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Elgamal AM, Abu Elella MH, Saad GR, Abd El-Ghany NA. Synthesis, characterization and swelling behavior of high-performance antimicrobial biocompatible copolymer based on carboxymethyl xanthan. MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 33:104209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Zinc oxide enhancing hydrophilicity to [polytetrafluoroethylene-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate)]-graft-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) films. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Yamada K, Takada A, Konishi A, Kimura Y, Asamoto H, Minamisawa H. Hexavalent Cr ion adsorption and desorption behaviour of expanded poly(tetrafluoro)ethylene films grafted with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1885-1898. [PMID: 31631793 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1683612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new polymeric adsorbent for Cr(VI) ions based on an expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE) film was prepared by the combined use of the pretreatment with oxygen plasma and photografting of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The grafting of DMAEMA was characterized by XPS and FT-IR spectroscopic measurements. The adsorption behaviour of DMAEMA-grafted ePTFE (ePTFE-g-PDMAEMA) films was investigated as a function of the experimental parameters, such as the initial pH value, temperature, and grafted amount. The adsorption capacity and initial adsorption rate had the maximum values at the initial pH value of 3.0. On the other hand, the adsorption capacity became almost constant at temperatures higher than 30°C, although the adsorption rate increased over the temperature. The adsorption behaviour obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and well expressed by the Langmuir isotherm equation with higher correlation coefficients. These results indicate that the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions occurs through the electrostatic interaction between protonated dimethylamino groups on a grafted PDMAEMA chain and HCrO4- ions. Cr(VI) ions were successfully desorbed from Cr(VI)-loaded ePTFE-g-PDMAEMA films in the eluents, such as NaCl at 0.50 M, NH4Cl at 0.50M, and NaOH at 1.0 mM, and ePTFE-g-PDMAEMA films were repeatedly used for adsorption of Cr(VI) ions without appreciable loss in the adsorption capacity. It should be noted that Cr(VI) ion adsorptivity with a high initial rate was conferred to the ePTFE films. The results obtained in this study emphasize that ePTFE-g-PDMAEMA films can be applied as an adsorbent for Cr(VI) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yamada
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Japan
| | - Asumi Takada
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Japan
| | - Ayako Konishi
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Japan
| | - Yuji Kimura
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Asamoto
- Department of Basic Science, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Minamisawa
- Department of Basic Science, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Japan
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Taskin MB, Ahmad T, Wistlich L, Meinel L, Schmitz M, Rossi A, Groll J. Bioactive Electrospun Fibers: Fabrication Strategies and a Critical Review of Surface-Sensitive Characterization and Quantification. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11194-11237. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Berat Taskin
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Taufiq Ahmad
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Wistlich
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry and Helmholtz Institute for RNA Based Infection Research, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitz
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Rossi
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
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Tran TPN, Nguyen TN, Taniike T, Nishimura S. Tailoring Graphene Oxide Framework with N- and S- Containing Organic Ligands for the Confinement of Pd Nanoparticles Towards Recyclable Catalyst Systems. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chen G, Wang Y, Weng H, Wu Z, He K, Zhang P, Guo Z, Lin M. Selective Separation of Pd(II) on Pyridine-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Prepared by Radiation-Induced Simultaneous Grafting Polymerization and Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:24560-24570. [PMID: 31250630 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of precious metals like palladium (Pd) from secondary resources has enormous economic benefits and is in favor of resource reuse. In this work, we prepared a high efficiency pyridine-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) adsorbent for selective separation of Pd(II) from simulated electronic waste leachate, by one-pot γ-ray radiation-induced simultaneous grafting polymerization (RIGP) of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) from graphene oxide (GO) and reduction of GO. The poly(4-vinylpyridine)-grafted reduced graphene oxide (rGO-g-P4VP) exhibits fast adsorption kinetics and high maximum adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity is 105 mg g-1 in the first minute and reaches equilibrium within 120 min. The adsorption process follows the Langmuir model, from which the maximum adsorption capacity of Pd(II) is estimated to be 177 mg g-1. We also proved that the adsorption mechanism of Pd(II) on rGO-g-P4VP involves both ion exchange and coordination adsorption by XPS analysis. Most importantly, the loss of oxygen-containing groups due to reduction of GO not only facilitates the separation of adsorbent from aqueous solution but also reduces the electrostatic repulsion toward Pd(II)Cl42- in hydrochloric acid solution, leading to a higher adsorption selectivity of Pd(II) over some common metal cations in electronic waste including Fe(III), Cu(II), and Al(III) compared with poly(4-vinylpyridine)-grafted graphene oxide (GO-g-P4VP) prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. Other precious metals like Pt(IV) and Au(III) can also be recovered easily and selectively by rGO-g-P4VP. This work demonstrates that rGO-g-P4VP prepared by the facile RIGP is a promising adsorbent for recovery of precious metals from secondary resources like electronic waste leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Chen
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Hanqin Weng
