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Lu B, Du R, Wang G, Wang Y, Dong S, Zhou D, Wang S, Li C. High-efficiency leaching of valuable metals from waste Li-ion batteries using deep eutectic solvents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113286. [PMID: 35452672 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the penetration of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) into electric vehicles, the recycling of waste LIBs is inevitable from the perspective of health, economy and environmental protection. Herein is reported a novel green method for extracting valuable metals from the cathode of LIBs, in which the Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) is used as leachate to dissolve electrode material waste. Mixing choline chloride (ChCl) and malonic acid is helpful to effectively improve the reduction ability of DES, resulting in superior leaching efficiency. At the lower temperature (100 °C), the leaching efficiency of cobalt and lithium reached up to 98.61% and 98.78%, respectively. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy demonstrated that DESs could act as both leachate and reducing agent, which could destroy the covalent bonds of metal oxides to form a cobalt (II)-chlorine complex. This method is straightforward to operate and does not involve the additional reducing agents, which is held promise to bring economic and sustainable development prospects in the field of lithium battery development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Lu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523106, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Rong Du
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523106, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523106, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuangshi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Engineering Lab for Water Pollution Control and Resources Recovery of Jilin Province, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523106, Guangdong, China
| | - Changping Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523106, Guangdong, China.
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Lommelen R, Onghena B, Binnemans K. Cation Effect of Chloride Salting Agents on Transition Metal Ion Hydration and Solvent Extraction by the Basic Extractant Methyltrioctylammonium Chloride. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13442-13452. [PMID: 32857504 PMCID: PMC7529323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The
addition of a nonextractable salt has an important influence
on the solvent extraction of metal ions, but the underlying principles
are not completely understood yet. However, relating solute hydration
mechanisms to solvent extraction equilibria is key to understanding
the mechanism of solvent extraction of metal ions as a whole. We have
studied the speciation of Co(II), Zn(II), and Cu(II) in aqueous solutions
containing different chloride salts to understand their extraction
to the basic extractant methyltrioctylammonium chloride (TOMAC). This
includes the first speciation profile of Zn(II) in chloride media
with the three Zn(II) species [Zn(H2O)6]2+, [ZnCl3H2O]−, and
[ZnCl4]2–. The observed differences in
extraction efficiency for a given transition metal ion can be explained
by transition metal ion hydration due to ion–solvent interactions,
rather than by ion–solute interactions or by differences in
speciation. Chloride salting agents bearing a cation with a larger
hydration Gibbs free energy reduce the free water content more, resulting
in a lower hydration for the transition metal ion. This destabilizes
the transition metal chloro complex in the aqueous phase and increases
the extraction efficiency. Salting agents with di- and trivalent cations
reduce the transition metal chloro complex hydration less than expected,
resulting in a lower extraction efficiency. The cations of these salting
agents have a very large hydration Gibbs free energy, but the overall
hydration of these salts is reduced due to significant salt ion pair
formation. The general order of salting-out strength for the extraction
of metal ions from chloride salt solutions is Cs+ <
Rb+ < NH4+ ≈ K+ < Al3+ ≈ Mg2+ ≈ Ca2+ ≈ Na+ < Li+. These findings can
help in predicting the optimal conditions for metal separation by
solvent extraction and also contribute to a broader understanding
of the effects of dissolved salts on solutes. Addition of a nonextractable salt influences the stability
and solvent extraction efficiency of metal complexes. Cations of different
chloride salts reduce the solution free water content as a function
of their increasing hydration energy and decreasing tendency for ion
pair formation with chloride anions. These ion−solvent interactions
reduce the hydration of metal complexes, increasing their distribution
ratios. These effects influence aqueous transition metal complexes
more than direct ion−solute interactions and changes in complex
speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayco Lommelen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bieke Onghena
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Uchikoshi M. Determination of the Distribution of Ferric Chloro Complexes in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions at 298 K. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Uchikoshi
- The Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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Lommelen R, Vander Hoogerstraete T, Onghena B, Billard I, Binnemans K. Model for Metal Extraction from Chloride Media with Basic Extractants: A Coordination Chemistry Approach. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12289-12301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rayco Lommelen
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bieke Onghena
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Billard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Uchikoshi M, Shinoda K. Determination of structures of cobalt(II)-chloro complexes in hydrochloric acid solutions by X-ray absorption spectroscopy at 298 K. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Uchikoshi M. Determination of the Distribution of Cobalt-Chloro Complexes in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions at 298 K. J SOLUTION CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-018-0831-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Uchikoshi M, Shinoda K. Determination of structures of cupric-chloro complexes in hydrochloric acid solutions by UV-Vis and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Speciation of Ruthenium(III) Chloro Complexes in Hydrochloric Acid Solutions and Their Extraction Characteristics with an Amide-Containing Amine Compound. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8070558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The refining of platinum group metals is based mainly on solvent extraction methods, whereas Ru is selectively recovered by distillation as RuO4. Replacement of distillation by extraction is expected to simplify the purification process. To develop an effective extraction system for Ru, we analyzed the Ru species in HCl with ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Ru K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies, and we examined the properties of Ru extracted with N-2-ethylhexyl-bis(N-di-2-ethylhexyl-ethylamide) amine (EHBAA) and trioctylamine (TOA). EXAFS and UV-Vis spectra of Ru in HCl solutions revealed that the predominant Ru species in 0.5–10 M HCl solutions changed from [RuCl4(H2O)2]− to [RuCl6]3− with the HCl concentration. The extraction percentages (E%) of Ru in the EHBAA system increased with increasing HCl concentration, reached 80% at [HCl] = 5 M, and decreased at higher HCl concentrations; the corresponding E% for TOA were low. EXAFS analysis of the extracted complex indicated that the Ru3+ had 5 Cl− and 1 H2O in its inner coordination sphere. The similarity of the dependence on HCl concentrations of the E% in the EHBAA system and the distribution profile of [RuCl5(H2O)]2− on [RuCln(H2O)6−n]3−n suggested that the EHBAA extracted the pentachlorido species.
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