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Xu Z, Chen N, Huang S, Wang S, Han D, Xiao M, Meng Y. Strategies for Mitigating Phosphoric Acid Leaching in High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:4480. [PMID: 39339475 PMCID: PMC11434161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) have become one of the important development directions of PEMFCs because of their outstanding features, including fast reaction kinetics, high tolerance against impurities in fuel, and easy heat and water management. The proton exchange membrane (PEM), as the core component of HT-PEMFCs, plays the most critical role in the performance of fuel cells. Phosphoric acid (PA)-doped membranes have showed satisfied proton conductivity at high-temperature and anhydrous conditions, and significant advancements have been achieved in the design and development of HT-PEMFCs based on PA-doped membranes. However, the persistent issue of HT-PEMFCs caused by PA leaching remains a challenge that cannot be ignored. This paper provides a concise overview of the proton conduction mechanism in HT-PEMs and the underlying causes of PA leaching in HT-PEMFCs and highlights the strategies aimed at mitigating PA leaching, such as designing crosslinked structures, incorporation of hygroscopic nanoparticles, improving the alkalinity of polymers, covalently linking acidic groups, preparation of multilayer membranes, constructing microporous structures, and formation of micro-phase separation. This review will offer a guidance for further research and development of HT-PEMFCs with high performance and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Nanjie Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuanjin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Min Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuezhong Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
- Institute of Chemistry, Henan Provincial Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Lin J, Wang P, Bin J, Wang L. Achieving 1060 mW cm -2 with 0.6 mg cm -2 Pt Loading Based on Imidazole-Riched Semi-Interpenetrating Proton Exchange Membrane at High-Temperature Fuel Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311767. [PMID: 38369969 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing phosphoric acid (PA) doping in polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes is crucial for improving the performance of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs). However, excessive PA uptake often leads to drawbacks such as PA loss and compromised mechanical properties when surpassing PA capacity of PBI basic functionality. Herein, a new strategy that integrates high PA uptake, mechanical strength, and acid retention is proposed by embedding linear PBI chains into a crosslinked poly(N-vinylimidazole) (PVIm) backbone via in-situ polymerization. The imidazole (Im)-riched semi-interpenetrating polymer network (sIPN) membrane with high-density nitrogen moieties, significantly enhancing the PA doping degree to 380% shows an excellent conductivity (0.108 S cm-1). Meanwhile, the crosslinking structure in the sIPN membrane ensures adequate mechanical properties, low hydrogen permeability, and a relatively low swelling ratio. As a result, the single cell based on the membrane achieves the highest power density of 1060 mW cm-2 with a low Pt loading (0.6 mg cm-2) up to now and exhibits excellent fuel cell stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jinsheng Bin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, Guangdong, 521041, China
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He Y, Wang M, Chen H, Peng X. Synthesis and characterization of phosphonated polybenzimidazole membranes with improved proton conductivity for high-temperature proton exchange membrane applications. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221092396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study has synthesized a novel dicarboxylic acid monomer with phosphonate group, 2-((diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid (PMDA), and then successfully prepared a series of polybenzimidazole polymers containing methyl-phosphonic acid group and ether group (POPBI-x) via the polycondensation between PMDA, 4,4′-oxybis (benzoic acid) (OBBA) and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) in polyphosphoric acid (PPA)/phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Meanwhile, the smooth membranes were fabricated via the solution-casting method. Results of TGA, the Fenton’s reagent immersing test, and the tensile test showed that the POPBI-x membranes possessed good thermo-oxidative stability and mechanical properties. Moreover, compared to poly[2,2′-(p-oxydiphenylene)-5,5′-benzimidazole] (OPBI), POPBI-x had a significant enhancement in the phosphoric acid doping level, PA retention ability, and proton conductivity after doped with phosphoric acid (PA) because the methyl-phosphonic acid groups on the backbones enriched the hydrogen bonding interactions between the polymer chain and phosphoric acid. Notably, the POPBI-19 exhibited a high phosphoric acid doping level of approximately 11.3 and excellent proton conductivity of approximately 0.0523 S cm−1 at 180°C under anhydrous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming He
- Institute of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhou Chen
- Institute of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Peng
- Institute of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Bai H, Zhang J, Wang H, Xiang Y, Lu S. Highly conductive quaternary ammonium-containing cross-linked poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) for high-temperature PEM fuel cells with high-performance. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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High-temperature PEMs based on polybenzimidazole and new nanoparticles for fuel cell application. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Tahrim AA, Crespo L, Franco L, Alemán C, Armelin E. The effect of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid molecules on poly(4,4-diphenylether-5,5-dibenzimidazole) films. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Magnetic field‐induced alignment of polybenzimidazole microstructures to enhance proton conduction. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yuan C, Wang Y. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Synthesis and characterization of a novel locally high dense sulfonated poly (aryl ether ketone sulfone) for DMFCs applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Aili D, Henkensmeier D, Martin S, Singh B, Hu Y, Jensen JO, Cleemann LN, Li Q. Polybenzimidazole-Based High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: New Insights and Recent Progress. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li X, Ma H, Wang P, Liu Z, Peng J, Hu W, Jiang Z, Liu B. Construction of High-Performance, High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes through Incorporating SiO 2 Nanoparticles into Novel Cross-linked Polybenzimidazole Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:30735-30746. [PMID: 31369711 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The practical applications of phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) as high-temperature proton exchange membranes (HT-PEMs) are mainly limited by their poor dimensional-mechanical stability at high acid doping levels (ADLs) and the leaching of PA from membranes during fuel cell operation. In this work, to overcome these issues, we fabricated novel cross-linked PBI networks with additional imidazole groups by employing a newly synthesized bibenzimidazole-containing dichloro compound as cross-linker and an arylether-type Ph-PBI as matrix. Ph-PBI featured by good solubility under high molecular weight offers satisfactory film-forming ability and mechanical strength using for the matrix. Importantly, the additional imidazole moieties in BIM-2Cl endow the cross-linked PBI membranes improved dimensional-mechanical stability with simultaneously enhanced ADLs and proton conductivity. Furthermore, superior acid retention capability is obtained by incorporating porous polyhydroxy SiO2 nanoparticles into these cross-linked networks. As a result, the SiO2/cross-linked PBI composite membranes are suitable to manufacture membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), and an excellent H2/O2 cell performance with a peak power density of 497 mW cm-2 at 160 °C under anhydrous conditions can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Jinwu Peng
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering , Changchun University of Technology , 2055 Yan'an Street , Changchun 130012 , P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Baijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education. National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer. College of Chemistry , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
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Wu W, Zou G, Fang X, Cong C, Zhou Q. Effect of Methylimidazole Groups on the Performance of Poly(phenylene oxide) Based Membrane for High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuying Fang
- Marsh (China) Insurance Brokers Co., Ltd., Beijing 100001, China
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