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Kebao He
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Zifang Guo
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
| | - Mingzhang Lin
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics, School of Physical Sciences , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P.R. China
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Safety Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P.R. China
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Feng S, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Xing W, Drioli E. Progress and perspectives in PTFE membrane: Preparation, modification, and applications. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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A bird's eye view on the use of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: Current state‐of‐the‐art, emerging directions and future trends. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2181-2200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fabrication of functional PLGA-based electrospun scaffolds and their applications in biomedical engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:1181-1194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Inozemtseva OA, Salkovskiy YE, Severyukhina AN, Vidyasheva IV, Petrova NV, Metwally HA, Stetciura IY, Gorin DA. Electrospinning of functional materials for biomedicine and tissue engineering. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Hydrophobicities and antibacterial activities of silicone polyester/titanium dioxide composites on nylon fabrics after argon plasma treatment. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ingavle GC, Leach JK. Advancements in electrospinning of polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:277-93. [PMID: 24004443 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanofibers have potential as tissue engineering scaffolds, as they mimic the nanoscale properties and structural characteristics of native extracellular matrix (ECM). Nanofibers composed of natural and synthetic polymers, biomimetic composites, ceramics, and metals have been fabricated by electrospinning for various tissue engineering applications. The inherent advantages of electrospinning nanofibers include the generation of substrata with high surface area-to-volume ratios, the capacity to precisely control material and mechanical properties, and a tendency for cellular in-growth due to interconnectivity within the pores. Furthermore, the electrospinning process affords the opportunity to engineer scaffolds with micro- to nanoscale topography similar to the natural ECM. This review describes the fundamental aspects of the electrospinning process when applied to spinnable natural and synthetic polymers; particularly, those parameters that influence fiber geometry, morphology, mesh porosity, and scaffold mechanical properties. We describe cellular responses to fiber morphology achieved by varying processing parameters and highlight successful applications of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds when used to tissue engineer bone, skin, and vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh C Ingavle
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis , Davis, California
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organ/tissue replacement therapy is inherently difficult for application in the tissue engineering field due to immune rejection that limits the long-term efficacy of implanted devices. As the application of tissue engineering in the biomedical field has steadily expanded, stem cells have emerged as a viable option to promote the immune acceptance of implantable devices and to expedite alleviation of the pathological conditions. With various novel scaffolds being introduced, nanofibers which have a three-dimensional architecture can be considered as an efficient carrier for stem cells. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the novel tissue engineering processes involved with nanofiber and stem cells. Topics such as the fabrication of nanofiber via electrospinning techniques, the interaction between nanofiber scaffold and specific cell and advanced techniques to enhance the stability of stem cells are delineated in detail. In addition, cardiovascular applications of nanofiber scaffolds loaded with stem cells are examined from a clinical perspective. EXPERT OPINION Electrospun nanofibers have been intensively explored as a tool for the architecture control of cardiovascular tissue engineering due to their tunable physicochemical properties. The modification of nanofiber with biological cues, which provide rapid differentiation of stem cells into a specific lineage and protect stem cells under the harsh conditions (i.e., hypoxia), will significantly enhance therapeutic efficacies of transplanted cells. A combination of nanofiber carriers and stem cell therapy for tissue regeneration seems to pose enormous potential for the treatment of cardiac diseases including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongtaek Oh
- University of Missouri-Kansas, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kansas City, MO 64108 , USA
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Synthesis and characterization of polymer electrolyte membranes based on PVDF and styrene via photoinduced grafting. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lepit A, Ahmad Aini N, Ali AMM, Mohd Dahlan KZ, Yahya MZA. Graft Copolymerazation of 1-Vinylimidazole onto Poly(vinylidene Flouride) by Radiation-Induced Grafting for Fuel Cells Membrane. ADVANCED MATERIALS RESEARCH 2012; 476-478:636-641. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
γγψγRadiation-Induced grafting of high energy γ-rays onto proton conducting polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs)-based poly(vinylidene flouride) (PVDF) immersed in 1-Vinylimidazole (VIm) solution have been studied. The different concentrations of VIm from 0.5 to 3.0 M in 1,4-dioxane were prepared. The samples were then exposed to γ-rays from 20 to 100 kGy. The properties of the membranes were characterized based on degree of grafting, spectroscopic study, surface morphology, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. The degree of grafting (DoG) increased in the PVDF membrane associated with absorbed dose. The results showed that the surface morphology of the membrane observed homogenous when grafting with VIm the after irradiation that compliment with XRD study.
