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Min J, Faerber J, Skolnik A, Akers AY. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Female Sexual Health from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: How Adolescent Characteristics Matter? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2021; 34:404-411. [PMID: 33227423 PMCID: PMC8547142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To describe sexual initiation patterns in female adolescents and examine their association with adolescent characteristics and racial disparities in adverse sexual health across adolescence into early adulthood. DESIGN A prospective, longitudinal, observational study from adolescence to adulthood. SETTING Nationally representative, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health data, in the range of 24-32 years old at final assessment. PARTICIPANTS Data from 43,577 US women from 1994 to 2008. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adolescent sex-related characteristics at the individual-, family-, and school peer-level were assessed, and multiple sex partners, sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/HIV, and intimate partner violence (IPV) were longitudinally tracked. The sexual initiation pattern and its longitudinal association with sexual health were analyzed using latent class analysis and mixed effects Poisson regression models. RESULTS Of the 43,577 subjects, the sexual initiation patterns were determined as normative (n = 28,712, 65.9%), late (n = 10,799, 24.8%), and early but unempowered (n = 4,066, 9.3%). The highest rate of the early-unempowered group was shown in Hispanic individuals (1,054/7,307 = 14.4%); they were more likely to be depressed, unsatisfied with their bodies, receiving welfare, and have less educated/permissive parents to their sexual initiation than others. The late group had a higher body mass index and greater satisfaction with their bodies. The highest number of STIs/HIV and IPV victimization was shown in non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic individuals, respectively. However, NHB females' higher number of STIs/HIV was shown in the late/normative groups, not in the early-unempowered group. Among Hispanic females, adolescent sexual initiation patterns were not directly associated with their frequent IPV victimization. CONCLUSION NHB females' higher STI/HIV in late/normative groups and Hispanic females' frequent IPV victimization regardless of their sexual initiation patterns might indicate that racial/ethnic disparities in female sexual health was not directly determined by adolescent risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Min
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Faerber
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ava Skolnik
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aletha Y Akers
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Body Image, Assimilation, and Weight of Immigrant Adolescents in the United States: A Person-Centered Analysis. J Immigr Minor Health 2021; 22:249-254. [PMID: 31006079 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-019-00892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical developmental period as youth explore their body image and work to establish an identity. The stress of identity and body image development can be exacerbated by acculturative stress faced by immigrant adolescents. Using a person-centered analysis, we investigated immigrant adolescents' (n = 57) profiles based on assimilation to the United States (US), weight, and body image dissatisfaction. Analyses included an exploratory two-step clustering technique using maximum likelihood estimation procedures to assign class membership. Follow-up analyses then examined latent class membership by adolescent age, gender, culture of origin, and immigration generation. Results indicated several meaningful latent groups of adolescents based on their BID, acculturation, and BMI. These profiles included one in which adolescents who were underweight and more assimilated to US culture also reported more satisfaction with their body image. A second profile emerged of adolescents who were normal weight or overweight and less assimilated, who also reported higher levels of body image dissatisfaction, with a desire to be thinner. The third cluster profile included adolescents who were of normal weight, but were higher on assimilation and were among the most dissatisfied with their body image. Our findings suggest that immigrant adolescents at all levels of acculturation are internalizing the thin body ideal prominent in the US, with a variety of implications for their sense of body image and BMI. Implications for mental and physical health care for immigrant adolescents are discussed.
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Okoye EC, Onwuakagba IU, Ani KU, Babatunde JK, Akosile CO, Okeke MC, Aronu AE. Body image, physical activity, quality of life, and community reintegration of individuals with acquired mobility disability in a Nigerian population. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 44:2002-2010. [PMID: 32924653 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1817159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the quality of life (QOL), physical activity (PA), community reintegration (CR), and body image (BI) among adults with acquired mobility disabilities. Relationships between the constructs were also assessed in order to ascertain how a change in one construct could influence the other. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional survey involved 157 adults (mean age = 47.51 ± 21.08 years) consecutively recruited from conveniently selected centers in South-east Nigeria. The Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey, the Multidimensional Body Self Relations, the Reintegration to Normal Living Index, and the Short-Form 7-Day International Physical Activity questionnaires were used to assess participants' QOL, BI, CR, and PA respectively. Participants' scores and socio-demographic information were summarised using descriptive statistics while the Spearman test analysed the relationships between constructs. RESULTS Participants' mean QOL (43.23 ± 13.07), CR (48.09 ± 22.84), and BI (2.91 ± 0.51) scores were poor while their mean PA score (4.39 ± 4.56 × 103 MET-min/week) was high. PA had significant positive relationships with CR (rho = 0.25; p < 0.01) and QOL (rho = 0.33; p < 0.01). BI had a significant positive relationship with CR (rho = 0.28; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PA was high for this sample of individuals with mobility disability receiving physiotherapy but QOL, CR, and BI were poor. Based on observed correlations, rehabilitation interventions for enhancing PA may help improve QOL and CR.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMobility disabilities are very common and burdensome in Nigeria and other African countries.Quality of life, physical activity, community reintegration, and body image can be adversely affected among individuals with mobility disabilities.Understanding relationships between these constructs among individuals with mobility disabilities could help in enhancing rehabilitation planning and outcomes.Physical activity relates to both community reintegration and life quality, whereas body image relates to community integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Chiebuka Okoye
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Uchenna Onwuakagba
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Kenneth Umezulike Ani
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Jacob Kolawole Babatunde
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | | | - Monique Chinyere Okeke
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Ann Ebele Aronu
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
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Cheah SL, Jackson E, Touyz S, Hay P. Prevalence of eating disorder is lower in migrants than in the Australian-born population. Eat Behav 2020; 37:101370. [PMID: 32087555 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2020.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are limited data on the epidemiology of eating disorders (ED) in migrants. Recent Scandinavian research suggests that migrants are at lower risk of eating disorders, however, to our knowledge there have not been comparable studies exploring eating disorders in Australian adult populations. We sought to explore the prevalence of EDs in first-generation migrants to Australia in comparison with the Australian-born population. A secondary aim was to explore ED prevalence across first-generation migrants from different regions of birth (Europe, Asia, Africa, and Other). METHODS We conducted sequential cross-sectional population surveys in South Australian individuals aged over 15 years in 2015 and 2016 (n = 6052). Demographic data were collected and migration status was inferred based on a country of birth outside Australia. Questions asked regarding disordered eating were based on the Eating Disorders Examination. FINDINGS The 3-month prevalence of any ED was found to be significantly lower in first-generation migrants born outside Australia (4.5%, 95% CI 3.6-5.6) in comparison to the Australian-born population (6.4%, 95% CI 5.7-7.2). People born in countries in Africa (11.0% 95% CI 6.1-19.1) had a significantly higher prevalence of EDs than those born in Asia (4.0% 95% CI 2.7-5.8). CONCLUSIONS First-generation migrants to Australia may be at lower risk of eating disorders compared to their Australia-born peers, suggesting support for a 'healthy immigrant effect'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Lynn Cheah
- Hunter New England Mental Health, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Newcastle, Australia.
