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Gao Q, Feng Z, Wang J, Zhao F, Li C, Ju J. Application of nano-ZnO in the food preservation industry: antibacterial mechanisms, influencing factors, intelligent packaging, preservation film and safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-27. [PMID: 39097753 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2387327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, how to improve the functional performance of food packaging materials has received increasing attention. One common inorganic material, nanometer zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs), has garnered significant attention due to its excellent antibacterial properties and sensitivity. Consequently, ZnO-NP-based functional packaging materials are rapidly developing in the food industry. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive and systematic reviews on the use of ZnO-NPs as functional fillers in food packaging. In this review, we introduced the characteristics and antibacterial mechanism of ZnO-NPs, and paid attention to the factors affecting the antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed the application of intelligent packaging and antibacterial packaging containing ZnO-NPs in the food industry. At the same time, this paper also thoroughly investigated the impact of ZnO-NPs on various properties including thickness, moisture resistance, water vapor barrier, mechanical properties, optical properties, thermal properties and microstructure of food packaging materials. Finally, we discussed the migration and safety of ZnO-NPs in packaging materials. ZnO-NPs are safe and have negligible migration rates, simultaneously their sensitivity and antibacterial properties can be used to detect the quality changes of food during storage and extend its shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Gao
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiruo Feng
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindi Wang
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyuan Zhao
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjian Li
- School of Community Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ju
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Kang MM, He X, Cui J, Wang J, Hu W, Zhu L, Shao ZB. Aldehyde-free and bio-based durable coatings for cellulose fabrics with high flame retardancy, antibacteria and well wearing performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128744. [PMID: 38123033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The bio-based coatings of cellulose fabrics (cotton) had attracted increasing attention for multifunction and sustainability but suffered from poor durability and low efficiency. Here, the aldehyde-free and durable coatings for cotton fabrics (CPZ@CF) with satisfactory flame retardancy, antibacteria as well as wearing performance were prepared through the interfacial coordination effect where the well-organized zinc phytate complex were in situ grew on the pre-treated surface of cotton fabrics with chitosan (CS) and Zn2+. The CZP@CF exhibited excellent antibacterial activity for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) with 99.99 % antibacterial rates benefiting from the synergistic effect between Zn2+ and CS. Meanwhile, even the CPZ coatings loading was only 1.5 wt%, the fire safety of CZP@CF remarkably enhanced owing to the excellent synergistic catalytic charring and free radical capture. More importantly, the antibacterial rates of CZP@CF for S. aureus and E. coli still reached 99.99 % and 91.67 % after 50 washing cycles. Additionally, this treatment method did not deteriorate the fabrics properties, including mechanical and breathability as well as wearing performance, which provided the approach to fabricate the flame retardant and antibacterial textiles with well durability and wearing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Kang
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xinhua He
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jingluan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Longxiang Zhu
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhu-Bao Shao
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Stanley J, Xanthopoulou E, Finšgar M, Zemljič LF, Klonos PA, Kyritsis A, Koltsakidis S, Tzetzis D, Lambropoulou DA, Baciu D, Steriotis TA, Charalambopoulou G, Bikiaris DN. Synthesis of Poly(ethylene furanoate) Based Nanocomposites by In Situ Polymerization with Enhanced Antibacterial Properties for Food Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4502. [PMID: 38231946 PMCID: PMC10708257 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF)-based nanocomposites containing Ce-bioglass, ZnO, and ZrO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via in situ polymerization, targeting food packaging applications. The nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized, combining a range of techniques. The successful polymerization was confirmed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and the molecular weight values were determined indirectly by applying intrinsic viscosity measurements. The nanocomposites' structure was investigated by depth profiling using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), while color measurements showed a low-to-moderate increase in the color concentration of all the nanocomposites compared to neat PEF. The thermal properties and crystallinity behavior of the synthesized materials were also examined. The neat PEF and PEF-based nanocomposites show a crystalline fraction of 0-5%, and annealed samples of both PEF and PEF-based nanocomposites exhibit a crystallinity above 20%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed that active agent nanoparticles are well dispersed in the PEF matrix. Contact angle measurements showed that incorporating nanoparticles into the PEF matrix significantly reduces the wetting angle due to increased roughness and introduction of the polar -OH groups. Antimicrobial studies indicated a significant increase in inhibition of bacterial strains of about 9-22% for Gram-positive bacterial strains and 5-16% for Gram-negative bacterial strains in PEF nanocomposite films, respectively. Finally, nanoindentation tests showed that the ZnO-based nanocomposite exhibits improved hardness and elastic modulus values compared to neat PEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Stanley
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Colors, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (J.S.); (E.X.)
| | - Eleftheria Xanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Colors, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (J.S.); (E.X.)
