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Zhou J, Zou F, Gong X. The Reciprocal Relations between Parental Psychological Control and Social Anxiety and the Mediating Role of Self-Concept Clarity Among Chinese Early Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-02015-5. [PMID: 38811479 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Although parental psychological control has been well-documented as a significant predictor of social anxiety among adolescents, few studies examine how changes in parental psychological control and adolescent social anxiety are reciprocally related at the within-person level, especially in Chinese culture. This longitudinal study examined reciprocal relations between parental psychological control and social anxiety, and the potential mediating role of self-concept clarity, by disentangling between- and within-person effects. A total of 4731 students (44.9% girls; Mage = 10.91 years, SD = 0.72) participated in a four-wave longitudinal study with 6-month intervals. Results from random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling indicated that parental psychological control directly predicted social anxiety, and vice versa. Parental psychological control indirectly predicted social anxiety via self-concept clarity, and social anxiety also indirectly predicted parental psychological control via self-concept clarity. These findings reveal a vicious cycle of mutual influence between parental psychological control and adolescent social anxiety in Chinese youth, and highlight the crucial role of self-concept clarity in the interplay between parenting and adolescent social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Zou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Psychology, Normal College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Quan S, Fu C, Xing X, Wang M. A Daily Diary Study of the Reciprocal Relation between Parental Psychological Aggression and Adolescent Anxiety in China. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-02006-6. [PMID: 38767792 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The daily reciprocal relations between parental psychological aggression and adolescent anxiety and the heterogeneity, i.e., whether these relations vary across different adolescents, remain unclear. This study examined this issue with a 15-day daily diary study among 326 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 14.53 years, SD = 0.60, 47.2% girls). Dynamic structural equation models revealed that parental psychological aggression co-fluctuated with adolescent anxiety within a day. For lagged associations, only father-driven effects were supported but not mother-driven effects, whereas child-driven effects were supported for both parents. These within-person associations were heterogeneous across adolescents. Moreover, adolescents with more parental psychological aggression reported higher anxiety. This study revealed the reciprocal relations between parental psychological aggression and adolescent anxiety at the micro timescale and also highlighted that the within-person associations were heterogeneous across different adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixiang Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Fu
- Teacher Education Publication Section, Higher Education Press, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopei Xing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Research Center for Child Development, College of Elementary Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Zheng H, Hu Y, Cao Y, Li R, Wang N, Chen X, Chen T, Liu J. The moderating effects of parental psychological control on the relationship between unsociability and socio-emotional functioning among Chinese children. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1308868. [PMID: 38505366 PMCID: PMC10948619 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1308868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There have been studies indicating that children's unsociability was associated with poorer socio-emotional functioning in China. Although some researchers have found that parenting behavior would influence the relationship between children's unsociability and adjustment, the role of parental psychological control has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of parental psychological control on the relationship between unsociability and socio-emotional functioning in Chinese children. Methods A total of 1,275 students from Grades 3 to 7 (637 boys, Mage = 10.78 years, SD = 1.55 years) were selected from four public schools in Shanghai to participate in this study. Data of unsociability, peer victimization and social preference were collected from peer-nominations, and data of parental psychological control, depressive symptoms and social anxiety were collected from self-reports. Results There were positive associations between unsociability and peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety, as well as a negative association between unsociability and social preference. Parental psychological control moderated these associations, specifically, the associations between unsociability and peer victimization, social preference, and depressive symptoms were stronger, and the association between unsociability and social anxiety was only significant among children with higher level of parental psychological control. Discussion The findings in the current study highlight the importance of parental psychological control in the socio-emotional functioning of unsociable children in the Chinese context, enlightening educators that improving parenting behavior is essential for children's development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihao Hu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ran Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Levesque RJR. Xiangyu Tao Receives Emerging Scholar Best Article Award, 2023. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:2672-2674. [PMID: 37733118 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
