Morphology, thermal properties, mechanical property and degradation of PLGA/PTMC composites

Optimization of Polylactide-Co-Glycolide-Rifampicin Nanoparticle Synthesis, In Vitro Study of Mucoadhesion and Drug Release

Despite the large number of works on the synthesis of polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP) loaded with antituberculosis drugs, the data on the influence of various factors on the final characteristics of the complexes are quite contradictory. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of the effect of multiple factors, including the molecular weight of PLGA, on the size and stability of nanoparticles, as well as the loading efficiency and release of the antituberculosis drug rifampicin (RIF), was carried out. Emulsification was carried out using different surfactants (polyvinyl alcohol, Tween 80 and Pluronic F127), different aqueous-to-organic phase ratios, and different solvents (dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate). In this research, the PLGA nanoemulsion formation process was accompanied by ultrasonic dispersion, at different frequencies and durations of homogenization. The use of the central composite design method made it possible to select optimal conditions for the preparation of PLGA-RIF NPs (particle size 223 ± 2 nm, loading efficiency 67 ± 1%, nanoparticles yield 47 ± 2%). The release of rifampicin from PLGA NPs was studied for the first time using the flow cell method and vertical diffusion method on Franz cells at different pH levels, simulating the gastrointestinal tract. For the purpose of the possible inhalation administration of rifampicin immobilized in PLGA NPs, their mucoadhesion to mucin was studied, and a high degree of adhesion of polymeric nanoparticles to the mucosa was shown (more than 40% within 4 h). In the example of strain H37Rv in vitro, the sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to PLGA-RIF NPs was proven by the complete inhibition of their growth.

Wet 3D printing of biodegradable porous scaffolds to enable room-temperature deposition modeling of polymeric solutions for regeneration of articular cartilage

Tissue engineering has emerged as an advanced strategy to regenerate various tissues using different raw materials, and thus it is desired to develop more approaches to fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds to fit specific yet very useful raw materials such as biodegradable aliphatic polyester like poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Herein, a technique of 'wet 3D printing' was developed based on a pneumatic extrusion three-dimensional (3D) printer after we introduced a solidification bath into a 3D printing system to fabricate porous scaffolds. The room-temperature deposition modeling of polymeric solutions enabled by our wet 3D printing method is particularly meaningful for aliphatic polyester, which otherwise degrades at high temperature in classic fuse deposition modeling. As demonstration, we fabricated a bilayered porous scaffold consisted of PLGA and its mixture with hydroxyapatite for regeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Long-termin vitroandin vivodegradation tests of the scaffolds were carried out up to 36 weeks, which support the three-stage degradation process of the polyester porous scaffold and suggest faster degradationin vivothanin vitro. Animal experiments in a rabbit model of articular cartilage injury were conducted. The efficacy of the scaffolds in cartilage regeneration was verified through histological analysis, micro-computed tomography (CT) and biomechanical tests, and the influence of scaffold structures (bilayerversussingle layer) onin vivotissue regeneration was examined. This study has illustrated that the wet 3D printing is an alternative approach to biofabricate tissue engineering porous scaffolds based on biodegradable polymers.

Super-Tough and Biodegradable Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) Transparent Thin Films Toughened by Star-Shaped PCL-b-PDLA Plasticizers

To obtain fully degradable and super-tough poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) blends, biodegradable star-shaped PCL-b-PDLA plasticizers were synthesized using natural originated xylitol as initiator. These plasticizers were blended with PLGA to prepare transparent thin films. Effects of added star-shaped PCL-b-PDLA plasticizers on mechanical, morphological, and thermodynamic properties of PLGA/star-shaped PCL-b-PDLA blends were investigated. The stereocomplexation strong cross-linked network between PLLA segment and PDLA segment effectively enhanced interfacial adhesion between star-shaped PCL-b-PDLA plasticizers and PLGA matrix. With only 0.5 wt% addition of star-shaped PCL-b-PDLA (Mn = 5000 g/mol), elongation at break of the PLGA blend reached approximately 248%, without any considerable sacrifice over excellent mechanical strength and modulus of PLGA.