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Lidija Fras Zemljič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Panagiotis A. Klonos
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece; (P.A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece; (P.A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Savvas Koltsakidis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, International Hellenic University, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Dimitrios Tzetzis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, International Hellenic University, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Diana Baciu
- National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-15341 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece; (D.B.); (T.A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Theodore A. Steriotis
- National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-15341 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece; (D.B.); (T.A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Georgia Charalambopoulou
- National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-15341 Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece; (D.B.); (T.A.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Colors, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (J.S.); (E.X.)
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Karthikeyan C, Jayaramudu T, Nuñez D, Jara N, Opazo-Capurro A, Varaprasad K, Kim K, Yallapu MM, Sadiku R. Hybrid nanomaterial composed of chitosan, curcumin, ZnO and TiO 2 for antibacterial therapies. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124814. [PMID: 37201889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles have been tremendously utilised, such as; antibacterial and anticancer agents. Although metal nanoparticles exhibits antibacterial and anticancer activity, but the drawback of toxicity on normal cells limits their clinical applications. Therefore, improving the bioactivity of hybrid nanomaterials (HNMs) and minimizing toxicity is of paramount importance for biomedical applications. Herein, a facile and simple double precipitation method was used to develop biocompatible and multifunctional HNM from antimicrobial chitosan, curcumin, ZnO and TiO2. In HNM, biomolecules chitosan and curcumin were used to control the toxicity of ZnO and TiO2 and improve their biocidal properties. The cytotxicological properties of the HNM was studied against human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and fibroblast (L929) cell lines. The antimicrobial activity of the HNM was examined against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, via the well-diffusion method. In addition, the antioxidant property was evaluated by the radical scavenging method. These findings actively, support the ZTCC HNMs potential, as an innovative biocidal agent for applications in the clinical and healthcare sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dariela Nuñez
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nery Jara
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Andres Opazo-Capurro
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Agentes Antibacterianos (LIAA-UdeC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Kokkarachedu Varaprasad
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción, Bio-Bio, Chile.
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Immunology & Microbiology Department, Medicine School, UTRGV, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, UTRGV, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER) & Department of Chemical, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria West Campus, Staatsarillerie Rd, Pretoria 1083, South Africa
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Wang K, Wu L, Li Y, Li H. Preparation and characterization of chitosan/halloysite nanotubes composite film with ethylene scavenging and gas resistance for active food packaging. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Linhuanyi Wu
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Yongshi Li
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
| | - Hui Li
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China
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6
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Nanoreinforcement as a strategy to improve physical properties of biodegradable composite films based on biopolymers. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mbrouk OA, Fawzy M, El‐Shafey HM, Saif M, Hafez H, Abdel Mottaleb MSA. Green Synthesized Plasmonic Pd‐ZnO Nanomaterials for Visible Light‐induced Photobiogas Production from Industrial Wastewater. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Mbrouk
- Nano‐Photochemistry and its Environmental Applications Laboratory Environmental Studies and Research Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat City (USC) Sadat City Menofia Egypt
| | - M. Fawzy
- Nano‐Photochemistry and its Environmental Applications Laboratory Environmental Studies and Research Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat City (USC) Sadat City Menofia Egypt
| | - H. M. El‐Shafey
- Nano‐Photochemistry and its Environmental Applications Laboratory Environmental Studies and Research Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat City (USC) Sadat City Menofia Egypt
| | - M. Saif
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - H. Hafez
- Nano‐Photochemistry and its Environmental Applications Laboratory Environmental Studies and Research Institute (ESRI), University of Sadat City (USC) Sadat City Menofia Egypt
| | - M. S. A. Abdel Mottaleb
