An overview of Zn/ZnO modified cellulosic nanocomposites and their potential applications

Nanocellulose-stabilized nanocomposites for effective Hg(II) removal and detection: a comprehensive review

Mercury pollution, with India ranked as the world's second-largest emitter, poses a critical environmental and public health challenge and underscores the need for rigorous research and effective mitigation strategies. Nanocellulose is derived from cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on earth, and stands out as an excellent choice for mercury ion remediation due to its remarkable adsorption capacity, which is attributed to its high specific surface area and abundant functional groups, enabling efficient Hg(II) ion removal from contaminated water sources. This review paper investigates the compelling potential of nanocellulose as a scavenging tool for Hg(II) ion contamination. The comprehensive examination encompasses the fundamental attributes of nanocellulose, its diverse fabrication techniques, and the innovative development methods of nanocellulose-based nanocomposites. The paper further delves into the mechanisms that underlie Hg removal using nanocellulose, as well as the integration of nanocellulose in Hg detection methodologies, and also acknowledges the substantial challenges that lie ahead. This review aims to pave the way for sustainable solutions in mitigating Hg contamination using nanocellulose-based nanocomposites to address the global context of this environmental concern.

Enhancement of Visible Light Antibacterial Activities of Cellulose Fibers from Lotus Petiole Decorated ZnO Nanoparticles

Cellulose/ZnO (CZ) nanocomposites are promising antimicrobial materials known for their antibiotic-free nature, biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. In this study, cellulose fibers extracted from lotus petioles were utilized as a substrate and decorated with various shapes of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), including small bean, hexagonal ingot-like, long cylindrical, and hexagonal cylinder-shaped NPs. Increasing zinc salt molar concentration resulted in highly crystalline ZnO NPs forming and enhanced interactions between ZnO NPs and -OH groups of cellulose. The thermal stability and UV-visible absorption properties of the CZ samples were influenced by ZnO concentration. Notably, at a ZnO molar ratio of 0.1, the CZ 0.1 sample demonstrated the lowest weight loss, while the optical band gap gradually decreased from 3.0 to 2.45 eV from the CZ 0.01 to CZ 1.0 samples. The CZ nanocomposites exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (E. coli, Gram-negative) bacteria under visible light conditions, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.005 mg/mL for both bacterial strains. The bactericidal effects increased with higher concentrations of ZnO NPs, even achieving 100% inhibition. Incorporating ZnO NPs onto cellulose fibers derived from lotus plants presents a promising avenue for developing environmentally friendly materials with broad applications in antibacterial and environmental fields.

Facile preparation of cellulose nanocrystals/ZnO hybrids using acidified ZnCl2 as cellulose hydrolytic media and ZnO precursor

Hybridization of nanocellulose with zinc oxide nanoparticles can improve the dispersibility of the zinc oxide and bring new functions to the bio-based products. In this study, cellulose nanocrystal/zinc oxide (CNC/ZnO) nanohybrids with reinforcing and antibacterial properties were prepared via a facile one-pot route. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was first treated with acidified zinc chloride and hydrolyzed into CNCs, which then served as a stabilizing and supporting agent for the in-situ growth of ZnO nanoparticles during subsequent chemical precipitation. The acidified ZnCl₂ solution played a dual role, acting both as cellulose hydrolytic media and as ZnO precursor. By adjusting the pH of the zinc precursor solution (pH = 9-12), well-dispersed rod-like (length: 137.0-468.0 nm, width: 54.1-154.1 nm) and flower-like (average diameter: 179.6 nm) ZnO nanoparticles with hexagonal wurtzite structure were obtained. CNC/ZnO nanohybrids were incorporated into waterborne polyurethane (WPU) films. The Young's modulus and tensile strength of the nanocomposite films increased gradually from 154.8 to 509.0 MPa and from 16.5 to 29.9 MPa, respectively, with increasing CNC/ZnO nanofiller content up to 10 wt%. The 10 % CNC/ZnO composites showed inhibition rates to both E. coli and S. aureus above 88.8 %.

Structure and Photocatalytic Activity of Copper and Carbon-Doped Metallic Zn Phase-Rich ZnO Oxide Films

ZnO is one of the most important industrial metal oxide semiconductors. However, in order to fully realise its potential, the electronic structure of ZnO has to be modified to better fit the needs of specific fields. Recent studies demonstrated that reactive magnetron sputtering under Zn-rich conditions promotes the formation of intrinsic ZnO defects and allows the deposition of metallic Zn phase-rich ZnO films. In photocatalytic efficiency tests these films were superior to traditional ZnO oxide, therefore, the purposeful formation of intrinsic ZnO defects, namely Zn interstitials and oxygen vacancies, can be considered as advantageous self-doping. Considering that such self-doped ZnO remains a semiconductor, the natural question is if it is possible to further improve its properties by adding extrinsic dopants. Accordingly, in the current study, the metallic Zn phase-rich ZnO oxide film formation process (reactive magnetron sputtering) was supplemented by simultaneous sputtering of copper or carbon. Effects of the selected dopants on the structure of self-doped ZnO were investigated by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope and photoluminescence techniques. Meanwhile, its effect on photocatalytic activity was estimated by visible light activated bleaching of Methylene Blue. It was observed that both dopants modify the microstructure of the films, but only carbon has a positive effect on photocatalytic efficiency.

Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Viroblock/ZnO/PAN Hybrid Antiviral Nanocomposite for Personal Protective Applications

Designing novel antiviral personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucial for preventing viral infections such as COVID-19 in humans. Here, we fabricate an electrospun nanofiber-based Viroblock (VB)-loaded polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/zinc oxide (ZnO) hybrid nanocomposite for PPE applications. Five different concentrations of Viroblock (0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5%, and 5%) were added to PAN/ZnO solution and loaded for electrospinning. The developed samples reflected antibacterial activity of 92.59% and 88.64% against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, respectively, with 5% VB loading. Moreover, a significant reduction in virus titer (37%) was observed with the 5% VB/PAN/ZnO nanofiber sheet. Hence, VB-loaded PAN/ZnO nanofibers have great potential to kill enveloped viruses such as influenzas and coronaviruses and could be the ideal candidate for the development of nanofiber-based PPE, such as facemasks and surgical gowns, which can play a key role in the protection of frontline health workers and the general public in the COVID-19 pandemic.