| | | | - Stephen Touyz
- InsideOut Institute, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Australia; Campbelltown Hospital, Australia; Eating Disorder Unit Wesley Hospital, Australia
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Patte KA, Qian W, Leatherdale ST. Predictors of One-Year Change in How Youth Perceive Their Weight. J Obes 2020; 2020:7396948. [PMID: 32566275 PMCID: PMC7273478 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7396948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overall, perceptions of being at "about the right weight" appear advantageous for youth physical and mental health, regardless of BMI classification, whereas perceptions at either extreme (overweight or underweight) may negatively impact health behaviours and mental health. Instead of considering weight misperceptions as problematic, some researchers have proposed that underestimations of weight status may offer resiliency among individuals with overweight or obesity. Promoting "about right" WPs and preventing change to overweight or underweight perceptions may offer an effective public health strategy for supporting youth health over time. However, limited prospective evidence exists on factors that shape perceptions of weight status over time. The current study examined modifiable predictors of one-year change in weight perception among youths. We used 2-year linked data of 18,112 grade 9-12 students from Year 3 (Y3:2014-2015) and Year 4 (Y4:2015-2016) of the COMPASS study. Generalized Estimating Equation models tested screen use, physical activity, and bullying victimization as predictors of change from perceptions of "about the right weight" to "overweight" or "underweight" perceptions, adjusting for Y3 covariates (body mass index, ethnicity, and grade) and school cluster. Results support the value of team sports among females and resistance exercise among males as protective against changes to overweight or underweight perceptions over one year. Also, various forms of bullying victimization predicted overweight perceptions in males and females. Watching TV/movies or messaging/texting for over 2 hours/day was associated with overweight and underweight perceptions, respectively, in females only. Playing video/computer games for over 2 hours/day was associated with overweight perceptions in males and underweight perceptions in females. Findings support the potential of bullying prevention, limiting certain screen use, and supporting engagement in team sports for females and resistance exercise for males as strategies to maintain perceptions of being at "about the right weight."
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. Patte
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2N 3A1, Canada
| | - Wei Qian
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Scott T. Leatherdale
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Kimber M, McTavish JR, Couturier J, Boven A, Gill S, Dimitropoulos G, MacMillan HL. Consequences of child emotional abuse, emotional neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence for eating disorders: a systematic critical review. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:33. [PMID: 28938897 PMCID: PMC5610419 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Child maltreatment and eating disorders are significant public health problems. Yet, to date, research has focused on the role of child physical and sexual abuse in eating-related pathology. This is despite the fact that globally, exposure to emotional abuse, emotional neglect and intimate partner violence are the three of the most common forms of child maltreatment. The objective of the present study is to systematically identify and critically review the literature examining the association between child emotional abuse (EA), emotional neglect (EN), and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) and adult eating-disordered behavior and eating disorders. Methods A systematic search was conducted of five electronic databases: Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and ERIC up to October 2015 to identify original research studies that investigated the association between EA, EN and children’s exposure to IPV, with adult eating disorders or eating-disordered behavior using a quantitative research design. Database searches were complemented with forward and backward citation chaining. Studies were critically appraised using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. Results A total of 5556 publications were screened for this review resulting in twenty-three articles included in the present synthesis. These studies focused predominantly on EA and EN, with a minority examining the role of child exposure to IPV in adult eating-related pathology. Prevalence of EA and EN ranged from 21.0% to 66.0%, respectively. No prevalence information was provided in relation to child exposure to IPV. Samples included predominantly White women. The methodological quality of the available literature is generally low. Currently, the available literature precludes the possibility of determining the extent to which EA, EN or child exposure to IPV have independent explanatory influence in adult eating-related pathology above what has been identified for physical and sexual abuse. Conclusions While a large proportion of adults with eating disorders or eating-disordered behavior report EA, EN, or child exposure to IPV , there is a paucity of high-quality evidence about these relationships. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40359-017-0202-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kimber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada. .,Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MIP Suite 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Jill R McTavish
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Couturier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MIP Suite 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alison Boven
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sana Gill
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Gina Dimitropoulos
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Harriet L MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, MIP Suite 201A, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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