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Wang X, Tian Y, Wang Z, Tao Y. A Novel Hydrophilic Modification of PTFE Membranes Using In Situ Deposited PANI. J MACROMOL SCI B 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222341003648805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- a Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics , Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao, China
| | - Yunxia Tian
- a Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics , Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaobo Wang
- a Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics , Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Tao
- a Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics , Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao, China
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Desmet T, Billiet T, Berneel E, Cornelissen R, Schaubroeck D, Schacht E, Dubruel P. Post-Plasma Grafting of AEMA as a Versatile Tool to Biofunctionalise Polyesters for Tissue Engineering. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:1484-94. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Xu L, Fang Z, Song P, Peng M. Surface-initiated graft polymerization on multiwalled carbon nanotubes pretreated by corona discharge at atmospheric pressure. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:389-393. [PMID: 20644821 DOI: 10.1039/b9nr00222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated graft polymerization on multi-walled carbon nanotubes pretreated with a corona discharge at atmospheric pressure was explored. The mechanism of the corona-discharge-induced graft polymerization is discussed. The results indicate that MWCNTs were encapsulated by poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA), demonstrating the formation of PGMA-grafted MWCNTs (PGMA-g-MWCNTs), with a grafting ratio of about 22 wt%. The solubility of PGMA-g-MWCNTs in ethanol was dramatically improved compared to pristine MWCNTs, which could contribute to fabricating high-performance polymer/MWCNTs nanocomposites in the future. Compared with most plasma processes, which operate at low pressures, corona discharge has the merit of working at atmospheric pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xu
- Institute of Polymer Composites, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Yoo HS, Kim TG, Park TG. Surface-functionalized electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:1033-42. [PMID: 19643152 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibers with a high surface area to volume ratio have received much attention because of their potential applications for biomedical devices, tissue engineering scaffolds, and drug delivery carriers. In order to develop electrospun nanofibers as useful nanobiomaterials, surfaces of electrospun nanofibers have been chemically functionalized for achieving sustained delivery through physical adsorption of diverse bioactive molecules. Surface modification of nanofibers includes plasma treatment, wet chemical method, surface graft polymerization, and co-electrospinning of surface active agents and polymers. A variety of bioactive molecules including anti-cancer drugs, enzymes, cytokines, and polysaccharides were entrapped within the interior or physically immobilized on the surface for controlled drug delivery. Surfaces of electrospun nanofibers were also chemically modified with immobilizing cell specific bioactive ligands to enhance cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation by mimicking morphology and biological functions of extracellular matrix. This review summarizes surface modification strategies of electrospun polymeric nanofibers for controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Desmet T, Morent R, De Geyter N, Leys C, Schacht E, Dubruel P. Nonthermal Plasma Technology as a Versatile Strategy for Polymeric Biomaterials Surface Modification: A Review. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2351-78. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900186s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Desmet
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium, and Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent Univeristy, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rino Morent
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium, and Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent Univeristy, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium, and Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent Univeristy, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Leys
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium, and Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent Univeristy, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Etienne Schacht
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium, and Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent Univeristy, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium, and Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ghent Univeristy, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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