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Du W, Li Z, Xu Y, Chen C. The Effect of Parental Autonomy Support on Grit: The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs and the Moderating Role of Achievement Motivation. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:939-948. [PMID: 36992980 PMCID: PMC10042245 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s401667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Grit plays a critical role in the academic achievement and future career success of college students. The family environment has an important influence on the development of individual grit, but the mechanisms linking family and grit are not well known. To further understand these relationships, this study sought to explore the mediating role of basic psychological needs between parental autonomy support and grit, and the moderating role of achievement motivation. Methods The present study model was developed according to the proposed hypotheses and was analyzed using structural equation modeling. A total of 984 college students in Hunan Province, China participated in the present study. The following tools were used: Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale, Basic Psychological Needs Scales, Short Grit Scale, and Achievement Motivation Scale. Results Parental autonomy support was positively correlated with basic psychological needs and grit, and both basic psychological needs and achievement motivation were positively correlated with grit. Basic psychological needs mediated the effect of parental autonomy support on grit. Achievement motivation moderated the second half of the path of the mediation model. Conclusion Parental autonomy support influences perseverance through the mediation of basic psychological needs, and achievement motivation plays a moderating role. Findings of this study reveal the influence of family environment on grit, and give reference to the development of grit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Du
- Department and Institute of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Education, Hunan University of Science & Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan Province, 411201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Department and Institute of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Chen
- Department and Institute of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Chaoyang Chen, Department and Institute of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Zhu X, Dou D, Pan Y. Developing and validating a multidimensional Chinese Parental Psychological Control Scale. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1116625. [PMID: 37034931 PMCID: PMC10077889 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study validated a Chinese Parental Psychological Control Scale (CPPCS) among secondary school students in mainland China. Methods The item pool consisting of 65 items was constructed based on consultation with existing measures and focus group interviews of 19 Chinese adolescents. After content validation conducted by 14 experts, a total of 40 items were retained and subject to further factorial validation based on a sample of 963 Chinese adolescents (mean age = 13.39 ± 0.72; 52.23% females). Results Using the two random-split half samples, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses retained 30 items that loaded on three factors, including "relational induction" (twelve items), "harsh psychological control" (twelve items), and "social comparison shame" (six items). The three-factor structure was invariant across gender (male versus female) and grades (grade 7 versus grade 8) among the whole sample. Cronbach's αs of the three dimensions in maternal and paternal subscales ranged between 0.89 and 0.92, suggesting adequate internal consistency. The three dimensions were significantly correlated with each other, supporting the scale's convergent validity. The concurrent validity of the CPPCS was supported by the positive correlations between subscales and parental rejection, and the negative correlations between subscales and parental warmth. In addition, while the "harsh psychological control" and "social comparison shame" negatively predicted adolescents' well-being, "relational induction" positively predicted adolescents' well-being. Discussion The findings suggest that the CPPCS is a promising instrument for measuring multidimensional psychological control among Chinese parents and for investigating and comparing individual dimensions' effect on adolescents' development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoqin Zhu,
| | - Diya Dou
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yangu Pan
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
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Zhang W, Yu G, Fu W, Li R. Parental Psychological Control and Children's Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Social Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11691. [PMID: 36141960 PMCID: PMC9517038 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Complementing internalizing and externalizing developmental outcomes of parental psychological control, in this study, we shift the focus to children's prosocial behaviors. Drawing on self-determination theory and problem-behavior theory, this study addresses the relationship between parental psychological control, social anxiety, socioeconomic status (SES), and children's prosocial behavior. The parental psychological control scale, social anxiety scale for children, and prosocial behavior were applied in the study. Participants were 1202 elementary school-age children in China. The present study showed that parental psychological control was negatively associated with prosocial behavior and social anxiety played a partial mediating role between parental psychological control and prosocial behavior. Meanwhile, SES moderated the relationship between parental psychological control and prosocial behavior. The effect of parental psychological control on prosocial behavior was more significant among students with low levels of SES than the higher ones. The findings showed that parenting plays an essential role in the development of children's prosociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weida Zhang
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, 59 Zhongguancun Ave., Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Guoliang Yu
- School of Education, Renmin University of China, 59 Zhongguancun Ave., Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wangqian Fu
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Ave., Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Runqing Li
- School of Philosophy and Social Development, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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