serve as a platform for the development of reagents for diverse purposes in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Cindro
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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5
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Horvat G, Frkanec L, Cindro N, Tomišić V. A comprehensive study of the complexation of alkali metal cations by lower rim calix[4]arene amide derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24316-24329. [PMID: 28849809 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03920d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexation of alkali metal cations by lower rim N,N-dihexylacetamide (L1) and newly synthesized N-hexyl-N-methylacetamide (L2) calix[4]arene tertiary-amide derivatives was thoroughly studied at 25 °C in acetonitrile (MeCN), benzonitrile (PhCN), and methanol (MeOH) by means of direct and competitive microcalorimetric titrations, and UV and 1H NMR spectroscopies. In addition, by measuring the ligands' solubilities, the solution (transfer) Gibbs energies of the ligands and their alkali metal complexes were obtained. The inclusion of solvent molecules in the free and complexed calixarene hydrophobic cavities was also investigated. Computational (classical molecular dynamics) investigations of the studied systems were also carried out. The obtained results were compared with those previously obtained by studying the complexation ability of an N-hexylacetamidecalix[4]arene secondary-amide derivative (L3). The stability constants of 1 : 1 complexes were determined in all solvents used (the values obtained by different methods being in excellent agreement), as were the corresponding complexation enthalpies and entropies. Almost all of the examined reactions were enthalpically controlled. The most striking exceptions were reactions of Li+ with both ligands in methanol, for which the entropic contribution to the reaction Gibbs energy was substantial due the entropically favourable desolvation of the smallest lithium cation. The thermodynamic stabilities of the complexes were quite solvent dependent (the stability decreased in the solvent order: MeCN > PhCN ≫ MeOH), which could be accounted for by considering the differences in the solvation of the ligand and free and complexed alkali metal cations in the solvents used. Comparison of the stability constants of the ligand L1 and L2 complexes clearly revealed that the higher electron-donating ability of the hexyl with respect to the methyl group is of considerable importance in determining the equilibria of the complexation reactions. Additionally, the quite strong influence of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation in compound L3 (not present in ligands L1 and L2) and that of the inclusion of solvent molecules in the calixarene hydrophobic cone were shown to be of great importance in determining the thermodynamic stability of the calixarene-cation complexes. The experimental results were fully supported by those obtained by MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordan Horvat
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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6
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Požar J, Nikšić-Franjić I, Cvetnić M, Leko K, Cindro N, Pičuljan K, Borilović I, Frkanec L, Tomišić V. Solvation Effect on Complexation of Alkali Metal Cations by a Calix[4]arene Ketone Derivative. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:8539-8550. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josip Požar
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Nikšić-Franjić
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Cvetnić
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Leko
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Cindro
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katarina Pičuljan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Borilović
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Leo Frkanec
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladislav Tomišić
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Bregović N, Cindro N, Frkanec L, Tomišić V. Complexation of fluoride anion and its ion pairs with alkali metal cations by tetra-substituted lower rim calix[4]arene tryptophan derivative. Supramol Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2016.1154147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Bregović
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Chemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Cindro
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Chemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Leo Frkanec
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Nucleoside Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladislav Tomišić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Chemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Bakić MT, Jadreško D, Hrenar T, Horvat G, Požar J, Galić N, Sokol V, Tomaš R, Alihodžić S, Žinić M, Frkanec L, Tomišić V. Fluorescent phenanthridine-based calix[4]arene derivatives: synthesis and thermodynamic and computational studies of their complexation with alkali-metal cations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01905b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel calix[4]arenes exhibiting prominent fluorescence were shown to be potential sensitive fluorimetric cation sensors. Comprehensive experimental and computational studies provided detailed insight into the corresponding complexation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tranfić Bakić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | | | - Tomica Hrenar
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Gordan Horvat
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Josip Požar
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Nives Galić
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Vesna Sokol
- Division of Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology
- University of Split
- 21000 Split
- Croatia
| | - Renato Tomaš
- Division of Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology
- University of Split
- 21000 Split
- Croatia
| | | | - Mladen Žinić
- Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
- Zagreb and Baltazar University of Applied Sciences
- 10290 Zaprešić
- Croatia
| | | | - Vladislav Tomišić
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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9
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Sviben I, Galić N, Tomišić V, Frkanec L. Extraction and complexation of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations by lower-rim calix[4]arene diethylene glycol amide derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00805k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The metal-ion extraction abilities of calix[4]arene derivatives1and2are largely dependent on the type of the amide group forming the cation-binding site. Tertiary-amide derivative2was shown to be an excellent extractant for most alkali and alkaline earth cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sviben
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Nives Galić
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Vladislav Tomišić
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Leo Frkanec
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Nucleoside Chemistry
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- 10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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10
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Horvat G, Stilinović V, Kaitner B, Frkanec L, Tomišić V. The Effect of Specific Solvent–Solute Interactions on Complexation of Alkali-Metal Cations by a Lower-Rim Calix[4]arene Amide Derivative. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12702-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4019184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordan Horvat
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stilinović
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branko Kaitner
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Leo Frkanec
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Nucleoside Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladislav Tomišić
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac
102a, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Horvat G, Stilinović V, Hrenar T, Kaitner B, Frkanec L, Tomišić V. An Integrated Approach (Thermodynamic, Structural, and Computational) to the Study of Complexation of Alkali-Metal Cations by a Lower-Rim Calix[4]arene Amide Derivative in Acetonitrile. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:6264-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300474s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordan Horvat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stilinović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomica Hrenar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branko Kaitner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Leo Frkanec
- Laboratory of Supramolecular
and Nucleoside Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladislav Tomišić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Galić N, Burić N, Tomaš R, Frkanec L, Tomišić V. Synthesis and cation binding properties of fluorescent calix[4]arene derivatives bearing tryptophan units at the lower rim. Supramol Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2010.521832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nives Galić
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb , Horvatovac 102a, 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Nataša Burić
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb , Horvatovac 102a, 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Renato Tomaš
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb , Horvatovac 102a, 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Leo Frkanec
- b Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Ruđer Bošković Institute , Bijenička 54, 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Vladislav Tomišić
- a Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb , Horvatovac 102a, 10000 , Zagreb , Croatia
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