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Sun J, Wang S, Mu G, Liu J, Su R, Zhang X, Fang J, Wang Y. Symptoms of depression and anxiety in Chinese adolescents: heterogeneity and associations with executive function. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:410. [PMID: 37286986 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are common symptoms associated with significant morbidity in adolescents. Few studies have explored the relationship between latent profiles of adolescent depression-anxiety symptoms and executive function (EF), which is also a major pediatric public health concern. METHODS The sample included 1,306 participants who were recruited from two schools in Ningxia. The Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) were used to assess the level of depression-anxiety symptoms in adolescents, and their executive function state was assessed using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Self-Report version (BRIEF-SR). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was carried out using Mplus 7.0 to explore the most likely number of profiles based on the subscales of DSRSC and SCARED. The relationship between adolescents' executive function and depression-anxiety symptoms were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression, and the odds ratio were used to test the impact of this relationship. RESULTS The LPA results show that the three-profile model was the best-fitting model for adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms. The proportions of Profile-1 ("Healthy Group"), Profile-2 ("Anxiety Disorder Group"), and Profile-3 ("Depression-Anxiety Disorder Group") were 61.4%, 23.9%, and 14.7%, respectively. Additional analyses using multivariable logistic regression suggested that poor shifting capacity and emotional control were significantly more likely to be classified into the depression and/or anxiety groups, and worse working memory, task completion, and better inhibition were significantly more likely to be classified into the anxiety group. CONCLUSIONS The findings contribute to our understanding of the heterogeneity of adolescents' depression-anxiety symptoms and highlight the important role of executive function in influencing mental health outcomes. These findings will guide the improvement and delivery of interventions for the treatment of anxiety and depression in adolescents, mitigating functional impairments in patients and reducing disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- School of Nrising, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1106 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- School of Nrising, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1106 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Guoxia Mu
- School of Nrising, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1106 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Jingru Liu
- School of Nrising, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1106 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Rina Su
- School of Nrising, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1106 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- School of Nrising, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1106 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Jianqun Fang
- Mental Health Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Yanrong Wang
- School of Nrising, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1106 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
- Mental Health Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804 South Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
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Chiu CY, Tong YY, Lee SL, Chan HS. Personal qualities are malleable and fixed: Ambivalent mindset, capability ranking reinforcement, and parent–child relationship among Hong Kong Chinese parents. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/18344909231166106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Past research showed that people may hold contradictory ideas about something or someone. Mindset ambivalence refers to the psychological state in which a person holds contradictory beliefs about the malleability of a valued attribute and spontaneously expresses agreement with both the fixed and growth mindsets. Our past findings showed that a sizable proportion of Hong Kong Chinese adults possess the ambivalent mindset. In the present study, 101 Hong Kong Chinese parents completed a survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings provided further support for the prevalence of the ambivalent mindset. In addition, we found that parents with the ambivalent mindset tended to support several parental practices that would reinforce the relative ability rankings of their children. These practices included person praise, mobilization of effort to compensate for low ability, and lowering of expectation to avoid future failures. Finally, the use of these parental practices was accompanied by deterioration of parent–child relationship when children displayed undesirable self-regulatory behaviors. We discuss these findings’ implications for growth mindset interventions in Chinese societies.
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Maladaptive emotion-focused coping and anxiety in children: The moderating role of authoritative parenting. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Cognitive Flexibility and Selective Attention's Associations with Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescents: Are they Reciprocal? J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:921-934. [PMID: 33575916 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although both executive functions and internalizing symptoms go through important changes during adolescence, the role of executive functions in internalizing symptoms is unclear. Based on developmental cascade models of psychopathology, this study aimed to fill this gap by studying the bidirectional predictive relationship between executive functions (cognitive flexibility and selective attention) and symptoms of depression and social anxiety. A sample of 698 adolescents (40.8% girls) between 12 and 17 years of age (M = 14.59, SD = 1.36) participated in three waves over 1 year. They completed measures of executive functions and internalizing symptoms. Depressive symptoms predicted deficits in executive functions. Conversely, social anxiety symptoms predicted an improvement in cognitive flexibility. These results suggest that executive function deficits are not a risk factor for the development of depressive symptoms but a consequence of them, and there are specific patterns of associations for depressive and social anxiety symptoms.
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Lo BCY, Ng TK, So Y. Parental Demandingness Predicts Adolescents' Rumination and Depressive Symptoms in a One-year Longitudinal Study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:117-123. [PMID: 33025289 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While past research has linked parental demandingness (parents' rules, regulations, and restrictions for their children) to depression in adolescents, the mechanism underlying this relationship has not been well understood. This study attempts to disentangle the association between parental demandingness and depression by examining the potential mediating role of rumination (a repetitive and passive focus on negative emotions and symptoms) using an objective observational measure of parenting and a two-wave longitudinal design. Participants were 125 students aged 9 to 14 (M = 12.21, SD = 1.39) from local schools in Hong Kong. Participants completed questionnaires and participated in interaction tasks with their primary caregiving parents at T1 and completed the questionnaires again at T2 (one year later). A longitudinal mediation analysis suggested that the relationship between parental demandingness and depression was mediated by rumination. This study advances the existing literature by supporting that parental demandingness influences depression among children through increasing rumination. The present findings provide insights into the future development of parenting interventions (which aim at reducing parents' commands) in prevention programs for depression in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Chuen Yee Lo
- Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, 8 Castle Peak Road, Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong.
- Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, 8 Castle Peak Road, New Territories, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong.
| | - Ting Kin Ng
- Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, 8 Castle Peak Road, New Territories, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - Yuet So
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Lo BCY, Lai RNM, Ng TK, Wang H. Worry and Permissive Parenting in Association with the Development of Internet Addiction in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217722. [PMID: 33105760 PMCID: PMC7660045 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Internet has experienced a rapid increase in use globally. Specifically, more than 90% of Hong Kong’s citizens use the Internet, and 70% of children in the age group of 6–17 years have daily access to it. However, internet addiction could pose serious social and health issues. Therefore, conducting research to investigate its causes and risk factors is fundamental. The current study examined the relationship between worry and Internet addiction among children in Hong Kong and investigated the moderating effect of the permissive parenting style on such a relationship. The participants consisted of 227 fourth- and fifth-grade students (120 males, 52.9%) with a mean age of 9.55 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.58) in Hong Kong. Each participant was asked to complete the questionnaires, including the Internet Addiction Test for Internet addiction, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Children for worry, and the Parental Authority Questionnaire for the permissive parenting style. The results indicated that worry was related to greater Internet addiction among children. Furthermore, there was a moderating effect of the permissive parenting style such that the positive association between worry and Internet addiction was stronger when the permissive parenting style was higher. Our findings imply that parenting styles are influential in the prevention of Internet addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Chuen Yee Lo
- Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, New Territories 100020, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Romance Nok Man Lai
- Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, New Territories 100020, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ting Kin Ng
- Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counseling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, New Territories 100020, Hong Kong, China; (T.K.N.); (H.W.)
| | - Haobi Wang
- Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counseling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, New Territories 100020, Hong Kong, China; (T.K.N.); (H.W.)
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