- Nano‐Photochemistry and Solar Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
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Zhao X, Zeng S, Feng H, Wang Y, Li S, Zhou X, Wang M, Rei L. Antifouling performance of in situ synthesized chitosan-zinc oxide hydrogel film against alga M. aeruginosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:234-241. [PMID: 34998871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The undesirable settlement and growth of microalgae on submerged installations is a universal problem in water environment. Soft hydrogels are promising fouling-resistant materials due to the inherent surface properties. Herein, a kind of chitosan hydrogels with increasing zinc oxide (ZnO) mineral phase content were prepared by in situ sol-gel and solvent casting method, to prevent growth of algae Microcystis. aeruginosa. Incorporation with ZnO mineral phase improved mechanical property, water absorption, and stability of the obtained chitosan-zinc oxide (CS@ZnO) hydrogel films in Zn dose-dependent manner. The highest strength and growth inhibition (63.45 ± 8.93%) were observed by CS@ZnO-1.5 hydrogel films with the concentrations of 1.5% precursor in comparison with other hydrogel films. During this process, algal cell membrane was slightly damaged (24.5 ± 1.57%) and accompanied by significantly synthesis inhibition such as chlorophyll a (55.22 ± 2.72%) and total soluble protein (42.97 ± 1.66%). To sum up, synthesis inhibition of algal cell is the main mechanism of CS@ZnO hydrogel films inhibiting algal growth, which has the potential in antibiofouling application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Zhao
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Sen Zeng
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yunhua Wang
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Lei Rei
- Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Acharya B, Korber DR. Antimicrobial Biodegradable Food Packaging Based on Chitosan and Metal/Metal-Oxide Bio-Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2790. [PMID: 34451327 PMCID: PMC8402091 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding a practical alternative to decrease the use of conventional polymers in the plastic industry has become an acute concern since industrially-produced plastic waste, mainly conventional food packaging, has become an environmental crisis worldwide. Biodegradable polymers have attracted the attention of researchers as a possible alternative for fossil-based plastics. Chitosan-based packaging materials, in particular, have become a recent focus for the biodegradable food packaging sector due to their biodegradability, non-toxic nature, and antimicrobial properties. Chitosan, obtained from chitin, is the most abundant biopolymer in nature after cellulose. Chitosan is an ideal biomaterial for active packaging as it can be fabricated alone or combined with other polymers as well as metallic antimicrobial particles, either as layers or as coacervates for examination as functional components of active packaging systems. Chitosan-metal/metal oxide bio-nanocomposites have seen growing interest as antimicrobial packaging materials, with several different mechanisms of inhibition speculated to include direct physical interactions or chemical reactions (i.e., the production of reactive oxygen species as well as the increased dissolution of toxic metal cations). The use of chitosan and its metal/metal oxide (i.e., titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and silver nanoparticles) bio-nanocomposites in packaging applications are the primary focus of discussion in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada;
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada;
| | - Darren R. Korber
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
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Innovative Antimicrobial Chitosan/ZnO/Ag NPs/Citronella Essential Oil Nanocomposite-Potential Coating for Grapes. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121801. [PMID: 33291604 PMCID: PMC7761909 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
New packaging materials based on biopolymers are gaining increasing attention due to many advantages like biodegradability or existence of renewable sources. Grouping more antimicrobials agents in the same packaging can create a synergic effect, resulting in either a better antimicrobial activity against a wider spectrum of spoilage agents or a lower required quantity of antimicrobials. In the present work, we obtained a biodegradable antimicrobial film that can be used as packaging material for food. Films based on chitosan as biodegradable polymer, with ZnO and Ag nanoparticles as filler/antimicrobial agents were fabricated by a casting method. The nanoparticles were loaded with citronella essential oil (CEO) in order to enhance the antimicrobial activity of the nanocomposite films. The tests made on Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal strains indicated a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, with inhibition diameters of over 30 mm for bacterial strains and over 20 mm for fungal strains. The synergic effect was evidenced by comparing the antimicrobial results with chitosan/ZnO/CEO or chitosan/Ag/CEO simple films. According to the literature and our preliminary studies, these formulations are suitable as coating for fruits. The obtained nanocomposite films presented lower water vapor permeability values when compared with the chitosan control film. The samples were characterized by SEM, fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy, and thermal analysis.
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